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      1 /*  parsermodule.c
      2  *
      3  *  Copyright 1995-1996 by Fred L. Drake, Jr. and Virginia Polytechnic
      4  *  Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
      5  *  Portions copyright 1991-1995 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum,
      6  *  Amsterdam, The Netherlands.  Copying is permitted under the terms
      7  *  associated with the main Python distribution, with the additional
      8  *  restriction that this additional notice be included and maintained
      9  *  on all distributed copies.
     10  *
     11  *  This module serves to replace the original parser module written
     12  *  by Guido.  The functionality is not matched precisely, but the
     13  *  original may be implemented on top of this.  This is desirable
     14  *  since the source of the text to be parsed is now divorced from
     15  *  this interface.
     16  *
     17  *  Unlike the prior interface, the ability to give a parse tree
     18  *  produced by Python code as a tuple to the compiler is enabled by
     19  *  this module.  See the documentation for more details.
     20  *
     21  *  I've added some annotations that help with the lint code-checking
     22  *  program, but they're not complete by a long shot.  The real errors
     23  *  that lint detects are gone, but there are still warnings with
     24  *  Py_[X]DECREF() and Py_[X]INCREF() macros.  The lint annotations
     25  *  look like "NOTE(...)".
     26  */
     27 
     28 #include "Python.h"                     /* general Python API             */
     29 #include "Python-ast.h"                 /* mod_ty */
     30 #include "graminit.h"                   /* symbols defined in the grammar */
     31 #include "node.h"                       /* internal parser structure      */
     32 #include "errcode.h"                    /* error codes for PyNode_*()     */
     33 #include "token.h"                      /* token definitions              */
     34 #include "grammar.h"
     35 #include "parsetok.h"
     36                                         /* ISTERMINAL() / ISNONTERMINAL() */
     37 #include "compile.h"
     38 #undef Yield
     39 #include "ast.h"
     40 #include "pyarena.h"
     41 
     42 extern grammar _PyParser_Grammar; /* From graminit.c */
     43 
     44 #ifdef lint
     45 #include <note.h>
     46 #else
     47 #define NOTE(x)
     48 #endif
     49 
     50 /*  String constants used to initialize module attributes.
     51  *
     52  */
     53 static char parser_copyright_string[] =
     54 "Copyright 1995-1996 by Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State\n\
     55 University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA, and Fred L. Drake, Jr., Reston,\n\
     56 Virginia, USA.  Portions copyright 1991-1995 by Stichting Mathematisch\n\
     57 Centrum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.";
     58 
     59 
     60 PyDoc_STRVAR(parser_doc_string,
     61 "This is an interface to Python's internal parser.");
     62 
     63 static char parser_version_string[] = "0.5";
     64 
     65 
     66 typedef PyObject* (*SeqMaker) (Py_ssize_t length);
     67 typedef int (*SeqInserter) (PyObject* sequence,
     68                             Py_ssize_t index,
     69                             PyObject* element);
     70 
     71 /*  The function below is copyrighted by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum.  The
     72  *  original copyright statement is included below, and continues to apply
     73  *  in full to the function immediately following.  All other material is
     74  *  original, copyrighted by Fred L. Drake, Jr. and Virginia Polytechnic
     75  *  Institute and State University.  Changes were made to comply with the
     76  *  new naming conventions.  Added arguments to provide support for creating
     77  *  lists as well as tuples, and optionally including the line numbers.
     78  */
     79 
     80 
     81 static PyObject*
     82 node2tuple(node *n,                     /* node to convert               */
     83            SeqMaker mkseq,              /* create sequence               */
     84            SeqInserter addelem,         /* func. to add elem. in seq.    */
     85            int lineno,                  /* include line numbers?         */
     86            int col_offset)              /* include column offsets?       */
     87 {
     88     if (n == NULL) {
     89         Py_INCREF(Py_None);
     90         return (Py_None);
     91     }
     92     if (ISNONTERMINAL(TYPE(n))) {
     93         int i;
     94         PyObject *v;
     95         PyObject *w;
     96 
     97         v = mkseq(1 + NCH(n) + (TYPE(n) == encoding_decl));
     98         if (v == NULL)
     99             return (v);
    100         w = PyInt_FromLong(TYPE(n));
    101         if (w == NULL) {
    102             Py_DECREF(v);
    103             return ((PyObject*) NULL);
    104         }
    105         (void) addelem(v, 0, w);
    106         for (i = 0; i < NCH(n); i++) {
    107             w = node2tuple(CHILD(n, i), mkseq, addelem, lineno, col_offset);
    108             if (w == NULL) {
    109                 Py_DECREF(v);
    110                 return ((PyObject*) NULL);
    111             }
    112             (void) addelem(v, i+1, w);
    113         }
    114 
    115         if (TYPE(n) == encoding_decl)
    116             (void) addelem(v, i+1, PyString_FromString(STR(n)));
    117         return (v);
    118     }
    119     else if (ISTERMINAL(TYPE(n))) {
    120         PyObject *result = mkseq(2 + lineno + col_offset);
    121         if (result != NULL) {
    122             (void) addelem(result, 0, PyInt_FromLong(TYPE(n)));
    123             (void) addelem(result, 1, PyString_FromString(STR(n)));
    124             if (lineno)
    125                 (void) addelem(result, 2, PyInt_FromLong(n->n_lineno));
    126             if (col_offset)
    127                 (void) addelem(result, 2 + lineno, PyInt_FromLong(n->n_col_offset));
    128         }
    129         return (result);
    130     }
    131     else {
    132         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
    133                         "unrecognized parse tree node type");
    134         return ((PyObject*) NULL);
    135     }
    136 }
    137 /*
    138  *  End of material copyrighted by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum.
    139  */
    140 
    141 
    142 
    143 /*  There are two types of intermediate objects we're interested in:
    144  *  'eval' and 'exec' types.  These constants can be used in the st_type
    145  *  field of the object type to identify which any given object represents.
    146  *  These should probably go in an external header to allow other extensions
    147  *  to use them, but then, we really should be using C++ too.  ;-)
    148  */
    149 
    150 #define PyST_EXPR  1
    151 #define PyST_SUITE 2
    152 
    153 
    154 /*  These are the internal objects and definitions required to implement the
    155  *  ST type.  Most of the internal names are more reminiscent of the 'old'
    156  *  naming style, but the code uses the new naming convention.
