1 //===- ObjectFile.h - File format independent object file -------*- C++ -*-===// 2 // 3 // The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure 4 // 5 // This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source 6 // License. See LICENSE.TXT for details. 7 // 8 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// 9 // 10 // This file declares a file format independent ObjectFile class. 11 // 12 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// 13 14 #ifndef LLVM_OBJECT_OBJECTFILE_H 15 #define LLVM_OBJECT_OBJECTFILE_H 16 17 #include "llvm/ADT/StringRef.h" 18 #include "llvm/Object/Binary.h" 19 #include "llvm/Support/DataTypes.h" 20 #include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h" 21 #include "llvm/Support/MemoryBuffer.h" 22 #include <cstring> 23 #include <vector> 24 25 namespace llvm { 26 namespace object { 27 28 class ObjectFile; 29 30 union DataRefImpl { 31 // This entire union should probably be a 32 // char[max(8, sizeof(uintptr_t))] and require the impl to cast. 33 struct { 34 uint32_t a, b; 35 } d; 36 uintptr_t p; 37 DataRefImpl() { 38 std::memset(this, 0, sizeof(DataRefImpl)); 39 } 40 }; 41 42 template<class content_type> 43 class content_iterator { 44 content_type Current; 45 public: 46 content_iterator(content_type symb) 47 : Current(symb) {} 48 49 const content_type* operator->() const { 50 return &Current; 51 } 52 53 const content_type &operator*() const { 54 return Current; 55 } 56 57 bool operator==(const content_iterator &other) const { 58 return Current == other.Current; 59 } 60 61 bool operator!=(const content_iterator &other) const { 62 return !(*this == other); 63 } 64 65 content_iterator& increment(error_code &err) { 66 content_type next; 67 if (error_code ec = Current.getNext(next)) 68 err = ec; 69 else 70 Current = next; 71 return *this; 72 } 73 }; 74 75 inline bool operator==(const DataRefImpl &a, const DataRefImpl &b) { 76 // Check bitwise identical. This is the only legal way to compare a union w/o 77 // knowing which member is in use. 78 return std::memcmp(&a, &b, sizeof(DataRefImpl)) == 0; 79 } 80 81 inline bool operator<(const DataRefImpl &a, const DataRefImpl &b) { 82 // Check bitwise identical. This is the only legal way to compare a union w/o 83 // knowing which member is in use. 84 return std::memcmp(&a, &b, sizeof(DataRefImpl)) < 0; 85 } 86 87 class SymbolRef; 88 typedef content_iterator<SymbolRef> symbol_iterator; 89 90 /// RelocationRef - This is a value type class that represents a single 91 /// relocation in the list of relocations in the object file. 92 class RelocationRef { 93 DataRefImpl RelocationPimpl; 94 const ObjectFile *OwningObject; 95 96 public: 97 RelocationRef() : OwningObject(NULL) { } 98 99 RelocationRef(DataRefImpl RelocationP, const ObjectFile *Owner); 100 101 bool operator==(const RelocationRef &Other) const; 102 103 error_code getNext(RelocationRef &Result) const; 104 105 error_code getAddress(uint64_t &Result) const; 106 error_code getOffset(uint64_t &Result) const; 107 symbol_iterator getSymbol() const; 108 error_code getType(uint64_t &Result) const; 109 110 /// @brief Indicates whether this relocation should hidden when listing 111 /// relocations, usually because it is the trailing part of a multipart 112 /// relocation that will be printed as part of the leading relocation. 113 error_code getHidden(bool &Result) const; 114 115 /// @brief Get a string that represents the type of this relocation. 116 /// 117 /// This is for display purposes only. 118 error_code getTypeName(SmallVectorImpl<char> &Result) const; 119 120 /// @brief Get a string that represents the calculation of the value of this 121 /// relocation. 