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      1 //===--- raw_ostream.cpp - Implement the raw_ostream classes --------------===//
      2 //
      3 //                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
      4 //
      5 // This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
      6 // License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
      7 //
      8 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
      9 //
     10 // This implements support for bulk buffered stream output.
     11 //
     12 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
     13 
     14 #include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
     15 #include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
     16 #include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
     17 #include "llvm/ADT/StringExtras.h"
     18 #include "llvm/Config/config.h"
     19 #include "llvm/Support/Compiler.h"
     20 #include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
     21 #include "llvm/Support/FileSystem.h"
     22 #include "llvm/Support/Format.h"
     23 #include "llvm/Support/Process.h"
     24 #include "llvm/Support/Program.h"
     25 #include "llvm/Support/system_error.h"
     26 #include <cctype>
     27 #include <cerrno>
     28 #include <sys/stat.h>
     29 
     30 // <fcntl.h> may provide O_BINARY.
     31 #if defined(HAVE_FCNTL_H)
     32 # include <fcntl.h>
     33 #endif
     34 
     35 #if defined(HAVE_UNISTD_H)
     36 # include <unistd.h>
     37 #endif
     38 #if defined(HAVE_SYS_UIO_H) && defined(HAVE_WRITEV)
     39 #  include <sys/uio.h>
     40 #endif
     41 
     42 #if defined(__CYGWIN__)
     43 #include <io.h>
     44 #endif
     45 
     46 #if defined(_MSC_VER)
     47 #include <io.h>
     48 #ifndef STDIN_FILENO
     49 # define STDIN_FILENO 0
     50 #endif
     51 #ifndef STDOUT_FILENO
     52 # define STDOUT_FILENO 1
     53 #endif
     54 #ifndef STDERR_FILENO
     55 # define STDERR_FILENO 2
     56 #endif
     57 #endif
     58 
     59 using namespace llvm;
     60 
     61 raw_ostream::~raw_ostream() {
     62   // raw_ostream's subclasses should take care to flush the buffer
     63   // in their destructors.
     64   assert(OutBufCur == OutBufStart &&
     65          "raw_ostream destructor called with non-empty buffer!");
     66 
     67   if (BufferMode == InternalBuffer)
     68     delete [] OutBufStart;
     69 }
     70 
     71 // An out of line virtual method to provide a home for the class vtable.
     72 void raw_ostream::handle() {}
     73 
     74 size_t raw_ostream::preferred_buffer_size() const {
     75   // BUFSIZ is intended to be a reasonable default.
     76   return BUFSIZ;
     77 }
     78 
     79 void raw_ostream::SetBuffered() {
     80   // Ask the subclass to determine an appropriate buffer size.
     81   if (size_t Size = preferred_buffer_size())
     82     SetBufferSize(Size);
     83   else
     84     // It may return 0, meaning this stream should be unbuffered.
     85     SetUnbuffered();
     86 }
     87 
     88 void raw_ostream::SetBufferAndMode(char *BufferStart, size_t Size,
     89                                    BufferKind Mode) {
     90   assert(((Mode == Unbuffered && BufferStart == 0 && Size == 0) ||
     91           (Mode != Unbuffered && BufferStart && Size)) &&
     92          "stream must be unbuffered or have at least one byte");
     93   // Make sure the current buffer is free of content (we can't flush here; the
     94   // child buffer management logic will be in write_impl).
     95   assert(GetNumBytesInBuffer() == 0 && "Current buffer is non-empty!");
     96 
     97   if (BufferMode == InternalBuffer)
     98     delete [] OutBufStart;
     99   OutBufStart = BufferStart;
    100   OutBufEnd = OutBufStart+Size;
    101   OutBufCur = OutBufStart;
    102   BufferMode = Mode;
    103 
    104   assert(OutBufStart <= OutBufEnd && "Invalid size!");
    105 }
    106 
    107 raw_ostream &raw_ostream::operator<<(unsigned long N) {
    108   // Zero is a special case.