    157  */
    158 
    159 static PyObject*
    160 parser_error = 0;
    161 
    162 
    163 typedef struct {
    164     PyObject_HEAD                       /* standard object header           */
    165     node* st_node;                      /* the node* returned by the parser */
    166     int   st_type;                      /* EXPR or SUITE ?                  */
    167     PyCompilerFlags st_flags;           /* Parser and compiler flags        */
    168 } PyST_Object;
    169 
    170 
    171 static void parser_free(PyST_Object *st);
    172 static PyObject* parser_sizeof(PyST_Object *, void *);
    173 static int parser_compare(PyST_Object *left, PyST_Object *right);
    174 static PyObject *parser_getattr(PyObject *self, char *name);
    175 static PyObject* parser_compilest(PyST_Object *, PyObject *, PyObject *);
    176 static PyObject* parser_isexpr(PyST_Object *, PyObject *, PyObject *);
    177 static PyObject* parser_issuite(PyST_Object *, PyObject *, PyObject *);
    178 static PyObject* parser_st2list(PyST_Object *, PyObject *, PyObject *);
    179 static PyObject* parser_st2tuple(PyST_Object *, PyObject *, PyObject *);
    180 
    181 #define PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE (METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS)
    182 
    183 static PyMethodDef
    184 parser_methods[] = {
    185     {"compile",         (PyCFunction)parser_compilest,  PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
    186         PyDoc_STR("Compile this ST object into a code object.")},
    187     {"isexpr",          (PyCFunction)parser_isexpr,     PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
    188         PyDoc_STR("Determines if this ST object was created from an expression.")},
    189     {"issuite",         (PyCFunction)parser_issuite,    PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
    190         PyDoc_STR("Determines if this ST object was created from a suite.")},
    191     {"tolist",          (PyCFunction)parser_st2list,    PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
    192         PyDoc_STR("Creates a list-tree representation of this ST.")},
    193     {"totuple",         (PyCFunction)parser_st2tuple,   PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
    194         PyDoc_STR("Creates a tuple-tree representation of this ST.")},
    195     {"__sizeof__",      (PyCFunction)parser_sizeof,     METH_NOARGS,
    196         PyDoc_STR("Returns size in memory, in bytes.")},
    197     {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
    198 };
    199 
    200 static
    201 PyTypeObject PyST_Type = {
    202     PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    203     "parser.st",                        /* tp_name              */
    204     (int) sizeof(PyST_Object),          /* tp_basicsize         */
    205     0,                                  /* tp_itemsize          */
    206     (destructor)parser_free,            /* tp_dealloc           */
    207     0,                                  /* tp_print             */
    208     parser_getattr,                     /* tp_getattr           */
    209     0,                                  /* tp_setattr           */
    210     (cmpfunc)parser_compare,            /* tp_compare           */
    211     0,                                  /* tp_repr              */
    212     0,                                  /* tp_as_number         */
    213     0,                                  /* tp_as_sequence       */
    214     0,                                  /* tp_as_mapping        */
    215     0,                                  /* tp_hash              */
    216     0,                                  /* tp_call              */
    217     0,                                  /* tp_str               */
    218     0,                                  /* tp_getattro          */
    219     0,                                  /* tp_setattro          */
    220 
    221     /* Functions to access object as input/output buffer */
    222     0,                                  /* tp_as_buffer         */
    223 
    224     Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,                 /* tp_flags             */
    225 
    226     /* __doc__ */
    227     "Intermediate representation of a Python parse tree.",
    228     0,                                  /* tp_traverse */
    229     0,                                  /* tp_clear */
    230     0,                                  /* tp_richcompare */
    231     0,                                  /* tp_weaklistoffset */
    232     0,                                  /* tp_iter */
    233     0,                                  /* tp_iternext */
    234     parser_methods,                     /* tp_methods */
    235 };  /* PyST_Type */
    236 
    237 
    238 static int
    239 parser_compare_nodes(node *left, node *right)
    240 {
    241     int j;
    242 
    243     if (TYPE(left) < TYPE(right))
    244         return (-1);
    245 
    246     if (TYPE(right) < TYPE(left))
    247         return (1);
    248 
    249     if (ISTERMINAL(TYPE(left)))
    250         return (strcmp(STR(left), STR(right)));
    251 
    252     if (NCH(left) < NCH(right))
    253         return (-1);
    254 
    255     if (NCH(right) < NCH(left))
    256         return (1);
    257 
    258     for (j = 0; j < NCH(left); ++j) {
    259         int v = parser_compare_nodes(CHILD(left, j), CHILD(right, j));
    260 
    261         if (v != 0)
    262             return (v);
    263     }
    264     return (0);
    265 }
    266 
    267 
    268 /*  int parser_compare(PyST_Object* left, PyST_Object* right)
    269  *
    270  *  Comparison function used by the Python operators ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
    271  *  This really just wraps a call to parser_compare_nodes() with some easy
    272  *  checks and protection code.
    273  *
    274  */
    275 static int
    276 parser_compare(PyST_Object *left, PyST_Object *right)
    277 {
    278     if (left == right)
    279         return (0);
    280 
    281     if ((left == 0) || (right == 0))
    282         return (-1);
    283 
    284     return (parser_compare_nodes(left->st_node, right->st_node));
    285 }
    286 
    287 
    288 /*  parser_newstobject(node* st)
    289  *
    290  *  Allocates a new Python object representing an ST.  This is simply the
    291  *  'wrapper' object that holds a node* and allows it to be passed around in
    292  *  Python code.
    293  *
    294  */
    295 static PyObject*
    296 parser_newstobject(node *st, int type)
    297 {
    298     PyST_Object* o = PyObject_New(PyST_Object, &PyST_Type);
    299 
    300     if (o != 0) {
    301         o->st_node = st;
    302         o->st_type = type;
    303         o->st_flags.cf_flags = 0;
    304     }
    305     else {
    306         PyNode_Free(st);
    307     }
    308     return ((PyObject*)o);
    309 }
    310 
    311 
    312 /*  void parser_free(PyST_Object* st)
    313  *
    314  *  This is called by a del statement that reduces the reference count to 0.
    315  *
    316  */
    317 static void
    318 parser_free(PyST_Object *st)
    319 {
    320     PyNode_Free(st->st_node);
    321     PyObject_Del(st);
    322 }
    323 
    324 
    325 /*  parser_st2tuple(PyObject* self, PyObject* args, PyObject* kw)
    326  *
    327  *  This provides conversion from a node* to a tuple object that can be
    328  *  returned to the Python-level caller.  The ST object is not modified.
    329  *
    330  */
    331 static PyObject*
    332 parser_st2tuple(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    333 {
    334     PyObject *line_option = 0;
    335     PyObject *col_option = 0;
    336     PyObject *res = 0;
    337     int ok;
    338 
    339     static char *keywords[] = {"ast", "line_info", "col_info", NULL};
    340 
    341     if (self == NULL) {
    342         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, "O!|OO:st2tuple", keywords,
    343                                          &PyST_Type, &self, &line_option,
    344                                          &col_option);
    345     }
    346     else
    347         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, "|OO:totuple", &keywords[1],
    348                                          &line_option, &col_option);
    349     if (ok != 0) {
    350         int lineno = 0;
    351         int col_offset = 0;
    352         if (line_option != NULL) {
    353             lineno = PyObject_IsTrue(line_option);
    354             if (lineno < 0)
    355                 return NULL;
    356         }
    357         if (col_option != NULL) {
    358             col_offset = PyObject_IsTrue(col_option);
    359             if (col_offset < 0)
    360                 return NULL;
    361         }
    362         /*
    363          *  Convert ST into a tuple representation.  Use Guido's function,
    364          *  since it's known to work already.
    365          */
    366         res = node2tuple(((PyST_Object*)self)->st_node,
    367                          PyTuple_New, PyTuple_SetItem, lineno, col_offset);
    368     }
    369     return (res);
    370 }
    371 
    372 static PyObject*
    373 parser_ast2tuple(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    374 {
    375     if (PyErr_WarnPy3k("ast2tuple is removed in 3.x; use st2tuple", 1) < 0)
    376         return NULL;
    377     return parser_st2tuple(self, args, kw);
    378 }
    379 
    380 
    381 /*  parser_st2list(PyObject* self, PyObject* args, PyObject* kw)
    382  *
    383  *  This provides conversion from a node* to a list object that can be
    384  *  returned to the Python-level caller.  The ST object is not modified.
    385  *
    386  */
    387 static PyObject*
    388 parser_st2list(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    389 {
    390     PyObject *line_option = 0;
    391     PyObject *col_option = 0;
    392     PyObject *res = 0;
    393     int ok;
    394 
    395     static char *keywords[] = {"ast", "line_info", "col_info", NULL};
    396 
    397     if (self == NULL)
    398         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, "O!|OO:st2list", keywords,
    399                                          &PyST_Type, &self, &line_option,
    400                                          &col_option);
    401     else
    402         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, "|OO:tolist", &keywords[1],
    403                                          &line_option, &col_option);
    404     if (ok) {
    405         int lineno = 0;
    406         int col_offset = 0;
    407         if (line_option != 0) {
    408             lineno = PyObject_IsTrue(line_option);
    409             if (lineno < 0)
    410                 return NULL;
    411         }
    412         if (col_option != 0) {
    413             col_offset = PyObject_IsTrue(col_option);
    414             if (col_offset < 0)
    415                 return NULL;
    416         }
    417         /*
    418          *  Convert ST into a tuple representation.  Use Guido's function,
    419          *  since it's known to work already.
