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10 // disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
1134 "The question as to which is the nearest living relative of English is a matter of discussion. Apart from such English-lexified creole languages such as Tok Pisin, Scots (spoken primarily in Scotland and parts of Northern Ireland) is not a Gaelic language, but is part of the English family of languages: both Scots and modern English are descended from Old English, also known as Anglo-Saxon. The closest relative to English after Scots is Frisian, which is spoken in the Northern Netherlands and Northwest Germany. Other less closely related living West Germanic languages include German, Low Saxon, Dutch, and Afrikaans. The North Germanic languages of Scandinavia are less closely related to English than the West Germanic languages.\n" +
1144 "The countries with the highest populations of native English speakers are, in descending order: United States (215 million),[16] United Kingdom (58 million),[17] Canada (17.7 million),[18] Australia (15 million),[19] Ireland (3.8 million),[17] South Africa (3.7 million),[20] and New Zealand (3.0-3.7 million).[21] Countries such as Jamaica and Nigeria also have millions of native speakers of dialect continuums ranging from an English-based creole to a more standard version of English. Of those nations where English is spoken as a second language, India has the most such speakers ('Indian English') and linguistics professor David Crystal claims that, combining native and non-native speakers, India now has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world.[22] Following India is the People's Republic of China.[23]\n" +
1159 "In many other
1181 "Scots developed ? largely independently ? from the same origins, but following the Acts of Union 1707 a process of language attrition began, whereby successive generations adopted more and more features from English causing dialectalisation. Whether it is now a separate language or a dialect of English better described as Scottish English is in dispute. The pronunciation, grammar and lexis of the traditional forms differ, sometimes substantially, from other varieties of English.\n" +
1189 " * Basic English is simplified for easy international use. It is used by manufacturers and other international businesses to write manuals and communicate. Some English schools in Asia teach it as a practical subset of English for use by beginners.\n" +
1272 " 1. The velar nasal [?] is a non-phonemic allophone of /n/ in some northerly British accents, appearing only before /k/ and /g/. In all other dialects it is a separate phoneme, although it only occurs in syllable codas.\n" +
1278 " 7. Voiceless w [?] is found in Scottish and Irish English, as well as in some varieties of American, New Zealand, and English English. In most other dialects it is merged with /w/, in some dialects of Scots it is merged with /f/.\n" +
1286 " o In other dialects, such as Indo-Pakistani English, all voiceless stops remain unaspirated.\n" +
1289 " * Word-terminal voiced plosives may be devoiced in some dialects (e.g. some varieties of American English) ? examples: sad [sæd?], bag [bæ??]. In other dialects they are fully voiced in final position, but only partially voiced in initial position.\n" +
1305 "English is a strongly stressed language, in that certain syllables, both within words and within phrases, get a relative prominence/loudness during pronunciation while the others do not. The former kind of syllables are said to be accentuated/stressed and the latter are unaccentuated/unstressed. All good dictionaries of English mark the accentuated syllable(s) by either placing an apostrophe-like ( ? ) sign either before (as in IPA, Oxford English Dictionary, or Merriam-Webster dictionaries) or after (as in many other
1317 " John hadn't stolen that money. (... He acquired the money by some other means.)\n" +
1318 " John hadn't stolen that money. (... He had stolen some other money.)\n" +
1334 "The nuclear syllable is spoken more loudly than the others and has a characteristic change of pitch. The changes of pitch most commonly encountered in English are the rising pitch and the falling pitch, although the fall-rising pitch and/or the rise-falling pitch are sometimes used. In this opposition between falling and rising pitch, which plays a larger role in English than in most other languages, falling pitch conveys certainty and rising pitch uncertainty. This can have a crucial impact on meaning, specifically in relation to polarity, the positive?negative opposition; thus, falling pitch means \"polarity known\", while rising pitch means \"polarity unknown\". This underlies the rising pitch of yes/no questions. For example:\n" +
