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86 Bean &mdash; <strong>vsync timing</strong>, <strong>triple buffering</strong>,
87 <strong>reduced touch latency</strong>, <strong>CPU input boost</strong>, and
88 <strong>hardware-accelerated 2D rendering</strong> &mdash; and adds new
92 <strong>optimizes the stream of drawing commands</strong>, transforming it into
94 multithreaded processing, the renderer can also now use <strong>multithreading
95 across multiple CPU cores</strong> to perform certain tasks.</p>
97 <p>Android 4.3 also improves <strong>rendering for shapes and text</strong>.
103 <p><strong>Improved window buffer allocation</strong> results in a faster image
108 <strong>OpenGL ES 3.0</strong> and makes it accessible to apps through both
110 rendering engine takes advantage of OpenGL ES 3.0 to optimize <strong>texture
111 management</strong> and increase <strong>gradient rendering
112 fidelity</strong>.</p>
121 and related EGL extensions using either <strong>framework APIs</strong>
122 or <strong>native API bindings</strong> through the Android Native Development
154 <p>Android 4.3 introduces built-in platform support for <strong>Bluetooth Smart
155 Ready</strong> in the central role and provides a standard set of APIs that
179 <p>Android 4.3 adds built-in support for <strong>Bluetooth AVRCP 1.3</strong>,
182 <strong>remote control client APIs</strong> introduced in Android 4.0. In
202 <p>Android 4.3 extends the multiuser feature for tablets with <strong>restricted
203 profiles</strong>, a new way to manage users and their capabilities on a single
205 <strong>separate environments</strong> for each user, with the ability to
206 manage <strong>finer-grained restrictions</strong> in the apps that are
223 control to your users. You can implement <strong>app restrictions</strong>
247 <strong>optimizes these APIs</strong> on supported devices with new hardware and
255 <p><strong>Hardware geofencing</strong> optimizes for power efficiency by
261 <p><strong>Wi-Fi scan-only mode</strong> is a new platform optimization that
268 <p>New sensor types allow apps to better manage sensor readings. A <strong>game
269 rotation vector</strong> lets game developers sense the device?s rotation
270 without having to worry about magnetic interference. <strong>Uncalibrated
271 gyroscope</strong> and <strong>uncalibrated magnetometer</strong> sensors report
284 introduces a <strong>modular DRM framework</strong> that enables media application
289 media DRM framework provides an <strong>integrated set of services</strong> for
298 <p>Android 4.3 introduces built-in support for <strong>VP8 encoding</strong>,
300 platform includes <strong>OpenMAX 1.1.2 extension headers</strong> to support
321 audio stream and a single MPEG-4 video stream into a <strong>single MPEG-4 ouput
322 file</strong>. The new APIs are a counterpart to the media demuxing APIs
331 Android 4.3, those applications can now also expose playback <strong>progress
332 and speed</strong> through their remote control clients, and receive commands to
333 jump to a specific <strong>playback position</strong>. </p>
343 Android 4.3, apps can <strong>observe the stream of notifications</strong> with the
347 <p>You can access notifications through new APIs that let you <strong>register a
348 notification listener</strong> service and with permission of the user, receive
361 <p><strong>Users remain in control</strong> of which apps can receive
363 notification access and <strong>enable or disable access</strong> as needed.
370 <p>You can now create <strong>transparent overlays</strong> on top of Views and
380 according to their <strong>optical bounds</strong>, rather than their clip
390 <strong>jump-cut</strong>, <strong>cross-fade</strong>, or
391 <strong>standard</strong> window rotation. The system uses the custom animation
398 apps can use a new mode to <strong>lock the screen</strong> to its current
400 <strong>disable rotation</strong> while shooting video. </p>
404 <p>Android 4.3 introduces a new public Intent that lets any app <strong>handle
405 Quick Responses</strong> &mdash; text messages sent by the user in response to
440 strings and testing your localized UIs. A new <strong>BidiFormatter</strong>
447 includes a new <strong>getBestDateTimePattern()</strong> method that automatically
453 introduces <strong>pseudo-locales</strong> as a new developer option.
