Lines Matching refs:as
17 // "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
31 // source files as UTF-8, so they will fail on this test. If you want
1079 "English is a West Germanic language originating in England, and the first language for most people in Australia, Canada, the Commonwealth Caribbean, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States of America (also commonly known as the Anglosphere). It is used extensively as a second language and as an official language throughout the world, especially in Commonwealth countries such as India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and South Africa, and in many international organisations.\n" +
1081 "Modern English is sometimes described as the global lingua franca.[1][2] English is the dominant international language in communications, science, business, aviation, entertainment, radio and diplomacy.[3] The influence of the British Empire is the primary reason for the initial spread of the language far beyond the British Isles.[4] Following World War II, the growing economic and cultural influence of the United States has significantly accelerated the spread of the language.\n" +
1083 "A working knowledge of English is required in certain fields, professions, and occupations. As a result over a billion people speak English at least at a basic level (see English language learning and teaching). English is one of six official languages of the United Nations.\n" +
1090 " o 3.1 English as a global language\n" +
1122 "English is an Anglo-Frisian language. Germanic-speaking peoples from northwest Germany (Saxons and Angles) and Jutland (Jutes) invaded what is now known as Eastern England around the fifth century AD. It is a matter of debate whether the Old English language spread by displacement of the original population, or the native Celts gradually adopted the language and culture of a new ruling class, or a combination of both of these processes (see Sub-Roman Britain).\n" +
1124 "Whatever their origin, these Germanic dialects eventually coalesced to a degree (there remained geographical variation) and formed what is today called Old English. Old English loosely resembles some coastal dialects in what are now northwest Germany and the Netherlands (i.e., Frisia). Throughout the history of written Old English, it retained a synthetic structure closer to that of Proto-Indo-European, largely adopting West Saxon scribal conventions, while spoken Old English became increasingly analytic in nature, losing the more complex noun case system, relying more heavily on prepositions and fixed word order to convey meaning. This is evident in the Middle English period, when literature was to an increasing extent recorded with spoken dialectal variation intact, after written Old English lost its status as the literary language of the nobility. It is postulated that the early development of the language was influenced by a Celtic substratum.[5][6] Later, it was influenced by the related North Germanic language Old Norse, spoken by the Vikings who settled mainly in the north and the east coast down to London, the area known as the Danelaw.\n" +
1126 "The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 profoundly influenced the evolution of the language. For about 300 years after this, the Normans used Anglo-Norman, which was close to Old French, as the language of the court, law and administration. By the fourteenth century, Anglo-Norman borrowings had contributed roughly 10,000 words to English, of which 75% remain in use. These include many words pertaining to the legal and administrative fields, but also include common words for food, such as mutton[7] and beef[8]. The Norman influence gave rise to what is now referred to as Middle English. Later, during the English Renaissance, many words were borrowed directly from Latin (giving rise to a number of doublets) and Greek, leaving a parallel vocabulary that persists into modern times. By the seventeenth century there was a reaction in some circles against so-called inkhorn terms.\n" +
1134 "The question as to which is the nearest living relative of English is a matter of discussion. Apart from such English-lexified creole languages such as Tok Pisin, Scots (spoken primarily in Scotland and parts of Northern Ireland) is not a Gaelic language, but is part of the English family of languages: both Scots and modern English are descended from Old English, also known as Anglo-Saxon. The closest relative to English after Scots is Frisian, which is spoken in the Northern Netherlands and Northwest Germany. Other less closely related living West Germanic languages include German, Low Saxon, Dutch, and Afrikaans. The North Germanic languages of Scandinavia are less closely related to English than the West Germanic languages.\n" +
1136 "Many French words are also intelligible to an English speaker (though pronunciations are often quite different) because English absorbed a large vocabulary from Norman and French, via Anglo-Norman after the Norman Conquest and directly from French in subsequent centuries. As a result, a large portion of English vocabulary is derived from French, with some minor spelling differences (word endings, use of old French spellings, etc.), as well as occasional divergences in meaning, in so-called \"faux amis\", or false friends.\n" +