1344 "English grammar has minimal inflection compared with most other Indo-European languages. For example, Modern English, unlike Modern German or Dutch and the Romance languages, lacks grammatical gender and adjectival agreement. Case marking has almost disappeared from the language and mainly survives in pronouns. The patterning of strong (e.g. speak/spoke/spoken) versus weak verbs inherited from its Germanic origins has declined in importance in modern English, and the remnants of inflection (such as plural marking) have become more regular.\n" +
1352 "Germanic words (generally words of Old English or to a lesser extent Norse origin) which include all the basics such as pronouns (I, my, you, it) and conjunctions (and, or, but) tend to be shorter than the Latinate words of English, and more common in ordinary speech. The longer Latinate words are often regarded as more elegant or educated. However, the excessive or superfluous use of Latinate words is considered at times to be either pretentious (as in the stereotypical policeman's talk of \"apprehending the suspect\") or an attempt to obfuscate an issue. George Orwell's essay \"Politics and the English Language\" is critical of this, as well as other perceived abuses of the language.\n" +
1358 "In everyday speech, the majority of words will normally be Germanic. If a speaker wishes to make a forceful point in an argument in a very blunt way, Germanic words will usually be chosen. A majority of Latinate words (or at least a majority of content words) will normally be used in more formal speech and writing, such as a courtroom or an encyclopedia article. However, there are other Latinate words that are used normally in everyday speech and do not sound formal; these are mainly words for concepts that no longer have Germanic words, and are generally assimilated better and in many cases do not appear Latinate. For instance, the words mountain, valley, river, aunt, uncle, move, use, push and stay are all Latinate.\n" +
1368 "The vocabulary of English is undoubtedly vast, but assigning a specific number to its size is more a matter of definition than of calculation. Unlike other languages, there is no Academy to define officially accepted words. Neologisms are coined regularly in medicine, science and technology and other fields, and new slang is constantly developed. Some of these new words enter wide usage; others remain restricted to small circles. Foreign words used in immigrant communities often make their way into wider English usage. Archaic, dialectal, and regional words might or might not be widely considered as \"English\".\n" +
1382 "One of the consequences of the French influence is that the vocabulary of English is, to a certain extent, divided between those words which are Germanic (mostly Old English) and those which are \"Latinate\" (Latin-derived, either directly from Norman French or other Romance languages).\n" +
1390 " * Other Germanic languages (including words directly inherited from Old English): 25%\n" +
1394 " * All other languages contributed less than 1% (e.g. Arabic-English loanwords)\n" +
1403 " * Other, 10%\n" +
1411 "Words describing the navy, types of ships, and other objects or activities on the water are often from Dutch origin. Yacht (Jacht) and cruiser (kruiser) are examples.\n" +
3344 " direct calls to MORECORE or other system-level allocators.\n" +
3417 " There are several other #defined constants and macros that you\n" +
3586 " or other mallocs available that do this.\n" +
4060 " other numbers that might be of interest.\n" +
4099 " so setting them has no effect. But this malloc also supports other\n" +
4229 " other options in mallopt. See below for details. Briefly, supported\n" +
4462 " overwriting other allocated objects. This is not a particularly great\n" +
4489 " a program makes other calls to system memory allocation functions\n" +
4568 " allocated and released in ways that can reuse each other's\n" +
4648 " other request (at least not directly; the system may just so\n" +
4657 " other chunks, as can happen with normally allocated chunks, which\n" +
5243 " padded and aligned. To simplify some other code, the bound is made\n" +
5345 " below. There are no other static variables, except in two optional\n" +
5525 " any bin, is used only if no other chunk is available, and is\n" +
5576 " be consolidated with other free chunks. malloc_consolidate\n" +
5578 " other free chunks.\n" +
5728 " the public versions of malloc and free, but other routines\n" +
5779 " Other internal utilities operating on mstates\n" +
6015 " display chunk addresses, sizes, bins, and other instrumentation.\n" +
6397 " malloc or by other threads. We cannot guarantee to detect\n" +
6752 " the most recent non-exact fit. Place other traversed chunks in\n" +
6968 " less well fitting) than any other available chunk since it can\n" +
7052 " Consolidate other non-mmapped chunks as they arrive.\n" +
7164 " purpose since, among other things, it might place chunks back onto\n" +
7207 " then in unsorted bin. Among other reasons for doing this,\n" +
8157 " If you are using this malloc with something other than sbrk (or its\n" +
