Lines Matching refs:That
3 // modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
30 // Note that this file is in UTF-8. smjs and testkjs do not read their
1124 "Whatever their origin, these Germanic dialects eventually coalesced to a degree (there remained geographical variation) and formed what is today called Old English. Old English loosely resembles some coastal dialects in what are now northwest Germany and the Netherlands (i.e., Frisia). Throughout the history of written Old English, it retained a synthetic structure closer to that of Proto-Indo-European, largely adopting West Saxon scribal conventions, while spoken Old English became increasingly analytic in nature, losing the more complex noun case system, relying more heavily on prepositions and fixed word order to convey meaning. This is evident in the Middle English period, when literature was to an increasing extent recorded with spoken dialectal variation intact, after written Old English lost its status as the literary language of the nobility. It is postulated that the early development of the language was influenced by a Celtic substratum.[5][6] Later, it was influenced by the related North Germanic language Old Norse, spoken by the Vikings who settled mainly in the north and the east coast down to London, the area known as the Danelaw.\n" +
1126 "The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 profoundly influenced the evolution of the language. For about 300 years after this, the Normans used Anglo-Norman, which was close to Old French, as the language of the court, law and administration. By the fourteenth century, Anglo-Norman borrowings had contributed roughly 10,000 words to English, of which 75% remain in use. These include many words pertaining to the legal and administrative fields, but also include common words for food, such as mutton[7] and beef[8]. The Norman influence gave rise to what is now referred to as Middle English. Later, during the English Renaissance, many words were borrowed directly from Latin (giving rise to a number of doublets) and Greek, leaving a parallel vocabulary that persists into modern times. By the seventeenth century there was a reaction in some circles against so-called inkhorn terms.\n" +
1142 "Over 380 million people speak English as their first language. English today is probably the third largest language by number of native speakers, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish.[9][10] However, when combining native and non-native speakers it is probably the most commonly spoken language in the world, though possibly second to a combination of the Chinese Languages, depending on whether or not distinctions in the latter are classified as \"languages\" or \"dialects.\"[11][12] Estimates that include second language speakers vary greatly from 470 million to over a billion depending on how literacy or mastery is defined.[13][14] There are some who claim that non-native speakers now outnumber native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1.[15]\n" +
1144 "The countries with the highest populations of native English speakers are, in descending order: United States (215 million),[16] United Kingdom (58 million),[17] Canada (17.7 million),[18] Australia (15 million),[19] Ireland (3.8 million),[17] South Africa (3.7 million),[20] and New Zealand (3.0-3.7 million).[21] Countries such as Jamaica and Nigeria also have millions of native speakers of dialect continuums ranging from an English-based creole to a more standard version of English. Of those nations where English is spoken as a second language, India has the most such speakers ('Indian English') and linguistics professor David Crystal claims that, combining native and non-native speakers, India now has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world.[22] Following India is the People's Republic of China.[23]\n" +
1159 that are given equal status in South Africa (\"South African English\"). English is also an important language in several former colonies or current dependent territories of the United Kingdom and the United States, such as in Hong Kong and Mauritius.\n" +