122 /// 123 /// This is for display purposes only. 124 error_code getValueString(SmallVectorImpl<char> &Result) const; 125 126 DataRefImpl getRawDataRefImpl() const; 127 const ObjectFile *getObjectFile() const; 128 }; 129 typedef content_iterator<RelocationRef> relocation_iterator; 130 131 /// SectionRef - This is a value type class that represents a single section in 132 /// the list of sections in the object file. 133 class SectionRef; 134 typedef content_iterator<SectionRef> section_iterator; 135 class SectionRef { 136 friend class SymbolRef; 137 DataRefImpl SectionPimpl; 138 const ObjectFile *OwningObject; 139 140 public: 141 SectionRef() : OwningObject(NULL) { } 142 143 SectionRef(DataRefImpl SectionP, const ObjectFile *Owner); 144 145 bool operator==(const SectionRef &Other) const; 146 bool operator<(const SectionRef &Other) const; 147 148 error_code getNext(SectionRef &Result) const; 149 150 error_code getName(StringRef &Result) const; 151 error_code getAddress(uint64_t &Result) const; 152 error_code getSize(uint64_t &Result) const; 153 error_code getContents(StringRef &Result) const; 154 155 /// @brief Get the alignment of this section as the actual value (not log 2). 156 error_code getAlignment(uint64_t &Result) const; 157 158 // FIXME: Move to the normalization layer when it's created. 159 error_code isText(bool &Result) const; 160 error_code isData(bool &Result) const; 161 error_code isBSS(bool &Result) const; 162 error_code isRequiredForExecution(bool &Result) const; 163 error_code isVirtual(bool &Result) const; 164 error_code isZeroInit(bool &Result) const; 165 error_code isReadOnlyData(bool &Result) const; 166 167 error_code containsSymbol(SymbolRef S, bool &Result) const; 168 169 relocation_iterator begin_relocations() const; 170 relocation_iterator end_relocations() const; 171 section_iterator getRelocatedSection() const; 172 173 DataRefImpl getRawDataRefImpl() const; 174 }; 175 176 /// SymbolRef - This is a value type class that represents a single symbol in 177 /// the list of symbols in the object file. 178 class SymbolRef { 179 friend class SectionRef; 180 DataRefImpl SymbolPimpl; 181 const ObjectFile *OwningObject; 182 183 public: 184 SymbolRef() : OwningObject(NULL) { } 185 186 enum Type { 187 ST_Unknown, // Type not specified 188 ST_Data, 189 ST_Debug, 190 ST_File, 191 ST_Function, 192 ST_Other 193 }; 194 195 enum Flags { 196 SF_None = 0, 197 SF_Undefined = 1U << 0, // Symbol is defined in another object file 198 SF_Global = 1U << 1, // Global symbol 199 SF_Weak = 1U << 2, // Weak symbol 200 SF_Absolute = 1U << 3, // Absolute symbol 201 SF_ThreadLocal = 1U << 4, // Thread local symbol 202 SF_Common = 1U << 5, // Symbol has common linkage 203 SF_FormatSpecific = 1U << 31 // Specific to the object file format 204 // (e.g. section symbols) 205 }; 206 207 SymbolRef(DataRefImpl SymbolP, const ObjectFile *Owner); 208 209 bool operator==(const SymbolRef &Other) const; 210 bool operator<(const SymbolRef &Other) const; 211 212 error_code getNext(SymbolRef &Result) const; 213 214 error_code getName(StringRef &Result) const; 215 /// Returns the symbol virtual address (i.e. address at which it will be 216 /// mapped). 217 error_code getAddress(uint64_t &Result) const; 218 error_code getFileOffset(uint64_t &Result) const; 219 /// @brief Get the alignment of this symbol as the actual value (not log 2). 220 error_code getAlignment(uint32_t &Result) const; 221 error_code getSize(uint64_t &Result) const; 222 error_code getType(SymbolRef::Type &Result) const; 223 224 /// Returns the ascii char that should be displayed in a symbol table dump via 225 /// nm for this symbol. 226 error_code getNMTypeChar(char &Result) const; 227 228 /// Get symbol flags (bitwise OR of SymbolRef::Flags) 229 error_code getFlags(uint32_t &Result) const; 230 231 /// @brief Get section this symbol is defined in reference to. Result is 232 /// end_sections() if it is undefined or is an absolute symbol. 