1142 "Over 380 million people speak English as their first language. English today is probably the third largest language by number of native speakers, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish.[9][10] However, when combining native and non-native speakers it is probably the most commonly spoken language in the world, though possibly second to a combination of the Chinese Languages, depending on whether or not distinctions in the latter are classified as \"languages\" or \"dialects.\"[11][12] Estimates that include second language speakers vary greatly from 470 million to over a billion depending on how literacy or mastery is defined.[13][14] There are some who claim that non-native speakers now outnumber native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1.[15]\n" +
1144 "The countries with the highest populations of native English speakers are, in descending order: United States (215 million),[16] United Kingdom (58 million),[17] Canada (17.7 million),[18] Australia (15 million),[19] Ireland (3.8 million),[17] South Africa (3.7 million),[20] and New Zealand (3.0-3.7 million).[21] Countries such as Jamaica and Nigeria also have millions of native speakers of dialect continuums ranging from an English-based creole to a more standard version of English. Of those nations where English is spoken as a second language, India has the most such speakers ('Indian English') and linguistics professor David Crystal claims that, combining native and non-native speakers, India now has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world.[22] Following India is the People's Republic of China.[23]\n" +
1159 as in Hong Kong and Mauritius.\n" +
1163 "English as a global language\n" +
1167 "Because English is so widely spoken, it has often been referred to as a \"global language\", the lingua franca of the modern era.[2] While English is not an official language in many countries, it is currently the language most often taught as a second language around the world. Some linguists believe that it is no longer the exclusive cultural sign of \"native English speakers\", but is rather a language that is absorbing aspects of cultures worldwide as it continues to grow. It is, by international treaty, the official language for aerial and maritime communications, as well as one of the official languages of the European Union, the United Nations, and most international athletic organisations, including the International Olympic Committee.\n" +
1169 "English is the language most often studied as a foreign language in the European Union (by 89% of schoolchildren), followed by French (32%), German (18%), and Spanish (8%).[28] In the EU, a large fraction of the population reports being able to converse to some extent in English. Among non-English speaking countries, a large percentage of the population claimed to be able to converse in English in the Netherlands (87%), Sweden (85%), Denmark (83%), Luxembourg (66%), Finland (60%), Slovenia (56%), Austria (53%), Belgium (52%), and Germany (51%). [29] Norway and Iceland also have a large majority of competent English-speakers.\n" +
1179 "The major varieties of English include, in most cases, several subvarieties, such as Cockney slang within British English; Newfoundland English within Canadian English; and African American Vernacular English (\"Ebonics\") and Southern American English within American English. English is a pluricentric language, without a central language authority like France's Académie française; and, although no variety is clearly considered the only standard, there are a number of accents considered to be more prestigious, such as Received Pronunciation in Britain.\n" +
1181 "Scots developed ? largely independently ? from the same origins, but following the Acts of Union 1707 a process of language attrition began, whereby successive generations adopted more and more features from English causing dialectalisation. Whether it is now a separate language or a dialect of English better described as Scottish English is in dispute. The pronunciation, grammar and lexis of the traditional forms differ, sometimes substantially, from other varieties of English.\n" +
1183 "Because of the wide use of English as a second language, English speakers have many different accents, which often signal the speaker's native dialect or language. For the more distinctive characteristics of regional accents, see Regional accents of English speakers, and for the more distinctive characteristics of regional dialects, see List of dialects of the English language.\n" +
1185 "Just as English itself has borrowed words from many different languages over its history, English loanwords now appear in a great many languages around the world, indicative of the technological and cultural influence of its speakers. Several pidgins and creole languages have formed using an English base, such as Jamaican Creole, Nigerian Pidgin, and Tok Pisin. There are many words in English coined to describe forms of particular non-English languages that contain a very high proportion of English words. Franglais, for example, is used to describe French with a very high English word content; it is found on the Channel Islands. Another variant, spoken in the border bilingual regions of Québec in Canada, is called FrEnglish.\n" +