1167 "Because English is so widely spoken, it has often been referred to as a \"global language\", the lingua franca of the modern era.[2] While English is not an official language in many countries, it is currently the language most often taught as a second language around the world. Some linguists believe that it is no longer the exclusive cultural sign of \"native English speakers\", but is rather a language that is absorbing aspects of cultures worldwide as it continues to grow. It is, by international treaty, the official language for aerial and maritime communications, as well as one of the official languages of the European Union, the United Nations, and most international athletic organisations, including the International Olympic Committee.\n" +
1171 "Books, magazines, and newspapers written in English are available in many countries around the world. English is also the most commonly used language in the sciences.[2] In 1997, the Science Citation Index reported that 95% of its articles were written in English, even though only half of them came from authors in English-speaking countries.\n" +
1177 "The expansion of the British Empire and?since WWII?the primacy of the United States have spread English throughout the globe.[2] Because of that global spread, English has developed a host of English dialects and English-based creole languages and pidgins.\n" +
1185 "Just as English itself has borrowed words from many different languages over its history, English loanwords now appear in a great many languages around the world, indicative of the technological and cultural influence of its speakers. Several pidgins and creole languages have formed using an English base, such as Jamaican Creole, Nigerian Pidgin, and Tok Pisin. There are many words in English coined to describe forms of particular non-English languages that contain a very high proportion of English words. Franglais, for example, is used to describe French with a very high English word content; it is found on the Channel Islands. Another variant, spoken in the border bilingual regions of Québec in Canada, is called FrEnglish.\n" +
1197 "Euro-English (also EuroEnglish or Euro-English) terms are English translations of European concepts that are not native to English-speaking countries. Due to the United Kingdom's (and even the Republic of Ireland's) involvement in the European Union, the usage focuses on non-British concepts. This kind of Euro-English was parodied when English was \"made\" one of the constituent languages of Europanto.\n" +
1237 "It is the vowels that differ most from region to region.\n" +
1247 " 7. The letter <U> can represent either /u/ or the iotated vowel /ju/. In BRP, if this iotated vowel /ju/ occurs after /t/, /d/, /s/ or /z/, it often triggers palatalization of the preceding consonant, turning it to /?/, /?/, /?/ and /?/ respectively, as in tune, during, sugar, and azure. In American English, palatalization does not generally happen unless the /ju/ is followed by r, with the result that /(t, d,s, z)jur/ turn to /t??/, /d??/, /??/ and /??/ respectively, as in nature, verdure, sure, and treasure.\n" +
1295 "English is an intonation language. This means that the pitch of the voice is used syntactically, for example, to convey surprise and irony, or to change a statement into a question.\n" +
1301 " - /a? d??nt n??/ I don't know (contracted to, for example, - /a? d??n??/ or /a? d?n??/ I dunno in fast or colloquial speech that de-emphasises the pause between don't and know even further)\n" +
1305 "English is a strongly stressed language, in that certain syllables, both within words and within phrases, get a relative prominence/loudness during pronunciation while the others do not. The former kind of syllables are said to be accentuated/stressed and the latter are unaccentuated/unstressed. All good dictionaries of English mark the accentuated syllable(s) by either placing an apostrophe-like ( ? ) sign either before (as in IPA, Oxford English Dictionary, or Merriam-Webster dictionaries) or after (as in many other dictionaries) the syllable where the stress accent falls. In general, for a two-syllable word in English, it can be broadly said that
1309 " That | was | the | best | thing | you | could | have | done!\n" +
1315 " John hadn't stolen that money. (... Someone else had.)\n" +
1316 " John hadn't stolen that money. (... You said he had. or ... Not at that time, but later he did.)\n" +
1317 " John hadn't stolen that money. (... He acquired the money by some other means.)\n" +
1318 " John hadn't stolen that money. (... He had stolen some other money.)\n" +
1319 " John hadn't stolen that money. (... He stole something else.)\n" +
1323 " I didn't tell her that. (... Someone else told her.)\n" +
1324 " I didn't tell her that. (... You said I did. or ... But now I will!)\n" +
1325 " I didn't tell her that. (... I didn't say it; she could have inferred it, etc.)\n" +