233 error_code getSection(section_iterator &Result) const; 234 235 /// @brief Get value of the symbol in the symbol table. 236 error_code getValue(uint64_t &Val) const; 237 238 DataRefImpl getRawDataRefImpl() const; 239 }; 240 241 /// LibraryRef - This is a value type class that represents a single library in 242 /// the list of libraries needed by a shared or dynamic object. 243 class LibraryRef { 244 friend class SectionRef; 245 DataRefImpl LibraryPimpl; 246 const ObjectFile *OwningObject; 247 248 public: 249 LibraryRef() : OwningObject(NULL) { } 250 251 LibraryRef(DataRefImpl LibraryP, const ObjectFile *Owner); 252 253 bool operator==(const LibraryRef &Other) const; 254 bool operator<(const LibraryRef &Other) const; 255 256 error_code getNext(LibraryRef &Result) const; 257 258 // Get the path to this library, as stored in the object file. 259 error_code getPath(StringRef &Result) const; 260 261 DataRefImpl getRawDataRefImpl() const; 262 }; 263 typedef content_iterator<LibraryRef> library_iterator; 264 265 const uint64_t UnknownAddressOrSize = ~0ULL; 266 267 /// ObjectFile - This class is the base class for all object file types. 268 /// Concrete instances of this object are created by createObjectFile, which 269 /// figures out which type to create. 270 class ObjectFile : public Binary { 271 virtual void anchor(); 272 ObjectFile() LLVM_DELETED_FUNCTION; 273 ObjectFile(const ObjectFile &other) LLVM_DELETED_FUNCTION; 274 275 protected: 276 ObjectFile(unsigned int Type, MemoryBuffer *source); 277 278 const uint8_t *base() const { 279 return reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(Data->getBufferStart()); 280 } 281 282 // These functions are for SymbolRef to call internally. The main goal of 283 // this is to allow SymbolRef::SymbolPimpl to point directly to the symbol 284 // entry in the memory mapped object file. SymbolPimpl cannot contain any 285 // virtual functions because then it could not point into the memory mapped 286 // file. 287 // 288 // Implementations assume that the DataRefImpl is valid and has not been 289 // modified externally. It's UB otherwise. 290 friend class SymbolRef; 291 virtual error_code getSymbolNext(DataRefImpl Symb, SymbolRef &Res) const = 0; 292 virtual error_code getSymbolName(DataRefImpl Symb, StringRef &Res) const = 0; 293 virtual error_code getSymbolAddress(DataRefImpl Symb, uint64_t &Res) const = 0; 294 virtual error_code getSymbolFileOffset(DataRefImpl Symb, uint64_t &Res)const=0; 295 virtual error_code getSymbolAlignment(DataRefImpl Symb, uint32_t &Res) const; 296 virtual error_code getSymbolSize(DataRefImpl Symb, uint64_t &Res) const = 0; 297 virtual error_code getSymbolType(DataRefImpl Symb, 298 SymbolRef::Type &Res) const = 0; 299 virtual error_code getSymbolNMTypeChar(DataRefImpl Symb, char &Res) const = 0; 300 virtual error_code getSymbolFlags(DataRefImpl Symb, 301 uint32_t &Res) const = 0; 302 virtual error_code getSymbolSection(DataRefImpl Symb, 303 section_iterator &Res) const = 0; 304 virtual error_code getSymbolValue(DataRefImpl Symb, uint64_t &Val) const = 0; 305 306 // Same as above for SectionRef. 307 friend class SectionRef; 308 virtual error_code getSectionNext(DataRefImpl Sec, SectionRef &Res) const = 0; 309 virtual error_code getSectionName(DataRefImpl Sec, StringRef &Res) const = 0; 310 virtual error_code getSectionAddress(DataRefImpl Sec, uint64_t &Res) const =0; 311 virtual error_code getSectionSize(DataRefImpl Sec, uint64_t &Res) const = 0; 312 virtual error_code getSectionContents(DataRefImpl Sec, StringRef &Res)const=0; 313 virtual error_code getSectionAlignment(DataRefImpl Sec, uint64_t &Res)const=0; 314 virtual error_code isSectionText(DataRefImpl Sec, bool &Res) const = 0; 315 virtual error_code isSectionData(DataRefImpl Sec, bool &Res) const = 0; 316 virtual error_code isSectionBSS(DataRefImpl Sec, bool &Res) const = 0; 317 virtual error_code isSectionRequiredForExecution(DataRefImpl Sec, 318 bool &Res) const = 0; 319 // A section is 'virtual' if its contents aren't present in the object image. 