456 pseudo-locale for <strong>Accented English</strong>, which lets you see how your
464 <p>Starting in Android 4.3, accessibility services can <strong>observe and
465 filter key events</strong>, such as to handle keyboard shortcuts or provide
470 <p>Accessibility services can declare <strong>new capability attributes</strong>
479 <p>Building on the accessibility framework in Android 4.3, a new <strong>UI
480 automation framework</strong> lets tests interact with the device?s UI by
492 <p>Apps can now configure the <strong>Wi-Fi credentials</strong> they need for
493 connections to <strong>WPA2 enterprise access points</strong>. Developers can
502 <p>Android now uses <strong>SELinux</strong>, a mandatory access control (MAC)
509 that system-wide keys are bound to a <strong>hardware root of trust</strong> for
511 <strong>cannot be exported</strong> off the device, even in the event of a root or
518 keys that <strong>cannot be seen or used by other apps</strong>, and can be
542 <p>Android 4.3 supports an enhanced version of the <strong>Systrace</strong>
545 <strong>hardware modules</strong>, <strong>kernel functions</strong>,
546 <strong>Dalvik VM</strong> including garbage collection, <strong>resources
547 loading</strong>, and more. </p>
550 specific sections of code to trace using Systrace <strong>begin/end
551 events</strong>. When the marked sections of code execute, the system writes the
572 <p>In the <strong>Profile GPU rendering</strong> option you can now visualize
574 choose to display profiling data as on-screen <strong>bar or line
575 graphs</strong>, with colors indicating time spent creating drawing commands
581 <p>A green line highlights the <strong>60ms threshold</strong> for rendering
588 tapping 7 times on <strong>Settings &gt; About phone &gt; Build number</strong>
651 &mdash; <strong>vsync timing</strong>, <strong>triple buffering</strong>,
652 <strong>reduced touch latency</strong>, and <strong>CPU input boost</strong>
655 <p>Improvements in the <strong>hardware-accelerated 2D renderer</strong> make
657 particular, <strong>drawing is optimized</strong> for layers, clipping and
660 <p>A variety of <strong>WebView rendering optimizations</strong> make scrolling
663 <p>Android?s <strong>Renderscript Compute</strong> is the first computation
664 platform ported to run directly on a <strong>mobile device GPU</strong>. It automatically
665 takes advantage of <strong>GPU computation</strong> resources whenever possible,
668 this GPU integration <strong>without recompiling</strong>.</p>
682 <p>All screen sizes now feature the <strong>status bar</strong> on top, with
683 pull-down access to <strong>notifications</strong> and a new <strong>Quick
684 Settings</strong> menu. The familiar </strong>system bar</strong> appears on the
685 bottom, with buttons easily accessible from either hand. The <strong>Application
686 Tray</strong> is also available on all screen sizes.</p>
691 <p>Now several users can <strong>share a single Android tablet</strong>, with
692 each user having convenient access to a <strong>dedicated user
693 space</strong>. Users can switch to their spaces with a single touch from the
711 <p>For developers, <strong>multi-user support is transparent</strong> &mdash;
724 <p class="img-caption" style="padding-top:1.5em;line-height:1.25em;">You can extend <strong>app widgets</strong> to run on the lock screen, for instant access to your content.</p>
729 <p>In Android 4.2, users can place <strong>app widgets</strong> directly on
730 their <strong>lock screens</strong>, for instant access to favorite app content
736 <p>Like all app widgets, lock screen widgets can display <strong>any kind of content</strong> and
756 <p>Daydream is an <strong>interactive screensaver mode</strong> that starts when
795 <p>Android 4.2 introduces platform support for <strong>external
796 displays</strong> that goes far beyond mirroring &mdash; apps can now target
813 provides a new UI object called a <strong>Presentation</strong> &mdash; a type of dialog that
823 <p class="image-caption" style="padding:1.25em">You can take full control of two or more independent displays using <strong>Presentation</strong>.</p>
842 the system?s <strong>preferred Presentation display</strong> and receive callbacks when that
854 reports the <strong>secure video capabilities</strong> of attached displays. Your app query a
871 <p>Apps can take advantage of <strong>wireless displays</strong> in the same way as they do other
883 <p class="image-caption" style="padding-top:1em">Developers can now <strong>mirror their layouts</strong> for RTL languages.</p>
886 <p>Android 4.2 introduces <strong>full native support for RTL</strong>
897 <p>Your app can take advantage of <strong>RTL layout mirroring</strong> in your app with minimal effort.