1189 " * Basic English is simplified for easy international use. It is used by manufacturers and other international businesses to write manuals and communicate. Some English schools in Asia teach it as a practical subset of English for use by beginners.\n" +
1193 " * English as a lingua franca for Europe and Euro-English are concepts of standardising English for use as a second language in continental Europe.\n" +
1194 " * Manually Coded English ? a variety of systems have been developed to represent the English language with hand signals, designed primarily for use in deaf education. These should not be confused with true sign languages such as British Sign Language and American Sign Language used in Anglophone countries, which are independent and not based on English.\n" +
1246 " 6. The diphthongs /e?/ and /o?/ are monophthongal for many General American speakers, as /e?/ and /o?/.\n" +
1247 " 7. The letter <U> can represent either /u/ or the iotated vowel /ju/. In BRP, if this iotated vowel /ju/ occurs after /t/, /d/, /s/ or /z/, it often triggers palatalization of the preceding consonant, turning it to /?/, /?/, /?/ and /?/ respectively, as in tune, during, sugar, and azure. In American English, palatalization does not generally happen unless the /ju/ is followed by r, with the result that /(t, d,s, z)jur/ turn to /t??/, /d??/, /??/ and /??/ respectively, as in nature, verdure, sure, and treasure.\n" +
1248 " 8. Vowel length plays a phonetic role in the majority of English dialects, and is said to be phonemic in a few dialects, such as Australian English and New Zealand English. In certain dialects of the modern English language, for instance General American, there is allophonic vowel length: vowel phonemes are realized as long vowel allophones before voiced consonant phonemes in the coda of a syllable. Before the Great Vowel Shift, vowel length was phonemically contrastive.\n" +
1273 " 2. The alveolar flap [?] is an allophone of /t/ and /d/ in unstressed syllables in North American English and Australian English.[30] This is the sound of tt or dd in the words latter and ladder, which are homophones for many speakers of North American English. In some accents such as Scottish English and Indian English it replaces /?/. This is the same sound represented by single r in most varieties of Spanish.\n" +
1274 " 3. In some dialects, such as Cockney, the interdentals /?/ and /ð/ are usually merged with /f/ and /v/, and in others, like African American Vernacular English, /ð/ is merged with dental /d/. In some Irish varieties, /?/ and /ð/ become the corresponding dental plosives, which then contrast with the usual alveolar plosives.\n" +
1275 " 4. The sounds /?/, /?/, and /?/ are labialised in some dialects. Labialisation is never contrastive in initial position and therefore is sometimes not transcribed. Most speakers of General American realize <r> (always rhoticized) as the retroflex approximant /?/, whereas the same is realized in Scottish English, etc. as the alveolar trill.\n" +
1277 " 6. The voiceless velar fricative /x/ is used only by Scottish or Welsh speakers of English for Scots/Gaelic words such as loch /l?x/ or by some speakers for loanwords from German and Hebrew like Bach /bax/ or Chanukah /xanuka/. In some dialects such as Scouse (Liverpool) either [x] or the affricate [kx] may be used as an allophone of /k/ in words such as docker [d?kx?]. Most native speakers have a great deal of trouble pronouncing it correctly when learning a foreign language. Most speakers use the sounds [k] and [h] instead.\n" +
1278 " 7. Voiceless w [?] is found in Scottish and Irish English, as well as in some varieties of American, New Zealand, and English English. In most other dialects it is merged with /w/, in some dialects of Scots it is merged with /f/.\n" +
1285 " o In some dialects, aspiration extends to unstressed syllables as well.\n" +
1286 " o In other dialects, such as Indo-Pakistani English, all voiceless stops remain unaspirated.\n" +
1297 "In English, intonation patterns are on groups of words, which are called tone groups, tone units, intonation groups or sense groups. Tone groups are said on a single breath and, as a consequence, are of limited length, more often being on average five words long or lasting roughly two seconds. For example:\n" +
1305 "English is a strongly stressed language, in that certain syllables, both within words and within phrases, get a relative prominence/loudness during pronunciation while the others do not. The former kind of syllables are said to be accentuated/stressed and the latter are unaccentuated/unstressed. All good dictionaries of English mark the accentuated syllable(s) by either placing an apostrophe-like ( ? ) sign either before (as in IPA, Oxford English Dictionary, or Merriam-Webster dictionaries) or after (as
1344 "English grammar has minimal inflection compared with most other Indo-European languages. For example, Modern English, unlike Modern German or Dutch and the Romance languages, lacks grammatical gender and adjectival agreement. Case marking has almost disappeared from the language and mainly survives in pronouns. The patterning of strong (e.g. speak/spoke/spoken) versus weak verbs inherited from its Germanic origins has declined in importance in modern English, and the remnants of inflection (such as plural marking) have become more regular.\n" +