320 virtual error_code isSectionVirtual(DataRefImpl Sec, bool &Res) const = 0; 321 virtual error_code isSectionZeroInit(DataRefImpl Sec, bool &Res) const = 0; 322 virtual error_code isSectionReadOnlyData(DataRefImpl Sec, bool &Res) const =0; 323 virtual error_code sectionContainsSymbol(DataRefImpl Sec, DataRefImpl Symb, 324 bool &Result) const = 0; 325 virtual relocation_iterator getSectionRelBegin(DataRefImpl Sec) const = 0; 326 virtual relocation_iterator getSectionRelEnd(DataRefImpl Sec) const = 0; 327 virtual section_iterator getRelocatedSection(DataRefImpl Sec) const; 328 329 // Same as above for RelocationRef. 330 friend class RelocationRef; 331 virtual error_code getRelocationNext(DataRefImpl Rel, 332 RelocationRef &Res) const = 0; 333 virtual error_code getRelocationAddress(DataRefImpl Rel, 334 uint64_t &Res) const =0; 335 virtual error_code getRelocationOffset(DataRefImpl Rel, 336 uint64_t &Res) const =0; 337 virtual symbol_iterator getRelocationSymbol(DataRefImpl Rel) const = 0; 338 virtual error_code getRelocationType(DataRefImpl Rel, 339 uint64_t &Res) const = 0; 340 virtual error_code getRelocationTypeName(DataRefImpl Rel, 341 SmallVectorImpl<char> &Result) const = 0; 342 virtual error_code getRelocationValueString(DataRefImpl Rel, 343 SmallVectorImpl<char> &Result) const = 0; 344 virtual error_code getRelocationHidden(DataRefImpl Rel, bool &Result) const { 345 Result = false; 346 return object_error::success; 347 } 348 349 // Same for LibraryRef 350 friend class LibraryRef; 351 virtual error_code getLibraryNext(DataRefImpl Lib, LibraryRef &Res) const = 0; 352 virtual error_code getLibraryPath(DataRefImpl Lib, StringRef &Res) const = 0; 353 354 public: 355 356 virtual symbol_iterator begin_symbols() const = 0; 357 virtual symbol_iterator end_symbols() const = 0; 358 359 virtual symbol_iterator begin_dynamic_symbols() const = 0; 360 virtual symbol_iterator end_dynamic_symbols() const = 0; 361 362 virtual section_iterator begin_sections() const = 0; 363 virtual section_iterator end_sections() const = 0; 364 365 virtual library_iterator begin_libraries_needed() const = 0; 366 virtual library_iterator end_libraries_needed() const = 0; 367 368 /// @brief The number of bytes used to represent an address in this object 369 /// file format. 370 virtual uint8_t getBytesInAddress() const = 0; 371 372 virtual StringRef getFileFormatName() const = 0; 373 virtual /* Triple::ArchType */ unsigned getArch() const = 0; 374 375 /// For shared objects, returns the name which this object should be 376 /// loaded from at runtime. This corresponds to DT_SONAME on ELF and 377 /// LC_ID_DYLIB (install name) on MachO. 378 virtual StringRef getLoadName() const = 0; 379 380 /// @returns Pointer to ObjectFile subclass to handle this type of object. 381 /// @param ObjectPath The path to the object file. ObjectPath.isObject must 382 /// return true. 383 /// @brief Create ObjectFile from path. 384 static ObjectFile *createObjectFile(StringRef ObjectPath); 385 static ObjectFile *createObjectFile(MemoryBuffer *Object); 386 387 static inline bool classof(const Binary *v) { 388 return v->isObject(); 389 } 390 391 public: 392 static ObjectFile *createCOFFObjectFile(MemoryBuffer *Object); 393 static ObjectFile *createELFObjectFile(MemoryBuffer *Object); 394 static ObjectFile *createMachOObjectFile(MemoryBuffer *Object); 395 }; 396 397 // Inline function definitions. 