916 <p>Android 4.2 includes a variety of <strong>font and character
917 optimizations</strong> for international users:</p>
941 Android 4.2 lets you <strong>nest Fragments inside of Fragments</strong>. For
952 capability is added to the latest version of the <strong>Android Support
953 Library</strong>.</p>
958 <p>The system now helps accessibility services <strong>distinguish between touch
959 exploration and accessibility gestures</strong> while in touch-exploration mode.
969 <strong>Braille devices</strong>.</p>
979 <p>Android 4.2 introduces a <strong>new camera hardware interface and
980 pipeline</strong> for improved performance. On supported devices, apps can use a
981 new <strong>HDR camera scene mode</strong> to capture an image using high
998 <p>Filterscript is a subset of Renderscript that is focused on <strong>optimized
999 image processing across a broad range of device chipsets</strong>. Developers
1013 &mdash; pre-implemented <strong>filtering primitives that are
1014 accelerated</strong> to reduce the amount of code that you need to write and to
1022 <p>You can now create <strong>groups of Renderscript scripts</strong> and
1046 <strong>ongoing performance and optimization improvements</strong> in the
1058 automatically takes advantage of <strong>GPU computation</strong> resources
1071 features for <strong>debugging and profiling</strong> your app from any device
1077 on <strong>Settings</strong> > <strong>About phone</strong> > <strong>Build
1078 number</strong> on any compatible Android device.</p>
1091 <li><strong>Take bug report</strong> &mdash; immediately takes a screen shot and
1094 <li><strong>Power menu bug reports</strong> &mdash; Adds a new option to the
1096 <li><strong>Verify apps over usb</strong> &mdash; Allows you to disable app
1100 <li><strong>Show hardware layers updates</strong> &mdash; Flashes hardware
1102 <li><strong>Show GPU overdraw</strong> &mdash; Highlights GPU overdraw
1104 <li><strong>Force 4x MSAA</strong> &mdash; Enables 4x MSAA in Open GL ES 2.0
1106 <li><strong>Simulate secondary displays</strong> &mdash; Creates one or more
1109 <li><strong>Enable OpenGL traces</strong> &mdash; Lets you trace OpenGL
1115 <p>Android 4.2 includes a variety of new and <strong>enhanced platform technologies</strong> to
1126 <li><strong>Application verification</strong> &mdash; Users can choose to enable
1131 <li><strong>More control of premium SMS</strong> &mdash; Android will provide a
1135 <li><strong>Always-on VPN</strong> &mdash; VPN can be configured so that
1139 <li><strong>Certificate Pinning</strong> &mdash; The libcore SSL implementation
1144 <li><strong>Improved display of Android permissions</strong> &mdash; Permissions
1148 <li><strong>installd hardening</strong> &mdash; The installd daemon does not run
1151 <li><strong>init script hardening</strong> &mdash; init scripts now apply
1153 <li><strong>FORTIFY_SOURCE</strong> &mdash; Android now implements
1156 <li><strong>ContentProvider default configuration</strong> &mdash; Applications
1159 <li><strong>Cryptography</strong> &mdash; Modified the default implementations
1162 <li><strong>Security Fixes</strong> &mdash; Upgraded open source libraries with
1263 <p>To ensure a consistent framerate, Android 4.1 extends <strong>vsync timing</strong> across all drawing and animation done by the Android framework. Everything runs in lockstep against a 16 millisecond vsync heartbeat &mdash; application rendering, touch events, screen composition, and display refresh &mdash; so frames don?t get ahead or behind.</p>
1265 <p>Android 4.1 also adds <strong>triple buffering</strong> in the graphics pipeline, for more consistent rendering that makes everything feel smoother, from scrolling to paging and animations.</p>
1267 <p>Android 4.1 reduces touch latency not only by <strong>synchronizing touch</strong> to vsync timing, but also by actually <strong>anticipating</strong> where your finger will be at the time of the screen refresh. This results in a more reactive and uniform touch response. In addition, after periods of inactivity, Android applies a <strong>CPU input boost</strong> at the next touch event, to make sure there?s no latency.</p>
1269 <p><strong>Tooling</strong> can help you get the absolute best performance out of your apps. Android 4.1 is designed to work with a new tool called <strong>systrace</strong>, which collects data directly from the Linux kernel to produce an overall picture of system activities. The data is represented as a group of vertically stacked time series graphs, to help isolate rendering interruptions and other issues. The tool is available now in the <a href="{@docRoot}tools/index.html">Android SDK</a> (Tools R20 or higher)</p>