    420          */
    421         res = node2tuple(self->st_node,
    422                          PyList_New, PyList_SetItem, lineno, col_offset);
    423     }
    424     return (res);
    425 }
    426 
    427 static PyObject*
    428 parser_ast2list(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    429 {
    430     if (PyErr_WarnPy3k("ast2list is removed in 3.x; use st2list", 1) < 0)
    431         return NULL;
    432     return parser_st2list(self, args, kw);
    433 }
    434 
    435 
    436 /*  parser_compilest(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
    437  *
    438  *  This function creates code objects from the parse tree represented by
    439  *  the passed-in data object.  An optional file name is passed in as well.
    440  *
    441  */
    442 static PyObject*
    443 parser_compilest(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    444 {
    445     PyObject*     res = 0;
    446     PyArena*      arena;
    447     mod_ty        mod;
    448     char*         str = "<syntax-tree>";
    449     int ok;
    450 
    451     static char *keywords[] = {"ast", "filename", NULL};
    452 
    453     if (self == NULL)
    454         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, "O!|s:compilest", keywords,
    455                                          &PyST_Type, &self, &str);
    456     else
    457         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, "|s:compile", &keywords[1],
    458                                          &str);
    459 
    460     if (ok) {
    461         arena = PyArena_New();
    462         if (arena) {
    463            mod = PyAST_FromNode(self->st_node, &(self->st_flags), str, arena);
    464            if (mod) {
    465                res = (PyObject *)PyAST_Compile(mod, str, &(self->st_flags), arena);
    466            }
    467            PyArena_Free(arena);
    468         }
    469     }
    470 
    471     return (res);
    472 }
    473 
    474 static PyObject*
    475 parser_compileast(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    476 {
    477     if (PyErr_WarnPy3k("compileast is removed in 3.x; use compilest", 1) < 0)
    478         return NULL;
    479     return parser_compilest(self, args, kw);
    480 }
    481 
    482 
    483 /*  PyObject* parser_isexpr(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
    484  *  PyObject* parser_issuite(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
    485  *
    486  *  Checks the passed-in ST object to determine if it is an expression or
    487  *  a statement suite, respectively.  The return is a Python truth value.
    488  *
    489  */
    490 static PyObject*
    491 parser_isexpr(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    492 {
    493     PyObject* res = 0;
    494     int ok;
    495 
    496     static char *keywords[] = {"ast", NULL};
    497 
    498     if (self == NULL)
    499         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, "O!:isexpr", keywords,
    500                                          &PyST_Type, &self);
    501     else
    502         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, ":isexpr", &keywords[1]);
    503 
    504     if (ok) {
    505         /* Check to see if the ST represents an expression or not. */
    506         res = (self->st_type == PyST_EXPR) ? Py_True : Py_False;
    507         Py_INCREF(res);
    508     }
    509     return (res);
    510 }
    511 
    512 
    513 static PyObject*
    514 parser_issuite(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    515 {
    516     PyObject* res = 0;
    517     int ok;
    518 
    519     static char *keywords[] = {"ast", NULL};
    520 
    521     if (self == NULL)
    522         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, "O!:issuite", keywords,
    523                                          &PyST_Type, &self);
    524     else
    525         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, ":issuite", &keywords[1]);
    526 
    527     if (ok) {
    528         /* Check to see if the ST represents an expression or not. */
    529         res = (self->st_type == PyST_EXPR) ? Py_False : Py_True;
    530         Py_INCREF(res);
    531     }
    532     return (res);
    533 }
    534 
    535 
    536 static PyObject*
    537 parser_getattr(PyObject *self, char *name)
    538 {
    539     return (Py_FindMethod(parser_methods, self, name));
    540 }
    541 
    542 
    543 /*  err_string(char* message)
    544  *
    545  *  Sets the error string for an exception of type ParserError.
    546  *
    547  */
    548 static void
    549 err_string(char *message)
    550 {
    551     PyErr_SetString(parser_error, message);
    552 }
    553 
    554 
    555 /*  PyObject* parser_do_parse(PyObject* args, int type)
    556  *
    557  *  Internal function to actually execute the parse and return the result if
    558  *  successful or set an exception if not.
    559  *
    560  */
    561 static PyObject*
    562 parser_do_parse(PyObject *args, PyObject *kw, char *argspec, int type)
    563 {
    564     char*     string = 0;
    565     PyObject* res    = 0;
    566     int flags        = 0;
    567     perrdetail err;
    568 
    569     static char *keywords[] = {"source", NULL};
    570 
    571     if (PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, argspec, keywords, &string)) {
    572         node* n = PyParser_ParseStringFlagsFilenameEx(string, NULL,
    573                                                        &_PyParser_Grammar,
    574                                                       (type == PyST_EXPR)
    575                                                       ? eval_input : file_input,
    576                                                       &err, &flags);
    577 
    578         if (n) {
    579             res = parser_newstobject(n, type);
    580             if (res)
    581                 ((PyST_Object *)res)->st_flags.cf_flags = flags & PyCF_MASK;
    582         }
    583         else
    584             PyParser_SetError(&err);
    585     }
    586     return (res);
    587 }
    588 
    589 
    590 /*  PyObject* parser_expr(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
    591  *  PyObject* parser_suite(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
    592  *
    593  *  External interfaces to the parser itself.  Which is called determines if
    594  *  the parser attempts to recognize an expression ('eval' form) or statement
    595  *  suite ('exec' form).  The real work is done by parser_do_parse() above.
    596  *
    597  */
    598 static PyObject*
    599 parser_expr(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    600 {
    601     NOTE(ARGUNUSED(self))
    602     return (parser_do_parse(args, kw, "s:expr", PyST_EXPR));
    603 }
    604 
    605 
    606 static PyObject*
    607 parser_suite(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    608 {
    609     NOTE(ARGUNUSED(self))
    610     return (parser_do_parse(args, kw, "s:suite", PyST_SUITE));
    611 }
    612 
    613 
    614 
    615 /*  This is the messy part of the code.  Conversion from a tuple to an ST
    616  *  object requires that the input tuple be valid without having to rely on
    617  *  catching an exception from the compiler.  This is done to allow the
    618  *  compiler itself to remain fast, since most of its input will come from
    619  *  the parser directly, and therefore be known to be syntactically correct.
    620  *  This validation is done to ensure that we don't core dump the compile
    621  *  phase, returning an exception instead.
    622  *
    623  *  Two aspects can be broken out in this code:  creating a node tree from
    624  *  the tuple passed in, and verifying that it is indeed valid.  It may be
    625  *  advantageous to expand the number of ST types to include funcdefs and
    626  *  lambdadefs to take advantage of the optimizer, recognizing those STs
    627  *  here.  They are not necessary, and not quite as useful in a raw form.
    628  *  For now, let's get expressions and suites working reliably.
    629  */
    630 
    631 
    632 static node* build_node_tree(PyObject *tuple);
    633 static int   validate_expr_tree(node *tree);
    634 static int   validate_file_input(node *tree);
    635 static int   validate_encoding_decl(node *tree);
    636 
    637 /*  PyObject* parser_tuple2st(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
    638  *
    639  *  This is the public function, called from the Python code.  It receives a
    640  *  single tuple object from the caller, and creates an ST object if the
    641  *  tuple can be validated.  It does this by checking the first code of the
    642  *  tuple, and, if acceptable, builds the internal representation.  If this
    643  *  step succeeds, the internal representation is validated as fully as
    644  *  possible with the various validate_*() routines defined below.
    645  *
    646  *  This function must be changed if support is to be added for PyST_FRAGMENT
    647  *  ST objects.
    648  *
    649  */
    650 static PyObject*
    651 parser_tuple2st(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    652 {
    653     NOTE(ARGUNUSED(self))
    654     PyObject *st = 0;
    655     PyObject *tuple;
    656     node *tree;
    657 
    658     static char *keywords[] = {"sequence", NULL};
    659 
    660     if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, "O:sequence2st", keywords,
    661                                      &tuple))
    662         return (0);
    663     if (!PySequence_Check(tuple)) {
    664         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
    665                         "sequence2st() requires a single sequence argument");
    666         return (0);
    667     }
    668     /*
    669      *  Convert the tree to the internal form before checking it.