    109   if (N == 0)
    110     return *this << '0';
    111 
    112   char NumberBuffer[20];
    113   char *EndPtr = NumberBuffer+sizeof(NumberBuffer);
    114   char *CurPtr = EndPtr;
    115 
    116   while (N) {
    117     *--CurPtr = '0' + char(N % 10);
    118     N /= 10;
    119   }
    120   return write(CurPtr, EndPtr-CurPtr);
    121 }
    122 
    123 raw_ostream &raw_ostream::operator<<(long N) {
    124   if (N <  0) {
    125     *this << '-';
    126     // Avoid undefined behavior on LONG_MIN with a cast.
    127     N = -(unsigned long)N;
    128   }
    129 
    130   return this->operator<<(static_cast<unsigned long>(N));
    131 }
    132 
    133 raw_ostream &raw_ostream::operator<<(unsigned long long N) {
    134   // Output using 32-bit div/mod when possible.
    135   if (N == static_cast<unsigned long>(N))
    136     return this->operator<<(static_cast<unsigned long>(N));
    137 
    138   char NumberBuffer[20];
    139   char *EndPtr = NumberBuffer+sizeof(NumberBuffer);
    140   char *CurPtr = EndPtr;
    141 
    142   while (N) {
    143     *--CurPtr = '0' + char(N % 10);
    144     N /= 10;
    145   }
    146   return write(CurPtr, EndPtr-CurPtr);
    147 }
    148 
    149 raw_ostream &raw_ostream::operator<<(long long N) {
    150   if (N < 0) {
    151     *this << '-';
    152     // Avoid undefined behavior on INT64_MIN with a cast.
    153     N = -(unsigned long long)N;
    154   }
    155 
    156   return this->operator<<(static_cast<unsigned long long>(N));
    157 }
    158 
    159 raw_ostream &raw_ostream::write_hex(unsigned long long N) {
    160   // Zero is a special case.
    161   if (N == 0)
    162     return *this << '0';
    163 
    164   char NumberBuffer[20];
    165   char *EndPtr = NumberBuffer+sizeof(NumberBuffer);
    166   char *CurPtr = EndPtr;
    167 
    168   while (N) {
    169     uintptr_t x = N % 16;
    170     *--CurPtr = (x < 10 ? '0' + x : 'a' + x - 10);
    171     N /= 16;
    172   }
    173 
    174   return write(CurPtr, EndPtr-CurPtr);
    175 }
    176 
    177 raw_ostream &raw_ostream::write_escaped(StringRef Str,
    178                                         bool UseHexEscapes) {
    179   for (unsigned i = 0, e = Str.size(); i != e; ++i) {
    180     unsigned char c = Str[i];
    181 
    182     switch (c) {
    183     case '\\':
    184       *this << '\\' << '\\';
    185       break;
    186     case '\t':
    187       *this << '\\' << 't';
    188       break;
    189     case '\n':
    190       *this << '\\' << 'n';
    191       break;
    192     case '"':
    193       *this << '\\' << '"';
    194       break;
    195     default:
    196       if (std::isprint(c)) {
    197         *this << c;
    198         break;
    199       }
    200 
    201       // Write out the escaped representation.
    202       if (UseHexEscapes) {
    203         *this << '\\' << 'x';
    204         *this << hexdigit((c >> 4 & 0xF));
    205         *this << hexdigit((c >> 0) & 0xF);
    206       } else {
    207         // Always use a full 3-character octal escape.
    208         *this << '\\';
    209         *this << char('0' + ((c >> 6) & 7));
    210         *this << char('0' + ((c >> 3) & 7));
    211         *this << char('0' + ((c >> 0) & 7));
    212       }
    213     }
    214   }
    215 
    216   return *this;
    217 }
    218 
    219 raw_ostream &raw_ostream::operator<<(const void *P) {
    220   *this << '0' << 'x';
    221 
    222   return write_hex((uintptr_t) P);
    223 }
    224 
    225 raw_ostream &raw_ostream::operator<<(double N) {
    226 #ifdef _WIN32
    227   // On MSVCRT and compatible, output of %e is incompatible to Posix
    228   // by default. Number of exponent digits should be at least 2. "%+03d"
    229   // FIXME: Implement our formatter to here or Support/Format.h!