1346 "At the same time, the language has become more analytic, and has developed features such as modal verbs and word order as rich resources for conveying meaning. Auxiliary verbs mark constructions such as questions, negative polarity, the passive voice and progressive tenses.\n" +
1352 "Germanic words (generally words of Old English or to a lesser extent Norse origin) which include all the basics such as pronouns (I, my, you, it) and conjunctions (and, or, but) tend to be shorter than the Latinate words of English, and more common in ordinary speech. The longer Latinate words are often regarded as more elegant or educated. However, the excessive or superfluous use of Latinate words is considered at times to be either pretentious (as in the stereotypical policeman's talk of \"apprehending the suspect\") or an attempt to obfuscate an issue. George Orwell's essay \"Politics and the English Language\" is critical of this, as well as other perceived abuses of the language.\n" +
1358 "In everyday speech, the majority of words will normally be Germanic. If a speaker wishes to make a forceful point in an argument in a very blunt way, Germanic words will usually be chosen. A majority of Latinate words (or at least a majority of content words) will normally be used in more formal speech and writing, such as a courtroom or an encyclopedia article. However, there are other Latinate words that are used normally in everyday speech and do not sound formal; these are mainly words for concepts that no longer have Germanic words, and are generally assimilated better and in many cases do not appear Latinate. For instance, the words mountain, valley, river, aunt, uncle, move, use, push and stay are all Latinate.\n" +
1360 "English is noted for the vast size of its active vocabulary and its fluidity.[citation needed][weasel words] English easily accepts technical terms into common usage and imports new words and phrases that often come into common usage. Examples of this phenomenon include: cookie, Internet and URL (technical terms), as well as genre, über, lingua franca and amigo (imported words/phrases from French, German, modern Latin, and Spanish, respectively). In addition, slang often provides new meanings for old words and phrases. In fact, this fluidity is so pronounced that a distinction often needs to be made between formal forms of English and contemporary usage. See also: sociolinguistics.\n" +
1364 "English has an extraordinarily rich vocabulary and willingness to absorb new words. As the General Explanations at the beginning of the Oxford English Dictionary states:\n" +
1368 "The vocabulary of English is undoubtedly vast, but assigning a specific number to its size is more a matter of definition than of calculation. Unlike other languages, there is no Academy to define officially accepted words. Neologisms are coined regularly in medicine, science and technology and other fields, and new slang is constantly developed. Some of these new words enter wide usage; others remain restricted to small circles. Foreign words used in immigrant communities often make their way into wider English usage. Archaic, dialectal, and regional words might or might not be widely considered as \"English\".\n" +
1384 "Numerous sets of statistics have been proposed to demonstrate the various origins of English vocabulary. None, as yet, are considered definitive by a majority of linguists.\n" +
1386 "A computerised survey of about 80,000 words in the old Shorter Oxford Dictionary (3rd ed.) was published in Ordered Profusion by Thomas Finkenstaedt and Dieter Wolff (1973)[34] that estimated the origin of English words as follows:\n" +
1417 "There are many words of French origin in English, such as competition, art, table, publicity, police, role, routine, machine, force, and many others that have been and are being anglicised; they are now pronounced according to English rules of phonology, rather than French. A large portion of English vocabulary is of French or Oïl language origin, most derived from, or transmitted via, the Anglo-Norman spoken by the upper classes in England for several hundred years after the Norman Conquest.\n";
3222 " systems, so long as you haven't changed compile-time options about\n" +
3315 " that `size_t' may be defined on a system as either a signed or\n" +
3322 " appear as negative after accounting for overhead and alignment\n" +
3348 " others as well.\n" +
3362 " paths. (FAQ: some macros import variables as arguments rather than\n" +
3374 " HAVE_MMAP defined as 1\n" +
3591 " This should be at least as wide as size_t, but should not be signed.\n" +
3600 " manipulated as integers. Except that it is not defined on all\n" +
3612 " The default version is the same as size_t.\n" +
3614 " While not strictly necessary, it is best to define this as an\n" +
3628 " and might be the same width as int or as long\n" +
3629 " - size_t might have different width and signedness as INTERNAL_SIZE_T\n" +
3651 " for which smaller alignments would suffice. It may be defined as\n" +
3668 " realloc with zero bytes should be the same as a call to free.\n" +
3799 (" USE_MEMCPY should be defined as 1 if you actually want to\n" +
3873 " alternative MORECORE functions, as well as a version for WIN32 and a\n" +