1279 <p>New APIs for accessibility services let you handle gestures and manage <strong>accessibility focus</strong> as the user moves through the on-screen elements and navigation buttons using accessibility gestures, accessories, and other input. The Talkback system and explore-by-touch are redesigned to use accessibility focus for easier use and offer a complete set of APIs for developers.</p>
1281 <p>Accessibility services can link their own <strong>tutorials</strong> into the Accessibility settings, to help users configure and use their services.</p>
1283 <p>Apps that use standard View components <strong>inherit support</strong> for the new accessibility features automatically, without any changes in their code. Apps that use custom Views can use new accessibility node APIs to indicate the parts of the View that are of interest to accessibility services. </p>
1300 strong>bi-directional text</strong> in TextView and EditText elements. Apps can display text or handle text editing in left-to-right or right-to-left scripts. Apps can make use of new Arabic and Hebrew locales and associated fonts.</p>
1314 <p>The platform now supports <strong>user-installable keyboard maps</strong>, such as for additional international keyboards and special layout types. By default, Android 4.1 includes 27 international keymaps for keyboards, including Dvorak. When users connect a keyboard, they can go to the Settings app and select one or more keymaps that they want to use for that keyboard. When typing, users can switch between keymaps using a shortcut (ctrl-space).</p>
1316 <p>You can create an app to <strong>publish additional keymaps</strong> to the system. The APK would include the keyboard layout resources in it, based on standard Android keymap format. The application can offer additional keyboard layouts to the user by declaring a suitable broadcast receiver for ACTION_QUERY_KEYBOARD_LAYOUTS in its manifest. </p>
1336 <p>Android 4.1 brings a major update to the Android notifications framework. Apps can now display <strong>larger, richer notifications</strong> to users that can be expanded and collapsed with a pinch or swipe. Notifications support <strong>new types of content</strong>, including photos, have configurable priority, and can even include multiple actions.</p>
1338 <p>Through an improved <strong>notification builder</strong>, apps can create notifications that use a larger area, up to 256 dp in height. Three <strong>templated notification styles</strong> are available:</p>
1346 <p>In addition to the templated styles, you can create your own notification styles <strong>using any remote View</strong>.</p>
1348 <p>Apps can add up to three <strong>actions</strong> to a notification, which are displayed below the notification content. The actions let the users respond directly to the information in the notification in alternative ways. such as by email or by phone call, without visiting the app.</p>
1365 <p>Android 4.1 introduces improved App Widgets that can <strong>automatically resize</strong>, based on where the user drops them on the home screen, the size to which the user expands them, and the amount of room available on the home screen. New App Widget APIs let you take advantage of this to <strong>optimize your app widget content</strong> as the size of widgets changes.</p>
1379 <p>You can <strong>define the intended Up navigation</strong> for individual Activity components of your UI by adding a new <strong>XML attribute</strong> in the app?s manifest file. At run time, as Activities are launched, the system extracts the Up navigation tree from the manifest file and automatically creates the Up affordance navigation in the action bar. Developers who declare Up navigation in the manifest no longer need to manage navigation by callback at run time, although they can also do so if needed.</p>
1381 <p>Also available is a new <strong>TaskStackBuilder</strong> class that lets you quickly put together a synthetic task stack to start immediately or to use when an Activity is launched from a PendingIntent. Creating a synthetic task stack is especially useful when users launch Activities from remote views, such as from Home screen widgets and notifications, because it lets the developer provide a managed, consistent experience on Back navigation.</p>
1385 <p>You can use a new helper class, <strong>ActivityOptions</strong>, to create and control the animation displayed when you launch your Activities. Through the helper class, you can specify custom animation resources to be used when the activity is launched, or request new zoom animations that start from any rectangle you specify on screen and that optionally include a thumbnail bitmap.</p>
