xref: /external/python/cpython3/Modules/_ctypes/libffi

Status
======

libffi-3.1 was released on May 19, 2014.  Check the libffi web page
for updates: <URL:http://sourceware.org/libffi/>.


What is libffi?
===============

Compilers for high level languages generate code that follow certain
conventions. These conventions are necessary, in part, for separate
compilation to work. One such convention is the "calling
convention". The "calling convention" is essentially a set of
assumptions made by the compiler about where function arguments will
be found on entry to a function. A "calling convention" also specifies
where the return value for a function is found.

Some programs may not know at the time of compilation what arguments
are to be passed to a function. For instance, an interpreter may be
told at run-time about the number and types of arguments used to call
a given function. Libffi can be used in such programs to provide a
bridge from the interpreter program to compiled code.

The libffi library provides a portable, high level programming
interface to various calling conventions. This allows a programmer to
call any function specified by a call interface description at run
time.  

FFI stands for Foreign Function Interface.  A foreign function
interface is the popular name for the interface that allows code
written in one language to call code written in another language. The
libffi library really only provides the lowest, machine dependent
layer of a fully featured foreign function interface. A layer must
exist above libffi that handles type conversions for values passed
between the two languages.


Supported Platforms
===================

Libffi has been ported to many different platforms.
For specific configuration details and testing status, please
refer to the wiki page here:

 http://www.moxielogic.org/wiki/index.php?title=Libffi_3.1

At the time of release, the following basic configurations have been
tested:

|-----------------+------------------+-------------------------|
| Architecture    | Operating System | Compiler                |
|-----------------+------------------+-------------------------|
| AArch64 (ARM64) | iOS              | Clang                   |
| AArch64         | Linux            | GCC                     |
| Alpha           | Linux            | GCC                     |
| Alpha           | Tru64            | GCC                     |
| ARC             | Linux            | GCC                     |
| ARM             | Linux            | GCC                     |
| ARM             | iOS              | GCC                     |
| AVR32           | Linux            | GCC                     |
| Blackfin        | uClinux          | GCC                     |
| HPPA            | HPUX             | GCC                     |
| IA-64           | Linux            | GCC                     |
| M68K            | FreeMiNT         | GCC                     |
| M68K            | Linux            | GCC                     |
| M68K            | RTEMS            | GCC                     |
| M88K            | OpenBSD/mvme88k  | GCC                     |
| Meta            | Linux            | GCC                     |
| MicroBlaze      | Linux            | GCC                     |
| MIPS            | IRIX             | GCC                     |
| MIPS            | Linux            | GCC                     |
| MIPS            | RTEMS            | GCC                     |
| MIPS64          | Linux            | GCC                     |
| Moxie           | Bare metal       | GCC                     |
| Nios II         | Linux            | GCC                     |
| PowerPC 32-bit  | AIX              | IBM XL C                |
| PowerPC 64-bit  | AIX              | IBM XL C                |
| PowerPC         | AMIGA            | GCC                     |
| PowerPC         | Linux            | GCC                     |
| PowerPC         | Mac OSX          | GCC                     |
| PowerPC         | FreeBSD          | GCC                     |
| PowerPC 64-bit  | FreeBSD          | GCC                     |
| PowerPC 64-bit  | Linux ELFv1      | GCC                     |
| PowerPC 64-bit  | Linux ELFv2      | GCC                     |
| S390            | Linux            | GCC                     |
| S390X           | Linux            | GCC                     |
| SPARC           | Linux            | GCC                     |
| SPARC           | Solaris          | GCC                     |
| SPARC           | Solaris          | Oracle Solaris Studio C |
| SPARC64         | Linux            | GCC                     |
| SPARC64         | FreeBSD          | GCC                     |
| SPARC64         | Solaris          | Oracle Solaris Studio C |
| TILE-Gx/TILEPro | Linux            | GCC                     |
| VAX             | OpenBSD/vax      | GCC                     |
| X86             | FreeBSD          | GCC                     |
| X86             | GNU HURD         | GCC                     |
| X86             | Interix          | GCC                     |
| X86             | kFreeBSD         | GCC                     |
| X86             | Linux            | GCC                     |
| X86             | Mac OSX          | GCC                     |
| X86             | OpenBSD          | GCC                     |
| X86             | OS/2             | GCC                     |
| X86             | Solaris          | GCC                     |
| X86             | Solaris          | Oracle Solaris Studio C |
| X86             | Windows/Cygwin   | GCC                     |
| X86             | Windows/MingW    | GCC                     |
| X86-64          | FreeBSD          | GCC                     |
| X86-64          | Linux            | GCC                     |
| X86-64          | Linux/x32        | GCC                     |
| X86-64          | OpenBSD          | GCC                     |
| X86-64          | Solaris          | Oracle Solaris Studio C |
| X86-64          | Windows/MingW    | GCC                     |
| Xtensa          | Linux            | GCC                     |
|-----------------+------------------+-------------------------|

Please send additional platform test results to
libffi-discuss (a] sourceware.org and feel free to update the wiki page
above.