    230   int fpcl = _fpclass(N);
    231 
    232   // negative zero
    233   if (fpcl == _FPCLASS_NZ)
    234     return *this << "-0.000000e+00";
    235 
    236   char buf[16];
    237   unsigned len;
    238   len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%e", N);
    239   if (len <= sizeof(buf) - 2) {
    240     if (len >= 5 && buf[len - 5] == 'e' && buf[len - 3] == '0') {
    241       int cs = buf[len - 4];
    242       if (cs == '+' || cs == '-') {
    243         int c1 = buf[len - 2];
    244         int c0 = buf[len - 1];
    245         if (isdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(c1)) &&
    246             isdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(c0))) {
    247           // Trim leading '0': "...e+012" -> "...e+12\0"
    248           buf[len - 3] = c1;
    249           buf[len - 2] = c0;
    250           buf[--len] = 0;
    251         }
    252       }
    253     }
    254     return this->operator<<(buf);
    255   }
    256 #endif
    257   return this->operator<<(format("%e", N));
    258 }
    259 
    260 
    261 
    262 void raw_ostream::flush_nonempty() {
    263   assert(OutBufCur > OutBufStart && "Invalid call to flush_nonempty.");
    264   size_t Length = OutBufCur - OutBufStart;
    265   OutBufCur = OutBufStart;
    266   write_impl(OutBufStart, Length);
    267 }
    268 
    269 raw_ostream &raw_ostream::write(unsigned char C) {
    270   // Group exceptional cases into a single branch.
    271   if (LLVM_UNLIKELY(OutBufCur >= OutBufEnd)) {
    272     if (LLVM_UNLIKELY(!OutBufStart)) {
    273       if (BufferMode == Unbuffered) {
    274         write_impl(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&C), 1);
    275         return *this;
    276       }
    277       // Set up a buffer and start over.
    278       SetBuffered();
    279       return write(C);
    280     }
    281 
    282     flush_nonempty();
    283   }
    284 
    285   *OutBufCur++ = C;
    286   return *this;
    287 }
    288 
    289 raw_ostream &raw_ostream::write(const char *Ptr, size_t Size) {
    290   // Group exceptional cases into a single branch.
    291   if (LLVM_UNLIKELY(size_t(OutBufEnd - OutBufCur) < Size)) {
    292     if (LLVM_UNLIKELY(!OutBufStart)) {
    293       if (BufferMode == Unbuffered) {
    294         write_impl(Ptr, Size);
    295         return *this;
    296       }
    297       // Set up a buffer and start over.
    298       SetBuffered();
    299       return write(Ptr, Size);
    300     }
    301 
    302     size_t NumBytes = OutBufEnd - OutBufCur;
    303 
    304     // If the buffer is empty at this point we have a string that is larger
    305     // than the buffer. Directly write the chunk that is a multiple of the
    306     // preferred buffer size and put the remainder in the buffer.
    307     if (LLVM_UNLIKELY(OutBufCur == OutBufStart)) {
    308       size_t BytesToWrite = Size - (Size % NumBytes);
    309       write_impl(Ptr, BytesToWrite);
    310       size_t BytesRemaining = Size - BytesToWrite;
    311       if (BytesRemaining > size_t(OutBufEnd - OutBufCur)) {
    312         // Too much left over to copy into our buffer.
    313         return write(Ptr + BytesToWrite, BytesRemaining);
    314       }
    315       copy_to_buffer(Ptr + BytesToWrite, BytesRemaining);
    316       return *this;
    317     }
    318 
    319     // We don't have enough space in the buffer to fit the string in. Insert as
    320     // much as possible, flush and start over with the remainder.
    321     copy_to_buffer(Ptr, NumBytes);
    322     flush_nonempty();
    323     return write(Ptr + NumBytes, Size - NumBytes);
    324   }
    325 
    326   copy_to_buffer(Ptr, Size);
    327 
    328   return *this;
    329 }
    330 
    331 void raw_ostream::copy_to_buffer(const char *Ptr, size_t Size) {
    332   assert(Size <= size_t(OutBufEnd - OutBufCur) && "Buffer overrun!");
    333 
    334   // Handle short strings specially, memcpy isn't very good at very short
    335   // strings.