1393 <p>Developers can now use <strong>GridLayout</strong> and <strong>ViewStub</strong> views in Home screen widgets and notifications. GridLayout lets you structure the content of your remote views and manage child views alignments with a shallower UI hierarchy. ViewStub is an invisible, zero-sized View that can be used to lazily inflate layout resources at runtime.</p>
1397 <p>Android 4.1 makes it easier for users to <strong>find and install Live Wallpapers</strong> from apps that include them. If your app includes Live Wallpapers, you can now start an Activity (ACTION_CHANGE_LIVE_WALLPAPER) that shows the user a preview of the Live Wallpaper from your own app. From the preview, users can directly load the Live Wallpaper.</p>
1401 <p>With Android 4.1, you can store <strong>contact photos</strong> that are as large as <strong>720 x 720</strong>, making contacts even richer and more personal. Apps can store and retrieve contact photos at that size or use any other size needed. The maximum photo size supported on specific devices may vary, so apps should <strong>query the built-in contacts provider</strong> at run time to obtain the max size for the current device. </p>
1408 <p>Apps can <strong>register to be notified</strong> when any new input devices are attached, by USB, Bluetooth, or any other connection type. They can use this information to change state or capabilities as needed. For example, a game could receive notification that a new keyboard or joystick is attached, indicating the presence of a new player.</p>
1418 <p>Among other capabilities, apps can now make use of any <strong>vibrator service</strong> associated with an attached input device, such as for <strong>Rumble Pak</strong> controllers.</p>
1425 <p>Extending vsync across the Android framework leads to a more consistent framerate and a smooth, steady UI. So that apps also benefit, Android 4.1 <strong>extends vsync timing</strong> to all drawing and animations initiated by apps. This lets them optimize operations on the UI thread and provides a stable timebase for synchronization.</p>
1427 <p>Apps can take advantage of vsync timing for free, through Android?s <strong>animation framework</strong>. The animation framework now uses vsync timing to automatically handle synchronization across animators.</p>
1446 <p>In Android 4.1, Android Beam makes it easier to share images, videos, or other payloads by <strong>leveraging Bluetooth for the data transfer</strong>. When the user triggers a transfer, Android Beam hands over from NFC to Bluetooth, making it really easy to manage the transfer of a file from one device to another.</p>
1450 <p>Android 4.1 introduces support for multicast <strong>DNS-based service discovery</strong>, which lets applications find and connect to services offered by peer devices over Wi-Fi networks &mdash; including mobile devices, printers, cameras, media players, and others. Developers can take advantage of Wi-Fi network service discovery to build cross-platform or multiplayer games and application experiences.</p>
1461 support for Wi-Fi Peer-to-Peer (P2P), a technology that lets apps <strong>discover and pair
1462 directly</strong>, over a high-bandwidth peer-to-peer connection (in compliance with the Wi-Fi
1469 <p>Android 4.1 takes Wi-Fi P2P further, adding API support for <strong>pre-associated service discovery</strong>. Pre-associated service discovery lets your apps get more useful information from nearby devices about the services they support, before they attempt to connect. Apps can initiate discovery for a specific service and filter the list of discovered devices to those that actually support the target service or application.</p>
1473 <p>With Wi-Fi P2P service discovery, you can create apps and <strong>multiplayer games</strong> that can share photos, videos, gameplay, scores, or almost anything else &mdash; all without requiring any Internet or mobile network. Your users can connect using only a direct p2p connection, which avoids using mobile bandwidth.</p>
1477 <p>Android 4.1 helps apps <strong>manage data usage</strong> appropriately when the device is <strong>connected to a metered network</strong>, including tethering to a mobile hotspot. Apps can query whether the current network is metered before beginning a large download that might otherwise be relatively expensive to the user. Through the API, you can now get a clear picture of which networks are sensitive to data usage and manage your network activity accordingly.</p>
1484 <p>Android 4.1 provides low-level access to platform hardware and software codecs. Apps can query the system to discover what <strong>low-level media codecs</strong
1488 <p>USB audio output support allows hardware vendors to build hardware such as <strong>audio docks</strong> that interface with Android devices. This functionality is also exposed with the Android <strong>Open Accessory Development Kit</strong> (ADK) to give all developers the chance to create their own hardware.</p>