    670      */
    671     tree = build_node_tree(tuple);
    672     if (tree != 0) {
    673         int start_sym = TYPE(tree);
    674         if (start_sym == eval_input) {
    675             /*  Might be an eval form.  */
    676             if (validate_expr_tree(tree))
    677                 st = parser_newstobject(tree, PyST_EXPR);
    678             else
    679                 PyNode_Free(tree);
    680         }
    681         else if (start_sym == file_input) {
    682             /*  This looks like an exec form so far.  */
    683             if (validate_file_input(tree))
    684                 st = parser_newstobject(tree, PyST_SUITE);
    685             else
    686                 PyNode_Free(tree);
    687         }
    688         else if (start_sym == encoding_decl) {
    689             /* This looks like an encoding_decl so far. */
    690             if (validate_encoding_decl(tree))
    691                 st = parser_newstobject(tree, PyST_SUITE);
    692             else
    693                 PyNode_Free(tree);
    694         }
    695         else {
    696             /*  This is a fragment, at best. */
    697             PyNode_Free(tree);
    698             err_string("parse tree does not use a valid start symbol");
    699         }
    700     }
    701     /*  Make sure we raise an exception on all errors.  We should never
    702      *  get this, but we'd do well to be sure something is done.
    703      */
    704     if (st == NULL && !PyErr_Occurred())
    705         err_string("unspecified ST error occurred");
    706 
    707     return st;
    708 }
    709 
    710 static PyObject*
    711 parser_tuple2ast(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    712 {
    713     if (PyErr_WarnPy3k("tuple2ast is removed in 3.x; use tuple2st", 1) < 0)
    714         return NULL;
    715     return parser_tuple2st(self, args, kw);
    716 }
    717 
    718 static PyObject *
    719 parser_sizeof(PyST_Object *st, void *unused)
    720 {
    721     Py_ssize_t res;
    722 
    723     res = _PyObject_SIZE(Py_TYPE(st)) + _PyNode_SizeOf(st->st_node);
    724     return PyLong_FromSsize_t(res);
    725 }
    726 
    727 
    728 /*  node* build_node_children()
    729  *
    730  *  Iterate across the children of the current non-terminal node and build
    731  *  their structures.  If successful, return the root of this portion of
    732  *  the tree, otherwise, 0.  Any required exception will be specified already,
    733  *  and no memory will have been deallocated.
    734  *
    735  */
    736 static node*
    737 build_node_children(PyObject *tuple, node *root, int *line_num)
    738 {
    739     Py_ssize_t len = PyObject_Size(tuple);
    740     Py_ssize_t i;
    741     int  err;
    742 
    743     if (len < 0) {
    744         return NULL;
    745     }
    746     for (i = 1; i < len; ++i) {
    747         /* elem must always be a sequence, however simple */
    748         PyObject* elem = PySequence_GetItem(tuple, i);
    749         int ok = elem != NULL;
    750         long  type = 0;
    751         char *strn = 0;
    752 
    753         if (ok)
    754             ok = PySequence_Check(elem);
    755         if (ok) {
    756             PyObject *temp = PySequence_GetItem(elem, 0);
    757             if (temp == NULL)
    758                 ok = 0;
    759             else {
    760                 ok = PyInt_Check(temp);
    761                 if (ok)
    762                     type = PyInt_AS_LONG(temp);
    763                 Py_DECREF(temp);
    764             }
    765         }
    766         if (!ok) {
    767             PyObject *err = Py_BuildValue("os", elem,
    768                                           "Illegal node construct.");
    769             PyErr_SetObject(parser_error, err);
    770             Py_XDECREF(err);
    771             Py_XDECREF(elem);
    772             return NULL;
    773         }
    774         if (ISTERMINAL(type)) {
    775             Py_ssize_t len = PyObject_Size(elem);
    776             PyObject *temp;
    777 
    778             if ((len != 2) && (len != 3)) {
    779                 err_string("terminal nodes must have 2 or 3 entries");
    780                 Py_DECREF(elem);
    781                 return NULL;
    782             }
    783             temp = PySequence_GetItem(elem, 1);
    784             if (temp == NULL) {
    785                 Py_DECREF(elem);
    786                 return NULL;
    787             }
    788             if (!PyString_Check(temp)) {
    789                 PyErr_Format(parser_error,
    790                              "second item in terminal node must be a string,"
    791                              " found %s",
    792                              Py_TYPE(temp)->tp_name);
    793                 Py_DECREF(temp);
    794                 Py_DECREF(elem);
    795                 return NULL;
    796             }
    797             if (len == 3) {
    798                 PyObject *o = PySequence_GetItem(elem, 2);
    799                 if (o == NULL) {
    800                     Py_DECREF(temp);
    801                     Py_DECREF(elem);
    802                     return NULL;
    803                 }
    804                 if (PyInt_Check(o))
    805                     *line_num = PyInt_AS_LONG(o);
    806                 else {
    807                     PyErr_Format(parser_error,
    808                                  "third item in terminal node must be an"
    809                                  " integer, found %s",
    810                                  Py_TYPE(temp)->tp_name);
    811                     Py_DECREF(o);
    812                     Py_DECREF(temp);
    813                     Py_DECREF(elem);
    814                     return NULL;
    815                 }
    816                 Py_DECREF(o);
    817             }
    818             len = PyString_GET_SIZE(temp) + 1;
    819             strn = (char *)PyObject_MALLOC(len);
    820             if (strn == NULL) {
    821                 Py_DECREF(temp);
    822                 Py_DECREF(elem);
    823                 PyErr_NoMemory();
    824                 return NULL;
    825             }
    826             (void) memcpy(strn, PyString_AS_STRING(temp), len);
    827             Py_DECREF(temp);
    828         }
    829         else if (!ISNONTERMINAL(type)) {
    830             /*
    831              *  It has to be one or the other; this is an error.
    832              *  Raise an exception.
    833              */
    834             PyObject *err = Py_BuildValue("Os", elem, "unknown node type.");
    835             PyErr_SetObject(parser_error, err);
    836             Py_XDECREF(err);
    837             Py_DECREF(elem);
    838             return NULL;
    839         }
    840         err = PyNode_AddChild(root, type, strn, *line_num, 0);
    841         if (err == E_NOMEM) {
    842             Py_DECREF(elem);
    843             PyObject_FREE(strn);
    844             PyErr_NoMemory();
    845             return NULL;
    846         }
    847         if (err == E_OVERFLOW) {
    848             Py_DECREF(elem);
    849             PyObject_FREE(strn);
    850             PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
    851                             "unsupported number of child nodes");
    852             return NULL;
    853         }
    854 
    855         if (ISNONTERMINAL(type)) {
    856             node* new_child = CHILD(root, i - 1);
    857 
    858             if (new_child != build_node_children(elem, new_child, line_num)) {
    859                 Py_DECREF(elem);
    860                 return NULL;
    861             }
    862         }
    863         else if (type == NEWLINE) {     /* It's true:  we increment the     */
    864             ++(*line_num);              /* line number *after* the newline! */
    865         }
    866         Py_DECREF(elem);
    867     }
    868     return root;
    869 }
    870 
    871 
    872 static node*
    873 build_node_tree(PyObject *tuple)
    874 {
    875     node* res = 0;
    876     PyObject *temp = PySequence_GetItem(tuple, 0);
    877     long num = -1;
    878 
    879     if (temp != NULL)
    880         num = PyInt_AsLong(temp);
    881     Py_XDECREF(temp);
    882     if (ISTERMINAL(num)) {
    883         /*
    884          *  The tuple is simple, but it doesn't start with a start symbol.
    885          *  Raise an exception now and be done with it.