1326 " I didn't tell her that. (... I told someone else.)\n" +
1327 " I didn't tell her that. (... I told her something else.)\n" +
1331 " Oh really? (...I didn't know that)\n" +
1356 "An exception to this and a peculiarity perhaps unique to English is that the nouns for meats are commonly different from, and unrelated to, those for the animals from which they are produced, the animal commonly having a Germanic name and the meat having a French-derived one. Examples include: deer and venison; cow and beef; swine/pig and pork, or sheep and mutton. This is assumed to be a result of the aftermath of the Norman invasion, where a French-speaking elite were the consumers of the meat, produced by English-speaking lower classes.\n" +
1358 "In everyday speech, the majority of words will normally be Germanic. If a speaker wishes to make a forceful point in an argument in a very blunt way, Germanic words will usually be chosen. A majority of Latinate words (or at least a majority of content words) will normally be used in more formal speech and writing, such as a courtroom or an encyclopedia article. However, there are other Latinate words that are used normally in everyday speech and do not sound formal; these are mainly words for concepts that no longer have Germanic words, and are generally assimilated better and in many cases do not appear Latinate. For instance, the words mountain, valley, river, aunt, uncle, move, use, push and stay are all Latinate.\n" +
1360 "English is noted for the vast size of its active vocabulary and its fluidity.[citation needed][weasel words] English easily accepts technical terms into common usage and imports new words and phrases that often come into common usage. Examples of this phenomenon include: cookie, Internet and URL (technical terms), as well as genre, über, lingua franca and amigo (imported words/phrases from French, German, modern Latin, and Spanish, respectively). In addition, slang often provides new meanings for old words and phrases. In fact, this fluidity is so pronounced that a distinction often needs to be made between formal forms of English and contemporary usage. See also: sociolinguistics.\n" +
1374 "The editors of Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged (475,000 main headwords) in their preface, estimate the number to be much higher. It is estimated that about 25,000 words are added to the language each year.[33]\n" +
1382 "One of the consequences of the French influence is that the vocabulary of English is, to a certain extent, divided between those words which are Germanic (mostly Old English) and those which are \"Latinate\" (Latin-derived, either directly from Norman French or other Romance languages).\n" +
1386 "A computerised survey of about 80,000 words in the old Shorter Oxford Dictionary (3rd ed.) was published in Ordered Profusion by Thomas Finkenstaedt and Dieter Wolff (1973)[34] that estimated the origin of English words as follows:\n" +
1417 "There are many words of French origin in English, such as competition, art, table, publicity, police, role, routine, machine, force, and many others that have been and are being anglicised; they are now pronounced according to English rules of phonology, rather than French. A large portion of English vocabulary is of French or Oïl language origin, most derived from, or transmitted via, the Anglo-Norman spoken by the upper classes in England for several hundred years after the Norman Conquest.\n";
3224 " own malloc.h that does include all settings by cutting at the point\n" +
3239 " allocator, that maintains pools of quickly recycled chunks.\n" +
3249 " that is based on some version of this malloc (for example in\n" +
3279 " Note that size_t is allowed to be 4 bytes even if pointers are 8.\n" +
3305 " to the minimum size, except for requests >= mmap_threshold that\n" +
3313 " It is assumed that (possibly signed) size_t values suffice to\n" +
3315 " that `size_t' may be defined on a system as either a signed or\n" +
3316 " an unsigned type. The ISO C standard says that it must be\n" +
3321 " with negative sign bit. Generally, values that would\n" +
3341 " concurrent programs. (See http://www.malloc.de) Note that\n" +
3361 " (for example gcc -O3) that can simplify expressions and control\n" +
3363 " declare locals because people reported that some debuggers\n" +
3409 " Tuning options that are also dynamically changeable via mallopt:\n" +
3417 " There are several other #defined constants and macros that you\n" +