398 inline SymbolRef::SymbolRef(DataRefImpl SymbolP, const ObjectFile *Owner) 399 : SymbolPimpl(SymbolP) 400 , OwningObject(Owner) {} 401 402 inline bool SymbolRef::operator==(const SymbolRef &Other) const { 403 return SymbolPimpl == Other.SymbolPimpl; 404 } 405 406 inline bool SymbolRef::operator<(const SymbolRef &Other) const { 407 return SymbolPimpl < Other.SymbolPimpl; 408 } 409 410 inline error_code SymbolRef::getNext(SymbolRef &Result) const { 411 return OwningObject->getSymbolNext(SymbolPimpl, Result); 412 } 413 414 inline error_code SymbolRef::getName(StringRef &Result) const { 415 return OwningObject->getSymbolName(SymbolPimpl, Result); 416 } 417 418 inline error_code SymbolRef::getAddress(uint64_t &Result) const { 419 return OwningObject->getSymbolAddress(SymbolPimpl, Result); 420 } 421 422 inline error_code SymbolRef::getFileOffset(uint64_t &Result) const { 423 return OwningObject->getSymbolFileOffset(SymbolPimpl, Result); 424 } 425 426 inline error_code SymbolRef::getAlignment(uint32_t &Result) const { 427 return OwningObject->getSymbolAlignment(SymbolPimpl, Result); 428 } 429 430 inline error_code SymbolRef::getSize(uint64_t &Result) const { 431 return OwningObject->getSymbolSize(SymbolPimpl, Result); 432 } 433 434 inline error_code SymbolRef::getNMTypeChar(char &Result) const { 435 return OwningObject->getSymbolNMTypeChar(SymbolPimpl, Result); 436 } 437 438 inline error_code SymbolRef::getFlags(uint32_t &Result) const { 439 return OwningObject->getSymbolFlags(SymbolPimpl, Result); 440 } 441 442 inline error_code SymbolRef::getSection(section_iterator &Result) const { 443 return OwningObject->getSymbolSection(SymbolPimpl, Result); 444 } 445 446 inline error_code SymbolRef::getType(SymbolRef::Type &Result) const { 447 return OwningObject->getSymbolType(SymbolPimpl, Result); 448 } 449 450 inline error_code SymbolRef::getValue(uint64_t &Val) const { 451 return OwningObject->getSymbolValue(SymbolPimpl, Val); 452 } 453 454 inline DataRefImpl SymbolRef::getRawDataRefImpl() const { 455 return SymbolPimpl; 456 } 457 458 459 /// SectionRef 460 inline SectionRef::SectionRef(DataRefImpl SectionP, 461 const ObjectFile *Owner) 462 : SectionPimpl(SectionP) 463 , OwningObject(Owner) {} 464 465 inline bool SectionRef::operator==(const SectionRef &Other) const { 466 return SectionPimpl == Other.SectionPimpl; 467 } 468 469 inline bool SectionRef::operator<(const SectionRef &Other) const { 470 return SectionPimpl < Other.SectionPimpl; 471 } 472 473 inline error_code SectionRef::getNext(SectionRef &Result) const { 474 return OwningObject->getSectionNext(SectionPimpl, Result); 475 } 476 477 inline error_code SectionRef::getName(StringRef &Result) const { 478 return OwningObject->getSectionName(SectionPimpl, Result); 479 } 480 481 inline error_code SectionRef::getAddress(uint64_t &Result) const { 482 return OwningObject->getSectionAddress(SectionPimpl, Result); 483 } 484 485 inline error_code SectionRef::getSize(uint64_t &Result) const { 486 return OwningObject->getSectionSize(SectionPimpl, Result); 487 } 488 489 inline error_code SectionRef::getContents(StringRef &Result) const { 490 return OwningObject->getSectionContents(SectionPimpl, Result); 491 } 492 493 inline error_code SectionRef::getAlignment(uint64_t &Result) const { 494 return OwningObject->getSectionAlignment(SectionPimpl, Result); 495 } 496 497 inline error_code SectionRef::isText(bool &Result) const { 498 return OwningObject->isSectionText(SectionPimpl, Result); 499 } 500 501 inline error_code SectionRef::isData(bool &Result) const { 502 return OwningObject->isSectionData(SectionPimpl, Result); 503 } 504 505 inline error_code SectionRef::isBSS(bool &Result) const { 506 return OwningObject->isSectionBSS(SectionPimpl, Result); 507 } 508 509 inline error_code SectionRef::isRequiredForExecution(bool &Result) const { 510 return