    886          */
    887         tuple = Py_BuildValue("os", tuple,
    888                     "Illegal syntax-tree; cannot start with terminal symbol.");
    889         PyErr_SetObject(parser_error, tuple);
    890         Py_XDECREF(tuple);
    891     }
    892     else if (ISNONTERMINAL(num)) {
    893         /*
    894          *  Not efficient, but that can be handled later.
    895          */
    896         int line_num = 0;
    897         PyObject *encoding = NULL;
    898 
    899         if (num == encoding_decl) {
    900             encoding = PySequence_GetItem(tuple, 2);
    901             if (encoding == NULL) {
    902                 PyErr_SetString(parser_error, "missed encoding");
    903                 return NULL;
    904             }
    905             if (!PyString_Check(encoding)) {
    906                 PyErr_Format(parser_error,
    907                              "encoding must be a string, found %.200s",
    908                              Py_TYPE(encoding)->tp_name);
    909                 Py_DECREF(encoding);
    910                 return NULL;
    911             }
    912             /* tuple isn't borrowed anymore here, need to DECREF */
    913             tuple = PySequence_GetSlice(tuple, 0, 2);
    914             if (tuple == NULL) {
    915                 Py_DECREF(encoding);
    916                 return NULL;
    917             }
    918         }
    919         res = PyNode_New(num);
    920         if (res != NULL) {
    921             if (res != build_node_children(tuple, res, &line_num)) {
    922                 PyNode_Free(res);
    923                 res = NULL;
    924             }
    925             if (res && encoding) {
    926                 Py_ssize_t len;
    927                 len = PyString_GET_SIZE(encoding) + 1;
    928                 res->n_str = (char *)PyObject_MALLOC(len);
    929                 if (res->n_str == NULL) {
    930                     PyNode_Free(res);
    931                     Py_DECREF(encoding);
    932                     Py_DECREF(tuple);
    933                     PyErr_NoMemory();
    934                     return NULL;
    935                 }
    936                 (void) memcpy(res->n_str, PyString_AS_STRING(encoding), len);
    937             }
    938         }
    939         if (encoding != NULL) {
    940             Py_DECREF(encoding);
    941             Py_DECREF(tuple);
    942         }
    943     }
    944     else {
    945         /*  The tuple is illegal -- if the number is neither TERMINAL nor
    946          *  NONTERMINAL, we can't use it.  Not sure the implementation
    947          *  allows this condition, but the API doesn't preclude it.
    948          */
    949         PyObject *err = Py_BuildValue("Os", tuple,
    950                                       "Illegal component tuple.");
    951         PyErr_SetObject(parser_error, err);
    952         Py_XDECREF(err);
    953     }
    954 
    955     return (res);
    956 }
    957 
    958 
    959 /*
    960  *  Validation routines used within the validation section:
    961  */
    962 static int validate_terminal(node *terminal, int type, char *string);
    963 
    964 #define validate_ampersand(ch)  validate_terminal(ch,      AMPER, "&")
    965 #define validate_circumflex(ch) validate_terminal(ch, CIRCUMFLEX, "^")
    966 #define validate_colon(ch)      validate_terminal(ch,      COLON, ":")
    967 #define validate_comma(ch)      validate_terminal(ch,      COMMA, ",")
    968 #define validate_dedent(ch)     validate_terminal(ch,     DEDENT, "")
    969 #define validate_equal(ch)      validate_terminal(ch,      EQUAL, "=")
    970 #define validate_indent(ch)     validate_terminal(ch,     INDENT, (char*)NULL)
    971 #define validate_lparen(ch)     validate_terminal(ch,       LPAR, "(")
    972 #define validate_newline(ch)    validate_terminal(ch,    NEWLINE, (char*)NULL)
    973 #define validate_rparen(ch)     validate_terminal(ch,       RPAR, ")")
    974 #define validate_semi(ch)       validate_terminal(ch,       SEMI, ";")
    975 #define validate_star(ch)       validate_terminal(ch,       STAR, "*")
    976 #define validate_vbar(ch)       validate_terminal(ch,       VBAR, "|")
    977 #define validate_doublestar(ch) validate_terminal(ch, DOUBLESTAR, "**")
    978 #define validate_dot(ch)        validate_terminal(ch,        DOT, ".")
    979 #define validate_at(ch)         validate_terminal(ch,         AT, "@")
    980 #define validate_name(ch, str)  validate_terminal(ch,       NAME, str)
    981 
    982 #define VALIDATER(n)    static int validate_##n(node *tree)
    983 
    984 VALIDATER(node);                VALIDATER(small_stmt);
    985 VALIDATER(class);               VALIDATER(node);
    986 VALIDATER(parameters);          VALIDATER(suite);
    987 VALIDATER(testlist);            VALIDATER(varargslist);
    988 VALIDATER(fpdef);               VALIDATER(fplist);
    989 VALIDATER(stmt);                VALIDATER(simple_stmt);
    990 VALIDATER(expr_stmt);           VALIDATER(power);
    991 VALIDATER(print_stmt);          VALIDATER(del_stmt);
    992 VALIDATER(return_stmt);         VALIDATER(list_iter);
    993 VALIDATER(raise_stmt);          VALIDATER(import_stmt);
    994 VALIDATER(import_name);         VALIDATER(import_from);
    995 VALIDATER(global_stmt);         VALIDATER(list_if);
    996 VALIDATER(assert_stmt);         VALIDATER(list_for);
    997 VALIDATER(exec_stmt);           VALIDATER(compound_stmt);
    998 VALIDATER(while);               VALIDATER(for);
    999 VALIDATER(try);                 VALIDATER(except_clause);
   1000 VALIDATER(test);                VALIDATER(and_test);
   1001 VALIDATER(not_test);            VALIDATER(comparison);
   1002 VALIDATER(comp_op);             VALIDATER(expr);
   1003 VALIDATER(xor_expr);            VALIDATER(and_expr);
   1004 VALIDATER(shift_expr);          VALIDATER(arith_expr);
   1005 VALIDATER(term);                VALIDATER(factor);
   1006 VALIDATER(atom);                VALIDATER(lambdef);
   1007 VALIDATER(trailer);             VALIDATER(subscript);
   1008 VALIDATER(subscriptlist);       VALIDATER(sliceop);
   1009 VALIDATER(exprlist);            VALIDATER(dictorsetmaker);
   1010 VALIDATER(arglist);             VALIDATER(argument);
   1011 VALIDATER(listmaker);           VALIDATER(yield_stmt);
   1012 VALIDATER(testlist1);           VALIDATER(comp_for);
   1013 VALIDATER(comp_iter);           VALIDATER(comp_if);
   1014 VALIDATER(testlist_comp);       VALIDATER(yield_expr);
   1015 VALIDATER(yield_or_testlist);   VALIDATER(or_test);
   1016 VALIDATER(old_test);            VALIDATER(old_lambdef);
   1017 
   1018 #undef VALIDATER
   1019 
   1020 #define is_even(n)      (((n) & 1) == 0)
   1021 #define is_odd(n)       (((n) & 1) == 1)
   1022 
   1023 
   1024 static int
   1025 validate_ntype(node *n, int t)
   1026 {
   1027     if (TYPE(n) != t) {
   1028         PyErr_Format(parser_error, "Expected node type %d, got %d.",
   1029                      t, TYPE(n));
   1030         return 0;
   1031     }
   1032     return 1;
   1033 }
   1034 
   1035 
   1036 /*  Verifies that the number of child nodes is exactly 'num', raising
   1037  *  an exception if it isn't.  The exception message does not indicate
   1038  *  the exact number of nodes, allowing this to be used to raise the
   1039  *  "right" exception when the wrong number of nodes is present in a
   1040  *  specific variant of a statement's syntax.  This is commonly used
   1041  *  in that fashion.