3883 " as well as mmap. Since it cannot be an otherwise valid memory address,\n" +
3917 " Define HAVE_MMAP as true to optionally make malloc() use mmap() to\n" +
3920 " is available, it is used as a backup strategy in cases where\n" +
3951 " sbrk fails, and mmap is used as a backup (which is done only if\n" +
4053 " as described above and below and save them in a malloc.h file. But\n" +
4067 " defined on most systems with mallinfo, declares all fields as\n" +
4068 " ints. But some others define as unsigned long. If your system\n" +
4116 " with negative arguments are interpreted as requests for huge amounts\n" +
4130 " allocated using malloc or a related routine such as realloc.\n" +
4158 " as does chunk p up to the minimum of (n, p's size) bytes, or null\n" +
4161 " The returned pointer may or may not be the same as p. The algorithm\n" +
4180 " to be used as an argument to realloc is not supported.\n" +
4224 " long as the value is meaningful), and returns 1 if successful else\n" +
4230 " parameters are as follows (listed defaults are for \"typical\"\n" +
4267 " be kept as longs, the reported values may wrap around zero and\n" +
4416 " for odd historical reasons (such as: cfree is used in example\n" +
4485 " alignment wastage as being in use, this figure may be greater than\n" +
4562 " pay to experiment with these values. As a rough guide, you\n" +
4574 " However, in most programs, these parameters serve mainly as\n" +
4578 " parameters are set to relatively high values that serve only as\n" +
4615 " it is used as the `pad' argument.\n" +
4657 " other chunks, as can happen with normally allocated chunks, which\n" +
4665 " used to service later requests, as happens with normal chunks.\n" +
4693 " The default is set to a value that serves only as a safeguard.\n" +
4713 " on the next line, as well as in programs that use this malloc.\n" +
4723 "/* Declare all routines as internal */\n" +
5137 " Chunks of memory are maintained using a `boundary tag' method as\n" +
5201 " as the prev_size of the NEXT chunk. This makes it easier to\n" +
5305 "/* Treat space at ptr + offset as a chunk */\n" +
5312 "/* set/clear chunk as being inuse without otherwise disturbing */\n" +
5363 " unusual as malloc request sizes, but are more usual for fragments\n" +
5386 " as a malloc_chunk. This avoids special-casing for headers.\n" +
5389 " to treat these as the fields of a malloc_chunk*.\n" +
5509 " All remainders from chunk splits, as well as all returned chunks,\n" +
5512 " binning. So, basically, the unsorted_chunks list acts as a queue,\n" +
5532 " initial_top treat the bin as a legal but unusable chunk during the\n" +
5535 " the 2 preceding words to be zero during this interval as well.)\n" +
5538 "/* Conveniently, the unsorted bin can be used as dummy top on first call */\n" +
5548 " cleared as soon as bins are empty, but instead only\n" +
5595 " matter too much. It is defined at half the default trim threshold as a\n" +
5607 " they are used as flags.\n" +
5672 " INTERNAL_SIZE_T max_fast; /* low 2 bits used as flags */\n" +
5683 " /* Normal bins packed as described above */\n" +
5720 " all zeroes (as is true of C statics).\n" +
5990 " /* same as recycled case ... */\n" +
6010 " This may be useful for debugging malloc, as well as detecting user\n" +
6305 " Don't try to call MORECORE if argument is so big as to appear\n" +
6314 " If have mmap, try using it as a backup when MORECORE fails or\n" +
6318 " and threshold limits, since the space will not be used as a\n" +
6329 " /* If we are relying on mmap as backup, then use larger units */\n" +
6345 " After the first time mmap is used as backup, we do not\n" +
6380 " which case we might as well use the whole last page of request.\n" +
6409 " to foreign calls) but treat them as part of our space for\n" +
6497 " marked as inuse and are in any case too small to use. We need\n" +
6697 " If the size qualifies as a fastbin, first check corresponding bin.\n" +
6950 " /* advertise as last remainder */\n" +
6967 " search rule. In effect, av->top is treated as larger (and thus\n" +
6969 " be extended to be as large as necessary (up to system\n" +
7052 " Consolidate other non-mmapped chunks as they arrive.\n" +
7119 " don't want to consolidate on each free. As a compromise,\n" +
7186 " /* These have same use as in free() */\n" +
7315 " /* realloc of null is supposed to be same as malloc */\n" +
7426 " /* Mark remainder as inuse so free() won't complain */\n" +
7698 " size_t sz = elem_size; /* serves as 1-element array */\n" +
7805 " /* If not provided, allocate the pointer array as final part of chunk */\n" +
8130 " must not misinterpret negative args as large positive unsigned\n" +
8137 " normally the signed type of the same width as size_t (sometimes\n" +
8138 " declared as \"intptr_t\", and sometimes \"ptrdiff_t\"). It doesn't much\n" +
8139 " matter though. Internally, we use \"long\" as arguments, which should\n" +
8143 " request, and HAVE_MMAP is true, then mmap is used as a noncontiguous\n" +
8155 " that cannot be detected as such, and subsequent corruption.\n" +
8159 " MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS as false. As an example, here is a custom\n" +
8211 " // called as last thing before shutting down driver\n" +
8512 " /* As long as we have a region to release */\n" +