1492 <p>Android now lets you <strong>trigger audio recording</strong> based on the completion of an audio playback track. This is useful for situations such as playing back a tone to cue your users to begin speaking to record their voices. This feature helps you sync up recording so you don?t record audio that is currently being played back and prevents recordings from beginning too late.</p>
1496 <p>Android 4.1 supports <strong>multichannel audio</strong> on devices that have hardware multichannel audio out through the <strong>HDMI port</strong>. Multichannel audio lets you deliver rich media experiences to users for applications such as games, music apps, and video players. For devices that do not have the supported hardware, Android automatically downmixes the audio to the number of channels that are supported by the device (usually stereo).</p>
1502 <p>Developers can apply <strong>preprocessing effects</strong> to audio being recorded, such as to apply noise suppression for improving speech recording quality, echo cancellation for acoustic echo, and auto gain control for audio with inconsistent volume levels. Apps that require high quality and clean audio recording will benefit from these preprocessors.</p>
1506 <p>MediaPlayer supports <strong>chaining audio streams together</strong> to play audio files without pauses. This is useful for apps that require seamless transitions between audio files such as music players to play albums with continuous tracks or games.</p>
1510 <p>The new APIs MediaRouter, MediaRouteActionProvider, and MediaRouteButton provide standard mechanisms and UI for <strong>choosing where to play media</strong>. Support is built-in for wired headsets and a2dp bluetooth headsets and speakers, and you can add your own routing options within your own app.</p>
1514 <p>Android 4.1 extends Renderscript computation to give you more flexibility. You can now <strong>sample textures</strong> in your Renderscript compute scripts, and <strong>new pragmas</strong> are available to define the floating point precision required by your scripts. This lets you enable <strong>NEON instructions</strong> such as fast vector math operations on the CPU path, that wouldn?t otherwise be possible with the full IEEE 754-2008 standard.</p>
1516 <p>You can now <strong>debug</strong> your Renderscript compute scripts on <strong>x86-based emulator and hardware devices</strong>. You can also define multiple root-style kernels in a single Renderscript source file.</p>
1538 <p>Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) is a service that lets developers send <strong>short message data</strong> to their users on Android devices, without needing a proprietary sync solution. </p>
1540 <p>GCM handles all the details of <strong>queuing messages and delivering them</strong> efficiently to the targeted Android devices. It supports message <strong>multicasting</strong> and can reach up to 1000 connected devices simultaneously with a single request. It also supports message <strong>payloads</strong>, which means that in addition to sending tickle messages to an app on the device, developers can send up to 4K of data. </p>
1542 <p>Google Cloud Messaging is completely <strong>free for all developers</strong> and sign-up is easy. See the <a href="{@docRoot}google/gcm/index.html">Google Cloud Messaging</a> page for registration, downloads, and documentation.</p>
1550 <p>Smart app updates is a new feature of Google Play that introduces a better way of delivering <strong>app updates</strong> to devices. When developers publish an update, Google Play now delivers only the <strong>bits that have changed</strong> to devices, rather than the entire APK. This makes the updates much lighter-weight in most cases, so they are faster to download, save the device?s battery, and conserve bandwidth usage on users? mobile data plan. On average, a smart app update is about <strong>1/3 the size</strong> of a full APK update.</p>
1554 <p>Google Play services helps developers to <strong>integrate Google services</strong> such as authentication and Google+ into their apps delivered through Google Play.</p>
1556 <p>Google Play services is automatically provisioned to end user devices by Google Play, so all you need is a <strong>thin client library</strong> in your apps.</p>
1558 <p>Because your app only contains the small client library, you can take advantage of these services without a big increase in download size and storage footprint. Also, Google Play will <strong>deliver regular updates</strong> to the services, without developers needing to publish app updates to take advantage of them.</p>