   1042  */
   1043 static int
   1044 validate_numnodes(node *n, int num, const char *const name)
   1045 {
   1046     if (NCH(n) != num) {
   1047         PyErr_Format(parser_error,
   1048                      "Illegal number of children for %s node.", name);
   1049         return 0;
   1050     }
   1051     return 1;
   1052 }
   1053 
   1054 
   1055 static int
   1056 validate_terminal(node *terminal, int type, char *string)
   1057 {
   1058     int res = (validate_ntype(terminal, type)
   1059                && ((string == 0) || (strcmp(string, STR(terminal)) == 0)));
   1060 
   1061     if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred()) {
   1062         PyErr_Format(parser_error,
   1063                      "Illegal terminal: expected \"%s\"", string);
   1064     }
   1065     return (res);
   1066 }
   1067 
   1068 
   1069 /*  X (',' X) [',']
   1070  */
   1071 static int
   1072 validate_repeating_list(node *tree, int ntype, int (*vfunc)(node *),
   1073                         const char *const name)
   1074 {
   1075     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1076     int res = (nch && validate_ntype(tree, ntype)
   1077                && vfunc(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   1078 
   1079     if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   1080         (void) validate_numnodes(tree, 1, name);
   1081     else {
   1082         if (is_even(nch))
   1083             res = validate_comma(CHILD(tree, --nch));
   1084         if (res && nch > 1) {
   1085             int pos = 1;
   1086             for ( ; res && pos < nch; pos += 2)
   1087                 res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, pos))
   1088                        && vfunc(CHILD(tree, pos + 1)));
   1089         }
   1090     }
   1091     return (res);
   1092 }
   1093 
   1094 
   1095 /*  validate_class()
   1096  *
   1097  *  classdef:
   1098  *      'class' NAME ['(' testlist ')'] ':' suite
   1099  */
   1100 static int
   1101 validate_class(node *tree)
   1102 {
   1103     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1104     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, classdef) &&
   1105                 ((nch == 4) || (nch == 6) || (nch == 7)));
   1106 
   1107     if (res) {
   1108         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "class")
   1109                && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 1), NAME)
   1110                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, nch - 2))
   1111                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, nch - 1)));
   1112     }
   1113     else {
   1114         (void) validate_numnodes(tree, 4, "class");
   1115     }
   1116 
   1117     if (res) {
   1118         if (nch == 7) {
   1119                 res = ((validate_lparen(CHILD(tree, 2)) &&
   1120                         validate_testlist(CHILD(tree, 3)) &&
   1121                         validate_rparen(CHILD(tree, 4))));
   1122         }
   1123         else if (nch == 6) {
   1124                 res = (validate_lparen(CHILD(tree,2)) &&
   1125                         validate_rparen(CHILD(tree,3)));
   1126         }
   1127     }
   1128     return (res);
   1129 }
   1130 
   1131 
   1132 /*  if_stmt:
   1133  *      'if' test ':' suite ('elif' test ':' suite)* ['else' ':' suite]
   1134  */
   1135 static int
   1136 validate_if(node *tree)
   1137 {
   1138     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1139     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, if_stmt)
   1140                && (nch >= 4)
   1141                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "if")
   1142                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 1))
   1143                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 2))
   1144                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, 3)));
   1145 
   1146     if (res && ((nch % 4) == 3)) {
   1147         /*  ... 'else' ':' suite  */
   1148         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, nch - 3), "else")
   1149                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, nch - 2))
   1150                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, nch - 1)));
   1151         nch -= 3;
   1152     }
   1153     else if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   1154         (void) validate_numnodes(tree, 4, "if");
   1155     if ((nch % 4) != 0)
   1156         /* Will catch the case for nch < 4 */
   1157         res = validate_numnodes(tree, 0, "if");
   1158     else if (res && (nch > 4)) {
   1159         /*  ... ('elif' test ':' suite)+ ...  */
   1160         int j = 4;
   1161         while ((j < nch) && res) {
   1162             res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, j), "elif")
   1163                    && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, j + 2))
   1164                    && validate_test(CHILD(tree, j + 1))
   1165                    && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, j + 3)));
   1166             j += 4;
   1167         }
   1168     }
   1169     return (res);
   1170 }
   1171 
   1172 
   1173 /*  parameters:
   1174  *      '(' [varargslist] ')'
   1175  *
   1176  */
   1177 static int
   1178 validate_parameters(node *tree)
   1179 {
   1180     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1181     int res = validate_ntype(tree, parameters) && ((nch == 2) || (nch == 3));
   1182 
   1183     if (res) {
   1184         res = (validate_lparen(CHILD(tree, 0))
   1185                && validate_rparen(CHILD(tree, nch - 1)));
   1186         if (res && (nch == 3))
   1187             res = validate_varargslist(CHILD(tree, 1));
   1188     }
   1189     else {
   1190         (void) validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "parameters");
   1191     }
   1192     return (res);
   1193 }
   1194 
   1195 
   1196 /*  validate_suite()
   1197  *
   1198  *  suite:
   1199  *      simple_stmt
   1200  *    | NEWLINE INDENT stmt+ DEDENT
   1201  */
   1202 static int
   1203 validate_suite(node *tree)
   1204 {
   1205     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1206     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, suite) && ((nch == 1) || (nch >= 4)));
   1207 
   1208     if (res && (nch == 1))
   1209         res = validate_simple_stmt(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1210     else if (res) {
   1211         /*  NEWLINE INDENT stmt+ DEDENT  */
   1212         res = (validate_newline(CHILD(tree, 0))
   1213                && validate_indent(CHILD(tree, 1))
   1214                && validate_stmt(CHILD(tree, 2))
   1215                && validate_dedent(CHILD(tree, nch - 1)));
   1216 
   1217         if (res && (nch > 4)) {
   1218             int i = 3;
   1219             --nch;                      /* forget the DEDENT     */
   1220             for ( ; res && (i < nch); ++i)
   1221                 res = validate_stmt(CHILD(tree, i));
   1222         }
   1223         else if (nch < 4)
   1224             res = validate_numnodes(tree, 4, "suite");
   1225     }
   1226     return (res);
   1227 }
   1228 
   1229 
   1230 static int
   1231 validate_testlist(node *tree)
   1232 {
   1233     return (validate_repeating_list(tree, testlist,
   1234                                     validate_test, "testlist"));
   1235 }
   1236 
   1237 
   1238 static int
   1239 validate_testlist1(node *tree)
   1240 {
   1241     return (validate_repeating_list(tree, testlist1,
   1242                                     validate_test, "testlist1"));
   1243 }
   1244 
   1245 
   1246 static int
   1247 validate_testlist_safe(node *tree)
   1248 {
   1249     return (validate_repeating_list(tree, testlist_safe,
   1250                                     validate_old_test, "testlist_safe"));
   1251 }
   1252 
   1253 
   1254 /* '*' NAME [',' '**' NAME] | '**' NAME
   1255  */
   1256 static int
   1257 validate_varargslist_trailer(node *tree, int start)
   1258 {
   1259     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1260     int res = 0;
   1261     int sym;
   1262 
   1263     if (nch <= start) {
   1264         err_string("expected variable argument trailer for varargslist");
   1265         return 0;
   1266     }
   1267     sym = TYPE(CHILD(tree, start));
   1268     if (sym == STAR) {
   1269         /*
   1270          *  ('*' NAME [',' '**' NAME]
   1271          */
   1272         if (nch-start == 2)
   1273             res = validate_name(CHILD(tree, start+1), NULL);
   1274         else if (nch-start == 5)
   1275             res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, start+1), NULL)
   1276                    && validate_comma(CHILD(tree, start+2))
   1277                    && validate_doublestar(CHILD(tree, start+3))
   1278                    && validate_name(CHILD(tree, start+4), NULL));
   1279     }
   1280     else if (sym == DOUBLESTAR) {
   1281         /*
   1282          *  '**' NAME
   1283          */
   1284         if (nch-start == 2)
   1285             res = validate_name(CHILD(tree, start+1), NULL);
   1286     }
   1287     if (!res)
   1288         err_string("illegal variable argument trailer for varargslist");
   1289     return res;
   1290 }
   1291 