Installing libffi
=================

First you must configure the distribution for your particular
system. Go to the directory you wish to build libffi in and run the
"configure" program found in the root directory of the libffi source
distribution.

If you're building libffi directly from version control, configure won't
exist yet; run ./autogen.sh first.

You may want to tell configure where to install the libffi library and
header files. To do that, use the --prefix configure switch.  Libffi
will install under /usr/local by default. 

If you want to enable extra run-time debugging checks use the the
--enable-debug configure switch. This is useful when your program dies
mysteriously while using libffi. 

Another useful configure switch is --enable-purify-safety. Using this
will add some extra code which will suppress certain warnings when you
are using Purify with libffi. Only use this switch when using 
Purify, as it will slow down the library.

It's also possible to build libffi on Windows platforms with
Microsoft's Visual C++ compiler.  In this case, use the msvcc.sh
wrapper script during configuration like so:

path/to/configure CC=path/to/msvcc.sh CXX=path/to/msvcc.sh LD=link CPP=\"cl -nologo -EP\"

For 64-bit Windows builds, use CC="path/to/msvcc.sh -m64" and
CXX="path/to/msvcc.sh -m64".  You may also need to specify --build
appropriately.

When building with MSVC under a MingW environment, you may need to
remove the line in configure that sets 'fix_srcfile_path' to a 'cygpath'
command.  ('cygpath' is not present in MingW, and is not required when
using MingW-style paths.)

For iOS builds, the 'libffi.xcodeproj' Xcode project is available.

Configure has many other options. Use "configure --help" to see them all.

Once configure has finished, type "make". Note that you must be using
GNU make.  You can ftp GNU make from ftp.gnu.org:/pub/gnu/make .

To ensure that libffi is working as advertised, type "make check".
This will require that you have DejaGNU installed.

To install the library and header files, type "make install".


History
=======

See the git log for details at http://github.com/atgreen/libffi.

3.1 May-19-14
        Add AArch64 (ARM64) iOS support.
        Add Nios II support.
        Add m88k and DEC VAX support.
	Add support for stdcall, thiscall, and fastcall on non-Windows
	  32-bit x86 targets such as Linux.
	Various Android, MIPS N32, x86, FreeBSD and UltraSPARC IIi
	  fixes.
	Make the testsuite more robust: eliminate several spurious
	  failures, and respect the $CC and $CXX environment variables.
	Archive off the manually maintained ChangeLog in favor of git
	  log.

3.0.13 Mar-17-13
	Add Meta support.
	Add missing Moxie bits.
	Fix stack alignment bug on 32-bit x86.
	Build fix for m68000 targets.
	Build fix for soft-float Power targets.
	Fix the install dir location for some platforms when building
	  with GCC (OS X, Solaris).
	Fix Cygwin regression.

3.0.12 Feb-11-13
        Add Moxie support.
	Add AArch64 support.
	Add Blackfin support.
	Add TILE-Gx/TILEPro support.
	Add MicroBlaze support.
	Add Xtensa support.
	Add support for PaX enabled kernels with MPROTECT.
	Add support for native vendor compilers on
	  Solaris and AIX.
	Work around LLVM/GCC interoperability issue on x86_64.

3.0.11 Apr-11-12
        Lots of build fixes.
	Add support for variadic functions (ffi_prep_cif_var).
	Add Linux/x32 support.
	Add thiscall, fastcall and MSVC cdecl support on Windows.
	Add Amiga and newer MacOS support.
	Add m68k FreeMiNT support.
	Integration with iOS' xcode build tools.
	Fix Octeon and MC68881 support.
	Fix code pessimizations.

3.0.10 Aug-23-11
        Add support for Apple's iOS.
	Add support for ARM VFP ABI.
        Add RTEMS support for MIPS and M68K.
	Fix instruction cache clearing problems on
	  ARM and SPARC.
	Fix the N64 build on mips-sgi-irix6.5.
	Enable builds with Microsoft's compiler.
	Enable x86 builds with Oracle's Solaris compiler.
	Fix support for calling code compiled with Oracle's Sparc
	  Solaris compiler.
	Testsuite fixes for Tru64 Unix.
	Additional platform support.

3.0.9 Dec-31-09
        Add AVR32 and win64 ports.  Add ARM softfp support.
	Many fixes for AIX, Solaris, HP-UX, *BSD.
	Several PowerPC and x86-64 bug fixes.
	Build DLL for windows.

3.0.8 Dec-19-08
        Add *BSD, BeOS, and PA-Linux support.

3.0.7 Nov-11-08
        Fix for ppc FreeBSD.
	(thanks to Andreas Tobler)

3.0.6 Jul-17-08
        Fix for closures on sh.
	Mark the sh/sh64 stack as non-executable.
	(both thanks to Kaz Kojima)

3.0.5 Apr-3-08
        Fix libffi.pc file.
	Fix #define ARM for IcedTea users.
	Fix x86 closure bug.

3.0.4 Feb-24-08
        Fix x86 OpenBSD configury.

3.0.3 Feb-22-08
        Enable x86 OpenBSD thanks to Thomas Heller, and
	x86-64 FreeBSD thanks to Bjrn Knig and Andreas Tobler.
	Clean up test instruction in README.