OwningObject->isSectionRequiredForExecution(SectionPimpl, Result); 511 } 512 513 inline error_code SectionRef::isVirtual(bool &Result) const { 514 return OwningObject->isSectionVirtual(SectionPimpl, Result); 515 } 516 517 inline error_code SectionRef::isZeroInit(bool &Result) const { 518 return OwningObject->isSectionZeroInit(SectionPimpl, Result); 519 } 520 521 inline error_code SectionRef::isReadOnlyData(bool &Result) const { 522 return OwningObject->isSectionReadOnlyData(SectionPimpl, Result); 523 } 524 525 inline error_code SectionRef::containsSymbol(SymbolRef S, bool &Result) const { 526 return OwningObject->sectionContainsSymbol(SectionPimpl, S.SymbolPimpl, 527 Result); 528 } 529 530 inline relocation_iterator SectionRef::begin_relocations() const { 531 return OwningObject->getSectionRelBegin(SectionPimpl); 532 } 533 534 inline relocation_iterator SectionRef::end_relocations() const { 535 return OwningObject->getSectionRelEnd(SectionPimpl); 536 } 537 538 inline section_iterator SectionRef::getRelocatedSection() const { 539 return OwningObject->getRelocatedSection(SectionPimpl); 540 } 541 542 inline DataRefImpl SectionRef::getRawDataRefImpl() const { 543 return SectionPimpl; 544 } 545 546 /// RelocationRef 547 inline RelocationRef::RelocationRef(DataRefImpl RelocationP, 548 const ObjectFile *Owner) 549 : RelocationPimpl(RelocationP) 550 , OwningObject(Owner) {} 551 552 inline bool RelocationRef::operator==(const RelocationRef &Other) const { 553 return RelocationPimpl == Other.RelocationPimpl; 554 } 555 556 inline error_code RelocationRef::getNext(RelocationRef &Result) const { 557 return OwningObject->getRelocationNext(RelocationPimpl, Result); 558 } 559 560 inline error_code RelocationRef::getAddress(uint64_t &Result) const { 561 return OwningObject->getRelocationAddress(RelocationPimpl, Result); 562 } 563 564 inline error_code RelocationRef::getOffset(uint64_t &Result) const { 565 return OwningObject->getRelocationOffset(RelocationPimpl, Result); 566 } 567 568 inline symbol_iterator RelocationRef::getSymbol() const { 569 return OwningObject->getRelocationSymbol(RelocationPimpl); 570 } 571 572 inline error_code RelocationRef::getType(uint64_t &Result) const { 573 return OwningObject->getRelocationType(RelocationPimpl, Result); 574 } 575 576 inline error_code RelocationRef::getTypeName(SmallVectorImpl<char> &Result) 577 const { 578 return OwningObject->getRelocationTypeName(RelocationPimpl, Result); 579 } 580 581 inline error_code RelocationRef::getValueString(SmallVectorImpl<char> &Result) 582 const { 583 return OwningObject->getRelocationValueString(RelocationPimpl, Result); 584 } 585 586 inline error_code RelocationRef::getHidden(bool &Result) const { 587 return OwningObject->getRelocationHidden(RelocationPimpl, Result); 588 } 589 590 inline DataRefImpl RelocationRef::getRawDataRefImpl() const { 591 return RelocationPimpl; 592 } 593 594 inline const ObjectFile *RelocationRef::getObjectFile() const { 595 return OwningObject; 596 } 597 598 // Inline function definitions. 599 inline LibraryRef::LibraryRef(DataRefImpl LibraryP, const ObjectFile *Owner) 600 : LibraryPimpl(LibraryP) 601 , OwningObject(Owner) {} 602 603 inline bool LibraryRef::operator==(const LibraryRef &Other) const { 604 return LibraryPimpl == Other.LibraryPimpl; 605 } 606 607 inline bool LibraryRef::operator<(const LibraryRef &Other) const { 608 return LibraryPimpl < Other.LibraryPimpl; 609 } 610 611 inline error_code LibraryRef::getNext(LibraryRef &Result) const { 612 return OwningObject->getLibraryNext(LibraryPimpl, Result); 613 } 614 615 inline error_code LibraryRef::getPath(StringRef &Result) const { 616 return OwningObject->getLibraryPath(LibraryPimpl, Result); 617 } 618 619 } // end namespace object 620 } // end namespace llvm 621 622 #endif 623