3447 " // free will be scheduled on the main thread in that case.\n" +
3527 " Void_t* is the pointer type that malloc should say it returns\n" +
3570 " enabled that will catch more memory errors. You probably won't be\n" +
3584 " that all accesses to malloced memory stay within their\n" +
3586 " or other mallocs available that do this.\n" +
3600 " manipulated as integers. Except that it is not defined on all\n" +
3633 " aware of the fact that casting an unsigned int to a wider long does\n" +
3652 " larger than this though. Note however that code and data structures\n" +
3678 " footprint, but will almost always slow down programs that use a lot\n" +
3683 " memory in programs that use many small chunks. You can get\n" +
3686 " TRIM_FASTBINS is an in-between compile-time option, that disables\n" +
3718 " actually a wrapper function that first calls MALLOC_PREACTION, then\n" +
3722 " instrumentation, etc. It is a sad fact that using wrappers often\n" +
3800 " have memset and memcpy called. People report that the macro\n" +
3893 " If MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS is true, take advantage of fact that\n" +
3910 " a hand-crafted MORECORE function that cannot handle negative arguments.\n" +
3958 " and the fact that mmap regions tend to be limited, the size should\n" +
3985 " memory from the system in page-size units. Note that this value is\n" +
4049 " routine that returns a struct containing usage properties and\n" +
4050 " statistics. It should work on any SVID/XPG compliant system that has\n" +
4056 " The main declaration needed is the mallinfo struct that is returned\n" +
4058 " bunch of fields that are not even meaningful in this version of\n" +
4060 " other numbers that might be of interest.\n" +
4063 " /usr/include/malloc.h file that includes a declaration of struct\n" +
4129 " Releases the chunk of memory pointed to by p, that had been previously\n" +
4135 " when possible, automatically trigger operations that give\n" +
4157 " Returns a pointer to a chunk of size n that contains the same data\n" +
4175 " Large chunks that were internally obtained via mmap will always\n" +
4253 " smblks: the number of fastbin blocks (i.e., small chunks that\n" +
4262 " keepcost: the maximum number of bytes that could ideally be released\n" +
4263 " back to system via malloc_trim. (\"ideally\" means that\n" +
4281 " independent elements that can hold contents of size elem_size, each\n" +
4308 " structures that initially have a fixed number of fixed-sized nodes,\n" +
4362 " independent_comallac differs from independent_calloc in that each\n" +
4363 " element may have a different size, and also that it does not\n" +
4390 " since it cannot reuse existing noncontiguous small chunks that\n" +
4402 " Equivalent to valloc(minimum-page-that-holds(n)), that is,\n" +
4415 " cfree is needed/defined on some systems that pair it with calloc,\n" +
4446 " On systems that do not support \"negative sbrks\", it will always\n" +
4482 " freed. Note that this is the number of bytes allocated, not the\n" +
4506 " that hold returned chunks without consolidating their spaces. This\n" +
4548 " enough so that your overall system performance would improve by\n" +
4568 " allocated and released in ways that can reuse each other's\n" +
4578 " parameters are set to relatively high values that serve only as\n" +
4594 " Note that the trick some people use of mallocing a huge space and\n" +
4597 " since that memory will immediately be returned to the system.\n" +
4618 " so that the end of the arena is always a system page boundary.\n" +
4622 " that nearly every malloc request during program start-up (or\n" +
4641 " to service a request. Requests of at least this size that cannot\n" +
4645 " Using mmap segregates relatively large chunks of memory so that\n" +
4651 " Segregating space in this way has the benefits that:\n" +
4658 " means that even trimming via malloc_trim would not release them.\n" +
4660 " memory that sbrk cannot.\n" +
4662 " However, it has the disadvantages that:\n" +
4676 " default is an empirically derived value that works well in most\n" +
4693 " The default is set to a value that serves only as a safeguard.\n" +
4713 " on the next line, as well as in programs that use this malloc.\n" +
5164 " the malloc code, but \"mem\" is the pointer that is returned to the\n" +
5191 " bit for the *previous* chunk. If that bit is *clear*, then the\n" +
5200 " Note that the `foot' of the current chunk is actually represented\n" +