3.0.2 Feb-21-08
        Improved x86 FreeBSD support.
	Thanks to Bjrn Knig.

3.0.1 Feb-15-08
        Fix instruction cache flushing bug on MIPS.
	Thanks to David Daney.

3.0.0 Feb-15-08
        Many changes, mostly thanks to the GCC project.
	Cygnus Solutions is now Red Hat.

  [10 years go by...]

1.20 Oct-5-98
	Raffaele Sena produces ARM port.

1.19 Oct-5-98
	Fixed x86 long double and long long return support.
	m68k bug fixes from Andreas Schwab.
	Patch for DU assembler compatibility for the Alpha from Richard
	Henderson.

1.18 Apr-17-98
	Bug fixes and MIPS configuration changes.

1.17 Feb-24-98
	Bug fixes and m68k port from Andreas Schwab. PowerPC port from
	Geoffrey Keating. Various bug x86, Sparc and MIPS bug fixes.

1.16 Feb-11-98
	Richard Henderson produces Alpha port.

1.15 Dec-4-97
	Fixed an n32 ABI bug. New libtool, auto* support.

1.14 May-13-97
	libtool is now used to generate shared and static libraries.
	Fixed a minor portability problem reported by Russ McManus
	<mcmanr (a] eq.gs.com>.

1.13 Dec-2-96
	Added --enable-purify-safety to keep Purify from complaining
	about certain low level code.
	Sparc fix for calling functions with < 6 args.
	Linux x86 a.out fix.

1.12 Nov-22-96
	Added missing ffi_type_void, needed for supporting void return 
	types. Fixed test case for non MIPS machines. Cygnus Support 
	is now Cygnus Solutions. 

1.11 Oct-30-96
	Added notes about GNU make.

1.10 Oct-29-96
	Added configuration fix for non GNU compilers.

1.09 Oct-29-96
	Added --enable-debug configure switch. Clean-ups based on LCLint 
	feedback. ffi_mips.h is always installed. Many configuration 
	fixes. Fixed ffitest.c for sparc builds.

1.08 Oct-15-96
	Fixed n32 problem. Many clean-ups.

1.07 Oct-14-96
	Gordon Irlam rewrites v8.S again. Bug fixes.

1.06 Oct-14-96
	Gordon Irlam improved the sparc port. 

1.05 Oct-14-96
	Interface changes based on feedback.

1.04 Oct-11-96
	Sparc port complete (modulo struct passing bug).

1.03 Oct-10-96
	Passing struct args, and returning struct values works for
	all architectures/calling conventions. Expanded tests.

1.02 Oct-9-96
	Added SGI n32 support. Fixed bugs in both o32 and Linux support.
	Added "make test".

1.01 Oct-8-96
	Fixed float passing bug in mips version. Restructured some
	of the code. Builds cleanly with SGI tools.

1.00 Oct-7-96
	First release. No public announcement.


Authors & Credits
=================

libffi was originally written by Anthony Green <green (a] moxielogic.com>.

The developers of the GNU Compiler Collection project have made
innumerable valuable contributions.  See the ChangeLog file for
details.

Some of the ideas behind libffi were inspired by Gianni Mariani's free
gencall library for Silicon Graphics machines.

The closure mechanism was designed and implemented by Kresten Krab
Thorup.

Major processor architecture ports were contributed by the following
developers:

aarch64		Marcus Shawcroft, James Greenhalgh
alpha		Richard Henderson
arm		Raffaele Sena
blackfin        Alexandre Keunecke I. de Mendonca
cris		Simon Posnjak, Hans-Peter Nilsson
frv		Anthony Green
ia64		Hans Boehm
m32r		Kazuhiro Inaoka
m68k		Andreas Schwab
m88k		Miod Vallat
microblaze	Nathan Rossi
mips		Anthony Green, Casey Marshall
mips64		David Daney
moxie		Anthony Green
nios ii		Sandra Loosemore
pa		Randolph Chung, Dave Anglin, Andreas Tobler
powerpc		Geoffrey Keating, Andreas Tobler, 
			 David Edelsohn, John Hornkvist
powerpc64	Jakub Jelinek
s390		Gerhard Tonn, Ulrich Weigand
sh		Kaz Kojima
sh64		Kaz Kojima
sparc		Anthony Green, Gordon Irlam
tile-gx/tilepro Walter Lee
vax		Miod Vallat
x86		Anthony Green, Jon Beniston
x86-64		Bo Thorsen
xtensa		Chris Zankel

Jesper Skov and Andrew Haley both did more than their fair share of
stepping through the code and tracking down bugs.

Thanks also to Tom Tromey for bug fixes, documentation and
configuration help.

Thanks to Jim Blandy, who provided some useful feedback on the libffi
interface.

Andreas Tobler has done a tremendous amount of work on the testsuite.

Alex Oliva solved the executable page problem for SElinux.

The list above is almost certainly incomplete and inaccurate.  I'm
happy to make corrections or additions upon request.

If you have a problem, or have found a bug, please send a note to the
author at green (a] moxielogic.com, or the project mailing list at
libffi-discuss (a] sourceware.org.