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1076 "World countries, states, and provinces where English is a primary language are dark blue; countries, states and provinces where it is an official but not a primary language are light blue. English is also one of the official languages of the European Union.\n" +
1126 "The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 profoundly influenced the evolution of the language. For about 300 years after this, the Normans used Anglo-Norman, which was close to Old French, as the language of the court, law and administration. By the fourteenth century, Anglo-Norman borrowings had contributed roughly 10,000 words to English, of which 75% remain in use. These include many words pertaining to the legal and administrative fields, but also include common words for food, such as mutton[7] and beef[8]. The Norman influence gave rise to what is now referred to as Middle English. Later, during the English Renaissance, many words were borrowed directly from Latin (giving rise to a number of doublets) and Greek, leaving a parallel vocabulary that persists into modern times. By the seventeenth century there was a reaction in some circles against so-called inkhorn terms.\n" +
1134 "The question as to which is the nearest living relative of English is a matter of discussion. Apart from such English-lexified creole languages such as Tok Pisin, Scots (spoken primarily in Scotland and parts of Northern Ireland) is not a Gaelic language, but is part of the English family of languages: both Scots and modern English are descended from Old English, also known as Anglo-Saxon. The closest relative to English after Scots is Frisian, which is spoken in the Northern Netherlands and Northwest Germany. Other less closely related living West Germanic languages include German, Low Saxon, Dutch, and Afrikaans. The North Germanic languages of Scandinavia are less closely related to English than the West Germanic languages.\n" +
1167 "Because English is so widely spoken, it has often been referred to as a \"global language\", the lingua franca of the modern era.[2] While English is not an official language in many countries, it is currently the language most often taught as a second language around the world. Some linguists believe that it is no longer the exclusive cultural sign of \"native English speakers\", but is rather a language that is absorbing aspects of cultures worldwide as it continues to grow. It is, by international treaty, the official language for aerial and maritime communications, as well as one of the official languages of the European Union, the United Nations, and most international athletic organisations, including the International Olympic Committee.\n" +
1181 "Scots developed ? largely independently ? from the same origins, but following the Acts of Union 1707 a process of language attrition began, whereby successive generations adopted more and more features from English causing dialectalisation. Whether it is now a separate language or a dialect of English better described as Scottish English is in dispute. The pronunciation, grammar and lexis of the traditional forms differ, sometimes substantially, from other varieties of English.\n" +
1276 " 5. The voiceless palatal fricative /ç/ is in most accents just an allophone of /h/ before /j/; for instance human /çju?m?n/. However, in some accents (see this), the /j/ is dropped, but the initial consonant is the same.\n" +
1282 "Voicing and aspiration of stop consonants in English depend on dialect and context, but a few general rules can be given:\n" +
1289 " * Word-terminal voiced plosives may be devoiced in some dialects (e.g. some varieties of American English) ? examples: sad [sæd?], bag [bæ??]. In other dialects they are fully voiced in final position, but only partially voiced in initial position.\n" +
1305 "English is a strongly stressed language, in that certain syllables, both within words and within phrases, get a relative prominence/loudness during pronunciation while the others do not. The former kind of syllables are said to be accentuated/stressed and the latter are unaccentuated/unstressed. All good dictionaries of English mark the accentuated syllable(s) by either placing an apostrophe-like ( ? ) sign either before (as in IPA, Oxford English Dictionary, or Merriam-Webster dictionaries) or after (as in many other dictionaries) the syllable where the stress accent falls. In general, for a two-syllable word in English, it can be broadly said that if it is a noun or an adjective, the first syllable is accentuated; but
1316 " John hadn't stolen that money. (... You said he had. or ... Not at that time, but later he did.)\n" +
1324 " I didn't tell her that. (... You said I did. or ... But now I will!)\n" +
1352 "Germanic words (generally words of Old English or to a lesser extent Norse origin) which include all the basics such as pronouns (I, my, you, it) and conjunctions (and, or, but) tend to be shorter than the Latinate words of English, and more common in ordinary speech. The longer Latinate words are often regarded as more elegant or educated. However, the excessive or superfluous use of Latinate words is considered at times to be either pretentious (as in the stereotypical policeman's talk of \"apprehending the suspect\") or an attempt to obfuscate an issue. George Orwell's essay \"Politics and the English Language\" is critical of this, as well as other perceived abuses of the language.\n" +