    336   switch (Size) {
    337   case 4: OutBufCur[3] = Ptr[3]; // FALL THROUGH
    338   case 3: OutBufCur[2] = Ptr[2]; // FALL THROUGH
    339   case 2: OutBufCur[1] = Ptr[1]; // FALL THROUGH
    340   case 1: OutBufCur[0] = Ptr[0]; // FALL THROUGH
    341   case 0: break;
    342   default:
    343     memcpy(OutBufCur, Ptr, Size);
    344     break;
    345   }
    346 
    347   OutBufCur += Size;
    348 }
    349 
    350 // Formatted output.
    351 raw_ostream &raw_ostream::operator<<(const format_object_base &Fmt) {
    352   // If we have more than a few bytes left in our output buffer, try
    353   // formatting directly onto its end.
    354   size_t NextBufferSize = 127;
    355   size_t BufferBytesLeft = OutBufEnd - OutBufCur;
    356   if (BufferBytesLeft > 3) {
    357     size_t BytesUsed = Fmt.print(OutBufCur, BufferBytesLeft);
    358 
    359     // Common case is that we have plenty of space.
    360     if (BytesUsed <= BufferBytesLeft) {
    361       OutBufCur += BytesUsed;
    362       return *this;
    363     }
    364 
    365     // Otherwise, we overflowed and the return value tells us the size to try
    366     // again with.
    367     NextBufferSize = BytesUsed;
    368   }
    369 
    370   // If we got here, we didn't have enough space in the output buffer for the
    371   // string.  Try printing into a SmallVector that is resized to have enough
    372   // space.  Iterate until we win.
    373   SmallVector<char, 128> V;
    374 
    375   while (1) {
    376     V.resize(NextBufferSize);
    377 
    378     // Try formatting into the SmallVector.
    379     size_t BytesUsed = Fmt.print(V.data(), NextBufferSize);
    380 
    381     // If BytesUsed fit into the vector, we win.
    382     if (BytesUsed <= NextBufferSize)
    383       return write(V.data(), BytesUsed);
    384 
    385     // Otherwise, try again with a new size.
    386     assert(BytesUsed > NextBufferSize && "Didn't grow buffer!?");
    387     NextBufferSize = BytesUsed;
    388   }
    389 }
    390 
    391 /// indent - Insert 'NumSpaces' spaces.
    392 raw_ostream &raw_ostream::indent(unsigned NumSpaces) {
    393   static const char Spaces[] = "                                "
    394                                "                                "
    395                                "                ";
    396 
    397   // Usually the indentation is small, handle it with a fastpath.
    398   if (NumSpaces < array_lengthof(Spaces))
    399     return write(Spaces, NumSpaces);
    400 
    401   while (NumSpaces) {
    402     unsigned NumToWrite = std::min(NumSpaces,
    403                                    (unsigned)array_lengthof(Spaces)-1);
    404     write(Spaces, NumToWrite);
    405     NumSpaces -= NumToWrite;
    406   }
    407   return *this;
    408 }
    409 
    410 
    411 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
    412 //  Formatted Output
    413 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
    414 
    415 // Out of line virtual method.
    416 void format_object_base::home() {
    417 }
    418 
    419 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
    420 //  raw_fd_ostream
    421 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
    422 
    423 /// raw_fd_ostream - Open the specified file for writing. If an error
    424 /// occurs, information about the error is put into ErrorInfo, and the
    425 /// stream should be immediately destroyed; the string will be empty
    426 /// if no error occurred.
    427 raw_fd_ostream::raw_fd_ostream(const char *Filename, std::string &ErrorInfo,
    428                                sys::fs::OpenFlags Flags)
    429     : Error(false), UseAtomicWrites(false), pos(0) {
    430   assert(Filename != 0 && "Filename is null");
    431   ErrorInfo.clear();
    432 
    433   // Handle "-" as stdout. Note that when we do this, we consider ourself
    434   // the owner of stdout. This means that we can do things like close the
    435   // file descriptor when we're done and set the "binary" flag globally.
    436   if (Filename[0] == '-' && Filename[1] == 0) {
    437     FD = STDOUT_FILENO;
    438     // If user requested binary then put stdout into binary mode if
    439     // possible.
    440     if (Flags & sys::fs::F_Binary)
    441       sys::ChangeStdoutToBinary();
    442     // Close stdout when we're done, to detect any output errors.