   1292 
   1293 /*  validate_varargslist()
   1294  *
   1295  *  varargslist:
   1296  *      (fpdef ['=' test] ',')*
   1297  *           ('*' NAME [',' '**' NAME]
   1298  *         | '**' NAME)
   1299  *    | fpdef ['=' test] (',' fpdef ['=' test])* [',']
   1300  *
   1301  */
   1302 static int
   1303 validate_varargslist(node *tree)
   1304 {
   1305     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1306     int res = validate_ntype(tree, varargslist) && (nch != 0);
   1307     int sym;
   1308 
   1309     if (!res)
   1310         return 0;
   1311     if (nch < 1) {
   1312         err_string("varargslist missing child nodes");
   1313         return 0;
   1314     }
   1315     sym = TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1316     if (sym == STAR || sym == DOUBLESTAR)
   1317         /* whole thing matches:
   1318          *      '*' NAME [',' '**' NAME] | '**' NAME
   1319          */
   1320         res = validate_varargslist_trailer(tree, 0);
   1321     else if (sym == fpdef) {
   1322         int i = 0;
   1323 
   1324         sym = TYPE(CHILD(tree, nch-1));
   1325         if (sym == NAME) {
   1326             /*
   1327              *   (fpdef ['=' test] ',')+
   1328              *       ('*' NAME [',' '**' NAME]
   1329              *     | '**' NAME)
   1330              */
   1331             /* skip over (fpdef ['=' test] ',')+ */
   1332             while (res && (i+2 <= nch)) {
   1333                 res = validate_fpdef(CHILD(tree, i));
   1334                 ++i;
   1335                 if (res && TYPE(CHILD(tree, i)) == EQUAL && (i+2 <= nch)) {
   1336                     res = (validate_equal(CHILD(tree, i))
   1337                            && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   1338                     if (res)
   1339                         i += 2;
   1340                 }
   1341                 if (res && i < nch) {
   1342                     res = validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i));
   1343                     ++i;
   1344                     if (res && i < nch
   1345                         && (TYPE(CHILD(tree, i)) == DOUBLESTAR
   1346                             || TYPE(CHILD(tree, i)) == STAR))
   1347                         break;
   1348                 }
   1349             }
   1350             /* ... '*' NAME [',' '**' NAME] | '**' NAME
   1351              * i --^^^
   1352              */
   1353             if (res)
   1354                 res = validate_varargslist_trailer(tree, i);
   1355         }
   1356         else {
   1357             /*
   1358              *  fpdef ['=' test] (',' fpdef ['=' test])* [',']
   1359              */
   1360             /* strip trailing comma node */
   1361             if (sym == COMMA) {
   1362                 res = validate_comma(CHILD(tree, nch-1));
   1363                 if (!res)
   1364                     return 0;
   1365                 --nch;
   1366             }
   1367             /*
   1368              *  fpdef ['=' test] (',' fpdef ['=' test])*
   1369              */
   1370             res = validate_fpdef(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1371             ++i;
   1372             if (res && (i+2 <= nch) && TYPE(CHILD(tree, i)) == EQUAL) {
   1373                 res = (validate_equal(CHILD(tree, i))
   1374                        && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   1375                 i += 2;
   1376             }
   1377             /*
   1378              *  ... (',' fpdef ['=' test])*
   1379              *  i ---^^^
   1380              */
   1381             while (res && (nch - i) >= 2) {
   1382                 res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i))
   1383                        && validate_fpdef(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   1384                 i += 2;
   1385                 if (res && (nch - i) >= 2 && TYPE(CHILD(tree, i)) == EQUAL) {
   1386                     res = (validate_equal(CHILD(tree, i))
   1387                            && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   1388                     i += 2;
   1389                 }
   1390             }
   1391             if (res && nch - i != 0) {
   1392                 res = 0;
   1393                 err_string("illegal formation for varargslist");
   1394             }
   1395         }
   1396     }
   1397     return res;
   1398 }
   1399 
   1400 
   1401 /*  list_iter:  list_for | list_if
   1402  */
   1403 static int
   1404 validate_list_iter(node *tree)
   1405 {
   1406     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, list_iter)
   1407                && validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "list_iter"));
   1408     if (res && TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == list_for)
   1409         res = validate_list_for(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1410     else
   1411         res = validate_list_if(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1412 
   1413     return res;
   1414 }
   1415 
   1416 /*  comp_iter:  comp_for | comp_if
   1417  */
   1418 static int
   1419 validate_comp_iter(node *tree)
   1420 {
   1421     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, comp_iter)
   1422                && validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "comp_iter"));
   1423     if (res && TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == comp_for)
   1424         res = validate_comp_for(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1425     else
   1426         res = validate_comp_if(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1427 
   1428     return res;
   1429 }
   1430 
   1431 /*  list_for:  'for' exprlist 'in' testlist [list_iter]
   1432  */
   1433 static int
   1434 validate_list_for(node *tree)
   1435 {
   1436     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1437     int res;
   1438 
   1439     if (nch == 5)
   1440         res = validate_list_iter(CHILD(tree, 4));
   1441     else
   1442         res = validate_numnodes(tree, 4, "list_for");
   1443 
   1444     if (res)
   1445         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "for")
   1446                && validate_exprlist(CHILD(tree, 1))
   1447                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 2), "in")
   1448                && validate_testlist_safe(CHILD(tree, 3)));
   1449 
   1450     return res;
   1451 }
   1452 
   1453 /*  comp_for:  'for' exprlist 'in' test [comp_iter]
   1454  */
   1455 static int
   1456 validate_comp_for(node *tree)
   1457 {
   1458     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1459     int res;
   1460 
   1461     if (nch == 5)
   1462         res = validate_comp_iter(CHILD(tree, 4));
   1463     else
   1464         res = validate_numnodes(tree, 4, "comp_for");
   1465 
   1466     if (res)
   1467         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "for")
   1468                && validate_exprlist(CHILD(tree, 1))
   1469                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 2), "in")
   1470                && validate_or_test(CHILD(tree, 3)));
   1471 
   1472     return res;
   1473 }
   1474 
   1475 /*  list_if:  'if' old_test [list_iter]
   1476  */
   1477 static int
   1478 validate_list_if(node *tree)
   1479 {
   1480     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1481     int res;
   1482 
   1483     if (nch == 3)
   1484         res = validate_list_iter(CHILD(tree, 2));
   1485     else
   1486         res = validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "list_if");
   1487 
   1488     if (res)
   1489         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "if")
   1490                && validate_old_test(CHILD(tree, 1)));
   1491 
   1492     return res;
   1493 }
   1494 
   1495 /*  comp_if:  'if' old_test [comp_iter]
   1496  */
   1497 static int
   1498 validate_comp_if(node *tree)
   1499 {
   1500     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1501     int res;
   1502 
   1503     if (nch == 3)
   1504         res = validate_comp_iter(CHILD(tree, 2));
   1505     else
   1506         res = validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "comp_if");
   1507 
   1508     if (res)
   1509         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "if")
   1510                && validate_old_test(CHILD(tree, 1)));
   1511 
   1512     return res;
   1513 }
   1514 
   1515 /*  validate_fpdef()
   1516  *
   1517  *  fpdef:
   1518  *      NAME
   1519  *    | '(' fplist ')'
   1520  */
   1521 static int
   1522 validate_fpdef(node *tree)
   1523 {
   1524     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1525     int res = validate_ntype(tree, fpdef);
   1526 
   1527     if (res) {
   1528         if (nch == 1)
   1529             res = validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 0), NAME);
   1530         else if (nch == 3)
   1531             res = (validate_lparen(CHILD(tree, 0))
   1532                    && validate_fplist(CHILD(tree, 1))
   1533                    && validate_rparen(CHILD(tree, 2)));
   1534         else
   1535             res = validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "fpdef");
   1536     }
   1537     return (res);
   1538 }
   1539 
   1540 
   1541 static int