1366 " The Vocabulary of a widely diffused and highly cultivated living language is not a fixed quantity circumscribed by definite limits... there is absolutely no defining line in any direction: the circle of the English language has a well-defined centre but no discernible circumference.\n" +
1368 "The vocabulary of English is undoubtedly vast, but assigning a specific number to its size is more a matter of definition than of calculation. Unlike other languages, there is no Academy to define officially accepted words. Neologisms are coined regularly in medicine, science and technology and other fields, and new slang is constantly developed. Some of these new words enter wide usage; others remain restricted to small circles. Foreign words used in immigrant communities often make their way into wider English usage. Archaic, dialectal, and regional words might or might not be widely considered as \"English\".\n" +
1372 " It embraces not only the standard language of literature and conversation, whether current at the moment, or obsolete, or archaic, but also the main technical vocabulary, and a large measure of dialectal usage and slang (Supplement to the OED, 1933).[32]\n" +
3245 " For a longer but slightly out of date high-level description, see\n" +
3295 " ptrs but 4 byte size) or 24 (for 8/8) additional bytes are\n" +
3317 " unsigned, but a few systems are known not to adhere to this.\n" +
3571 " able to make much sense of the actual assertion errors, but they\n" +
3591 " This should be at least as wide as size_t, but should not be signed.\n" +
3678 " footprint, but will almost always slow down programs that use a lot\n" +
3684 " essentially the same effect by setting MXFAST to 0, but this can\n" +
3720 " MALLOC_POSTACTION. This is needed for locking, but you can also use\n" +
3795 " ANSI STD C, but still have memcpy and memset in your C library\n" +
3898 " calls. But defining this when applicable enables some stronger\n" +
3954 " address space, so sbrk cannot perform contiguous expansion, but\n" +
4053 " as described above and below and save them in a malloc.h file. But\n" +
4068 " ints. But some others define as unsigned long. If your system\n" +
4099 " so setting them has no effect. But this malloc also supports other\n" +
4118 " differs across systems, but is in all cases less than the maximum\n" +
4228 " so setting them has no effect. But this malloc also supports four\n" +
4254 " have been freed but not use resused or consolidated)\n" +
4266 " Because these fields are ints, but internal bookkeeping may\n" +
4279 " independent_calloc is similar to calloc, but instead of returning a\n" +
4309 " but the number is not known at compile time, and some of the nodes\n" +
4481 " number of bytes allocated via malloc (or realloc, etc) but not yet\n" +
4508 " very quickly, but can increase fragmentation, and thus increase the\n" +
4525 " not just for larger requests, but will generally cause it to be\n" +
4675 " \"large\" chunks, but the value of \"large\" varies across systems. The\n" +
5085 " so the following is unlikely to be needed, but is\n" +
5115 " This struct declaration is misleading (but accurate and necessary).\n" +
5164 " the malloc code, but \"mem\" is the pointer that is returned to the\n" +
5202 " deal with alignments etc but can be very confusing when trying\n" +
5348 " * If HAVE_MMAP is true, but mmap doesn't support\n" +
5361 " There are a lot of these bins (128). This may look excessive, but\n" +
5363 " unusual as malloc request sizes, but are more usual for fragments\n" +
5372 " for the small bins, which all contain the same-sized chunks, but\n" +
5387 " But to conserve space and improve locality, we allocate\n" +
5489 " Normally, this should be MIN_LARGE_SIZE. But you can weaken\n" +
5530 " code in malloc to check whether it even exists yet. But we still\n" +
5532 " initial_top treat the bin as a legal but unusable chunk during the\n" +
5548 " cleared as soon as bins are empty, but instead only\n" +
5728 " the public versions of malloc and free, but other routines\n" +
6316 " address space, so sbrk cannot extend to give contiguous space, but\n" +
6398 " these in all cases, but cope with the ones we do detect.\n" +
6409 " to foreign calls) but treat them as part of our space for\n" +
6618 " but the only thing we can do is adjust anyway, which will cause\n" +
6713 " processed to find best fit. But for small ones, fits are exact\n" +
6738 " large requests, but less often mixtures, so consolidation is not\n" +
7118 " has been reached unless fastbins are consolidated. But we\n" +
7138 " Note that if HAVE_MMAP is false but chunk_is_mmapped is\n" +
7492 " /* If !HAVE_MMAP, but chunk_is_mmapped, user must have overwritten mem */\n" +
7786 " But first disable mmap so malloc won't use it, since\n" +
8115 " but this will generally result in a malloc failure.)\n" +
8117 " * MORECORE must not allocate memory when given argument zero, but\n" +
8146 " expand the heap, but mmap may be able to map noncontiguous space.\n" +
8161 " but not necessarily physically contiguous non-paged memory (locked\n" +