    443     ShouldClose = true;
    444     return;
    445   }
    446 
    447   error_code EC = sys::fs::openFileForWrite(Filename, FD, Flags);
    448 
    449   if (EC) {
    450     ErrorInfo = "Error opening output file '" + std::string(Filename) + "'";
    451     ShouldClose = false;
    452     return;
    453   }
    454 
    455   // Ok, we successfully opened the file, so it'll need to be closed.
    456   ShouldClose = true;
    457 }
    458 
    459 /// raw_fd_ostream ctor - FD is the file descriptor that this writes to.  If
    460 /// ShouldClose is true, this closes the file when the stream is destroyed.
    461 raw_fd_ostream::raw_fd_ostream(int fd, bool shouldClose, bool unbuffered)
    462   : raw_ostream(unbuffered), FD(fd),
    463     ShouldClose(shouldClose), Error(false), UseAtomicWrites(false) {
    464 #ifdef O_BINARY
    465   // Setting STDOUT and STDERR to binary mode is necessary in Win32
    466   // to avoid undesirable linefeed conversion.
    467   if (fd == STDOUT_FILENO || fd == STDERR_FILENO)
    468     setmode(fd, O_BINARY);
    469 #endif
    470 
    471   // Get the starting position.
    472   off_t loc = ::lseek(FD, 0, SEEK_CUR);
    473   if (loc == (off_t)-1)
    474     pos = 0;
    475   else
    476     pos = static_cast<uint64_t>(loc);
    477 }
    478 
    479 raw_fd_ostream::~raw_fd_ostream() {
    480   if (FD >= 0) {
    481     flush();
    482     if (ShouldClose)
    483       while (::close(FD) != 0)
    484         if (errno != EINTR) {
    485           error_detected();
    486           break;
    487         }
    488   }
    489 
    490 #ifdef __MINGW32__
    491   // On mingw, global dtors should not call exit().
    492   // report_fatal_error() invokes exit(). We know report_fatal_error()
    493   // might not write messages to stderr when any errors were detected
    494   // on FD == 2.
    495   if (FD == 2) return;
    496 #endif
    497 
    498   // If there are any pending errors, report them now. Clients wishing
    499   // to avoid report_fatal_error calls should check for errors with
    500   // has_error() and clear the error flag with clear_error() before
    501   // destructing raw_ostream objects which may have errors.
    502   if (has_error())
    503     report_fatal_error("IO failure on output stream.", /*GenCrashDiag=*/false);
    504 }
    505 
    506 
    507 void raw_fd_ostream::write_impl(const char *Ptr, size_t Size) {
    508   assert(FD >= 0 && "File already closed.");
    509   pos += Size;
    510 
    511   do {
    512     ssize_t ret;
    513 
    514     // Check whether we should attempt to use atomic writes.
    515     if (LLVM_LIKELY(!UseAtomicWrites)) {
    516       ret = ::write(FD, Ptr, Size);
    517     } else {
    518       // Use ::writev() where available.
    519 #if defined(HAVE_WRITEV)
    520       const void *Addr = static_cast<const void *>(Ptr);
    521       struct iovec IOV = {const_cast<void *>(Addr), Size };
    522       ret = ::writev(FD, &IOV, 1);
    523 #else
    524       ret = ::write(FD, Ptr, Size);
    525 #endif
    526     }
    527 
    528     if (ret < 0) {
    529       // If it's a recoverable error, swallow it and retry the write.
    530       //
    531       // Ideally we wouldn't ever see EAGAIN or EWOULDBLOCK here, since
    532       // raw_ostream isn't designed to do non-blocking I/O. However, some
    533       // programs, such as old versions of bjam, have mistakenly used
    534       // O_NONBLOCK. For compatibility, emulate blocking semantics by
    535       // spinning until the write succeeds. If you don't want spinning,
    536       // don't use O_NONBLOCK file descriptors with raw_ostream.
    537       if (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN
    538 #ifdef EWOULDBLOCK
    539           || errno == EWOULDBLOCK
    540 #endif
    541           )
    542         continue;
    543 
    544       // Otherwise it's a non-recoverable error. Note it and quit.
    545       error_detected();
    546       break;
    547     }
    548 
    549     // The write may have written some or all of the data. Update the
    550     // size and buffer pointer to reflect the remainder that needs
    551     // to be written. If there are no bytes left, we're done.