5209 " that would have to index off it. After initialization, `top'\n" +
5242 " Check if a request is so large that it would wrap around zero when\n" +
5244 " low enough so that adding MINSIZE will also not wrap around sero.\n" +
5351 " Beware of lots of tricks that minimize the total bookkeeping space\n" +
5362 " works very well in practice. Most bins hold sizes that are\n" +
5366 " that no consolidated chunk physically borders another one, so each\n" +
5394 "/* addressing -- note that bin_at(0) does not exist */\n" +
5486 " first bin that is maintained in sorted order. This must\n" +
5491 " Doing this means that malloc may choose a chunk that is\n" +
5593 " that triggers automatic consolidation of possibly-surrounding\n" +
5611 " ANYCHUNKS_BIT held in max_fast indicates that there may be any\n" +
5623 " FASTCHUNKS_BIT held in max_fast indicates that there are probably\n" +
5717 " If you are adapting this malloc in a way that does NOT use a static\n" +
5719 " malloc relies on the property that malloc_state is initialized to\n" +
5729 " that in turn invoke malloc and/or free may call more then once.\n" +
5801 " of data structures that should be true at all times. If any\n" +
5802 " are not true, it's very likely that a user program has somehow\n" +
5803 " trashed memory. (It's also possible that there is a coding error\n" +
5942 " /* Note that we cannot even look at prev unless it is not inuse */\n" +
5994 " ... plus, must obey implementation invariant that prev_inuse is\n" +
5995 " always true of any allocated chunk; i.e., that each allocated\n" +
6011 " programmer errors that somehow write into malloc_state.\n" +
6139 " On entry, it is assumed that av->top does not have enough\n" +
6140 " space to service request for nb bytes, thus requiring that av->top\n" +
6286 " If contiguous, we can subtract out existing space that we hope to\n" +
6296 " If MORECORE is not contiguous, this ensures that we only call it\n" +
6306 " negative. Note that since mmap takes size_t arg, it may succeed\n" +
6315 " cannot be used. This is worth doing on systems that have \"holes\" in\n" +
6317 " space is available elsewhere. Note that we ignore mmap max count\n" +
6344 " Record that we no longer have a contiguous sbrk region.\n" +
6372 " * We need to ensure that all returned chunks from malloc will meet\n" +
6376 " request size to account for fact that we will not be able to\n" +
6462 " Note that this check is intrinsically incomplete. Because\n" +
6496 " we don't own. These fenceposts are artificial chunks that are\n" +
6511 " Note that the following assignments completely overwrite\n" +
6552 " /* check that one of the above allocation paths succeeded */\n" +
6680 " that are so large that they wrap around zero when padded and\n" +
6739 " invoked all that often in most programs. And the programs that\n" +
6753 " bins. Note that this step is the only place in any routine where\n" +
6840 " find one that fits. (This will be the smallest that fits unless\n" +
6883 " that fits is selected.\n" +
6885 " The bitmap avoids needing to check that most blocks are nonempty.\n" +
6966 " (held in av->top). Note that this is in accord with the best-fit\n" +
6972 " We require that av->top always exists (i.e., has size >=\n" +
6975 " reason for ensuring it exists is that we may need MINSIZE space\n" +
7138 " Note that if HAVE_MMAP is false but chunk_is_mmapped is\n" +
7162 " malloc_consolidate is a specialized version of free() that tears\n" +
7196 " If max_fast is 0, we know that av hasn't\n" +
7209 " until malloc is sure that chunks aren't immediately going to be\n" +
7374 " We know that contents have an odd number of\n" +
7525 " /* Otherwise, ensure that it is at least a minimum chunk size */\n" +
7539 " Strategy: find a spot within that chunk that meets the alignment\n" +
7559 " total room so that this is always possible.\n" +
7630 " We know that contents have an odd number of\n" +
7720 " the combinations that can result.\n" +
8096 " only be called with arguments that are multiples of pagesize.\n" +
8098 " * MORECORE(0) must return an address that is at least\n" +
8104 " return increasing addresses, indicating that space has been\n" +
8149 " a function that always returns MORECORE_FAILURE.\n" +
8153 " multithreaded programs that do not use locks may result in\n" +
8154 " rece conditions across calls to MORECORE that result in gaps\n" +
8155 " that cannot be detected as such, and subsequent corruption.\n" +
8169 " There is also a shutdown routine that should somehow be called for\n" +