    552     Ptr += ret;
    553     Size -= ret;
    554   } while (Size > 0);
    555 }
    556 
    557 void raw_fd_ostream::close() {
    558   assert(ShouldClose);
    559   ShouldClose = false;
    560   flush();
    561   while (::close(FD) != 0)
    562     if (errno != EINTR) {
    563       error_detected();
    564       break;
    565     }
    566   FD = -1;
    567 }
    568 
    569 uint64_t raw_fd_ostream::seek(uint64_t off) {
    570   flush();
    571   pos = ::lseek(FD, off, SEEK_SET);
    572   if (pos != off)
    573     error_detected();
    574   return pos;
    575 }
    576 
    577 size_t raw_fd_ostream::preferred_buffer_size() const {
    578 #if !defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__MINGW32__) && !defined(__minix)
    579   // Windows and Minix have no st_blksize.
    580   assert(FD >= 0 && "File not yet open!");
    581   struct stat statbuf;
    582   if (fstat(FD, &statbuf) != 0)
    583     return 0;
    584 
    585   // If this is a terminal, don't use buffering. Line buffering
    586   // would be a more traditional thing to do, but it's not worth
    587   // the complexity.
    588   if (S_ISCHR(statbuf.st_mode) && isatty(FD))
    589     return 0;
    590   // Return the preferred block size.
    591   return statbuf.st_blksize;
    592 #else
    593   return raw_ostream::preferred_buffer_size();
    594 #endif
    595 }
    596 
    597 raw_ostream &raw_fd_ostream::changeColor(enum Colors colors, bool bold,
    598                                          bool bg) {
    599   if (sys::Process::ColorNeedsFlush())
    600     flush();
    601   const char *colorcode =
    602     (colors == SAVEDCOLOR) ? sys::Process::OutputBold(bg)
    603     : sys::Process::OutputColor(colors, bold, bg);
    604   if (colorcode) {
    605     size_t len = strlen(colorcode);
    606     write(colorcode, len);
    607     // don't account colors towards output characters
    608     pos -= len;
    609   }
    610   return *this;
    611 }
    612 
    613 raw_ostream &raw_fd_ostream::resetColor() {
    614   if (sys::Process::ColorNeedsFlush())
    615     flush();
    616   const char *colorcode = sys::Process::ResetColor();
    617   if (colorcode) {
    618     size_t len = strlen(colorcode);
    619     write(colorcode, len);
    620     // don't account colors towards output characters
    621     pos -= len;
    622   }
    623   return *this;
    624 }
    625 
    626 raw_ostream &raw_fd_ostream::reverseColor() {
    627   if (sys::Process::ColorNeedsFlush())
    628     flush();
    629   const char *colorcode = sys::Process::OutputReverse();
    630   if (colorcode) {
    631     size_t len = strlen(colorcode);
    632     write(colorcode, len);
    633     // don't account colors towards output characters
    634     pos -= len;
    635   }
    636   return *this;
    637 }
    638 
    639 bool raw_fd_ostream::is_displayed() const {
    640   return sys::Process::FileDescriptorIsDisplayed(FD);
    641 }
    642 
    643 bool raw_fd_ostream::has_colors() const {
    644   return sys::Process::FileDescriptorHasColors(FD);
    645 }
    646 
    647 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
    648 //  outs(), errs(), nulls()
    649 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
    650 
    651 /// outs() - This returns a reference to a raw_ostream for standard output.
    652 /// Use it like: outs() << "foo" << "bar";
    653 raw_ostream &llvm::outs() {
    654   // Set buffer settings to model stdout behavior.
    655   // Delete the file descriptor when the program exists, forcing error
    656   // detection. If you don't want this behavior, don't use outs().
    657   static raw_fd_ostream S(STDOUT_FILENO, true);
    658   return S;
    659 }
    660 
    661 /// errs() - This returns a reference to a raw_ostream for standard error.
    662 /// Use it like: errs() << "foo" << "bar";
    663 raw_ostream &llvm::errs() {
    664   // Set standard error to be unbuffered by default.
    665   static raw_fd_ostream S(STDERR_FILENO, false, true);
    666   return S;
    667 }
    668 
    669 /// nulls() - This returns a reference to a raw_ostream which discards output.
    670 raw_ostream &llvm::nulls() {
    671   static raw_null_ostream S;
    672   return S;
    673 }
    674 
    675 
    676 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
    677 //  raw_string_ostream
    678 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
    679 
    680 raw_string_ostream::~raw_string_ostream() {
    681   flush();
    682 }
    683 
    684 void raw_string_ostream::write_impl(const char *Ptr, size_t Size) {
    685   OS.append(Ptr, Size);
    686 }
    687 
    688 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
    689 //  raw_svector_ostream
    690 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
    691 
    692 // The raw_svector_ostream implementation uses the SmallVector itself as the
    693 // buffer for the raw_ostream. We guarantee that the raw_ostream buffer is
    694 // always pointing past the end of the vector, but within the vector
    695 // capacity. This allows raw_ostream to write directly into the correct place,
    696 // and we only need to set the vector size when the data is flushed.
    697 
    698 raw_svector_ostream::raw_svector_ostream(SmallVectorImpl<char> &O) : OS(O) {
    699   // Set up the initial external buffer. We make sure that the buffer has at
    700   // least 128 bytes free; raw_ostream itself only requires 64, but we want to
    701   // make sure that we don't grow the buffer unnecessarily on destruction (when
    702   // the data is flushed). See the FIXME below.
    703   OS.reserve(OS.size() + 128);
    704   SetBuffer(OS.end(), OS.capacity() - OS.size());
    705 }
    706 
    707 raw_svector_ostream::~raw_svector_ostream() {
    708   // FIXME: Prevent resizing during this flush().
    709   flush();
    710 }
    711 
    712 /// resync - This is called when the SmallVector we're appending to is changed
    713 /// outside of the raw_svector_ostream's control.  It is only safe to do this
    714 /// if the raw_svector_ostream has previously been flushed.
    715 void raw_svector_ostream::resync() {
    716   assert(GetNumBytesInBuffer() == 0 && "Didn't flush before mutating vector");
    717 
    718   if (OS.capacity() - OS.size() < 64)
    719     OS.reserve(OS.capacity() * 2);
    720   SetBuffer(OS.end(), OS.capacity() - OS.size());
    721 }
    722 
    723 void raw_svector_ostream::write_impl(const char *Ptr, size_t Size) {
    724   // If we're writing bytes from the end of the buffer into the smallvector, we
    725   // don't need to copy the bytes, just commit the bytes because they are
    726   // already in the right place.
    727   if (Ptr == OS.end()) {
    728     assert(OS.size() + Size <= OS.capacity() && "Invalid write_impl() call!");
    729     OS.set_size(OS.size() + Size);
    730   } else {
    731     assert(GetNumBytesInBuffer() == 0 &&
    732            "Should be writing from buffer if some bytes in it");
    733     // Otherwise, do copy the bytes.
    734     OS.append(Ptr, Ptr+Size);
    735   }
    736 
    737   // Grow the vector if necessary.
    738   if (OS.capacity() - OS.size() < 64)
    739     OS.reserve(OS.capacity() * 2);
    740 
    741   // Update the buffer position.
    742   SetBuffer(OS.end(), OS.capacity() - OS.size());
    743 }
    744 
    745 uint64_t raw_svector_ostream::current_pos() const {
    746    return OS.size();
    747 }
    748 
    749 StringRef raw_svector_ostream::str() {
    750   flush();
    751   return StringRef(OS.begin(), OS.size());
    752 }
    753 
    754 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
    755 //  raw_null_ostream
    756 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
    757 
    758 raw_null_ostream::~raw_null_ostream() {
    759 #ifndef NDEBUG
    760   // ~raw_ostream asserts that the buffer is empty. This isn't necessary
    761   // with raw_null_ostream, but it's better to have raw_null_ostream follow
    762   // the rules than to change the rules just for raw_null_ostream.
    763   flush();
    764 #endif
    765 }
    766 
    767 void raw_null_ostream::write_impl(const char *Ptr, size_t Size) {
    768 }
    769 
    770 uint64_t raw_null_ostream::current_pos() const {
    771   return 0;
    772 }
    773