   1542 validate_fplist(node *tree)
   1543 {
   1544     return (validate_repeating_list(tree, fplist,
   1545                                     validate_fpdef, "fplist"));
   1546 }
   1547 
   1548 
   1549 /*  simple_stmt | compound_stmt
   1550  *
   1551  */
   1552 static int
   1553 validate_stmt(node *tree)
   1554 {
   1555     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, stmt)
   1556                && validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "stmt"));
   1557 
   1558     if (res) {
   1559         tree = CHILD(tree, 0);
   1560 
   1561         if (TYPE(tree) == simple_stmt)
   1562             res = validate_simple_stmt(tree);
   1563         else
   1564             res = validate_compound_stmt(tree);
   1565     }
   1566     return (res);
   1567 }
   1568 
   1569 
   1570 /*  small_stmt (';' small_stmt)* [';'] NEWLINE
   1571  *
   1572  */
   1573 static int
   1574 validate_simple_stmt(node *tree)
   1575 {
   1576     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1577     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, simple_stmt)
   1578                && (nch >= 2)
   1579                && validate_small_stmt(CHILD(tree, 0))
   1580                && validate_newline(CHILD(tree, nch - 1)));
   1581 
   1582     if (nch < 2)
   1583         res = validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "simple_stmt");
   1584     --nch;                              /* forget the NEWLINE    */
   1585     if (res && is_even(nch))
   1586         res = validate_semi(CHILD(tree, --nch));
   1587     if (res && (nch > 2)) {
   1588         int i;
   1589 
   1590         for (i = 1; res && (i < nch); i += 2)
   1591             res = (validate_semi(CHILD(tree, i))
   1592                    && validate_small_stmt(CHILD(tree, i + 1)));
   1593     }
   1594     return (res);
   1595 }
   1596 
   1597 
   1598 static int
   1599 validate_small_stmt(node *tree)
   1600 {
   1601     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1602     int res = validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "small_stmt");
   1603 
   1604     if (res) {
   1605         int ntype = TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1606 
   1607         if (  (ntype == expr_stmt)
   1608               || (ntype == print_stmt)
   1609               || (ntype == del_stmt)
   1610               || (ntype == pass_stmt)
   1611               || (ntype == flow_stmt)
   1612               || (ntype == import_stmt)
   1613               || (ntype == global_stmt)
   1614               || (ntype == assert_stmt)
   1615               || (ntype == exec_stmt))
   1616             res = validate_node(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1617         else {
   1618             res = 0;
   1619             err_string("illegal small_stmt child type");
   1620         }
   1621     }
   1622     else if (nch == 1) {
   1623         res = 0;
   1624         PyErr_Format(parser_error,
   1625                      "Unrecognized child node of small_stmt: %d.",
   1626                      TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   1627     }
   1628     return (res);
   1629 }
   1630 
   1631 
   1632 /*  compound_stmt:
   1633  *      if_stmt | while_stmt | for_stmt | try_stmt | with_stmt | funcdef | classdef | decorated
   1634  */
   1635 static int
   1636 validate_compound_stmt(node *tree)
   1637 {
   1638     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, compound_stmt)
   1639                && validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "compound_stmt"));
   1640     int ntype;
   1641 
   1642     if (!res)
   1643         return (0);
   1644 
   1645     tree = CHILD(tree, 0);
   1646     ntype = TYPE(tree);
   1647     if (  (ntype == if_stmt)
   1648           || (ntype == while_stmt)
   1649           || (ntype == for_stmt)
   1650           || (ntype == try_stmt)
   1651           || (ntype == with_stmt)
   1652           || (ntype == funcdef)
   1653           || (ntype == classdef)
   1654           || (ntype == decorated))
   1655         res = validate_node(tree);
   1656     else {
   1657         res = 0;
   1658         PyErr_Format(parser_error,
   1659                      "Illegal compound statement type: %d.", TYPE(tree));
   1660     }
   1661     return (res);
   1662 }
   1663 
   1664 static int
   1665 validate_yield_or_testlist(node *tree)
   1666 {
   1667         if (TYPE(tree) == yield_expr)
   1668                 return validate_yield_expr(tree);
   1669         else
   1670                 return validate_testlist(tree);
   1671 }
   1672 
   1673 static int
   1674 validate_expr_stmt(node *tree)
   1675 {
   1676     int j;
   1677     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1678     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, expr_stmt)
   1679                && is_odd(nch)
   1680                && validate_testlist(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   1681 
   1682     if (res && nch == 3
   1683         && TYPE(CHILD(tree, 1)) == augassign) {
   1684         res = validate_numnodes(CHILD(tree, 1), 1, "augassign")
   1685                 && validate_yield_or_testlist(CHILD(tree, 2));
   1686 
   1687         if (res) {
   1688             char *s = STR(CHILD(CHILD(tree, 1), 0));
   1689 
   1690             res = (strcmp(s, "+=") == 0
   1691                    || strcmp(s, "-=") == 0
   1692                    || strcmp(s, "*=") == 0
   1693                    || strcmp(s, "/=") == 0
   1694                    || strcmp(s, "//=") == 0
   1695                    || strcmp(s, "%=") == 0
   1696                    || strcmp(s, "&=") == 0
   1697                    || strcmp(s, "|=") == 0
   1698                    || strcmp(s, "^=") == 0
   1699                    || strcmp(s, "<<=") == 0
   1700                    || strcmp(s, ">>=") == 0
   1701                    || strcmp(s, "**=") == 0);
   1702             if (!res)
   1703                 err_string("illegal augmented assignment operator");
   1704         }
   1705     }
   1706     else {
   1707         for (j = 1; res && (j < nch); j += 2)
   1708             res = validate_equal(CHILD(tree, j))
   1709                    && validate_yield_or_testlist(CHILD(tree, j + 1));
   1710     }
   1711     return (res);
   1712 }
   1713 
   1714 
   1715 /*  print_stmt:
   1716  *
   1717  *      'print' ( [ test (',' test)* [','] ]
   1718  *              | '>>' test [ (',' test)+ [','] ] )
   1719  */
   1720 static int
   1721 validate_print_stmt(node *tree)
   1722 {
   1723     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1724     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, print_stmt)
   1725                && (nch > 0)
   1726                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "print"));
   1727 
   1728     if (res && nch > 1) {
   1729         int sym = TYPE(CHILD(tree, 1));
   1730         int i = 1;
   1731         int allow_trailing_comma = 1;
   1732 
   1733         if (sym == test)
   1734             res = validate_test(CHILD(tree, i++));
   1735         else {
   1736             if (nch < 3)
   1737                 res = validate_numnodes(tree, 3, "print_stmt");
   1738             else {
   1739                 res = (validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, i), RIGHTSHIFT)
   1740                        && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   1741                 i += 2;
   1742                 allow_trailing_comma = 0;
   1743             }
   1744         }
   1745         if (res) {
   1746             /*  ... (',' test)* [',']  */
   1747             while (res && i+2 <= nch) {
   1748                 res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i))
   1749                        && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   1750                 allow_trailing_comma = 1;
   1751                 i += 2;
   1752             }
   1753             if (res && !allow_trailing_comma)
   1754                 res = validate_numnodes(tree, i, "print_stmt");
   1755             else if (res && i < nch)
   1756                 res = validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i));
   1757         }
   1758     }
   1759     return (res);
   1760 }
   1761 
   1762 
   1763 static int
   1764 validate_del_stmt(node *tree)
   1765 {
   1766     return (validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "del_stmt")
   1767             && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "del")
   1768             && validate_exprlist(CHILD(tree, 1)));
   1769 }
   1770 
   1771 
   1772 static int
   1773 validate_return_stmt(node *tree)
   1774 {
   1775     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1776     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, return_stmt)
   1777                && ((nch == 1) || (nch == 2))
   1778                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "return"));
   1779 
   1780     if (res && (nch == 2))
   1781         res = validate_testlist(CHILD(tree, 1));
   1782 
   1783     return (res);
   1784 }
   1785 
   1786 
   1787 static int
   1788 validate_raise_stmt(node *tree)
   1789 {
   1790     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1791     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, raise_stmt)
   1792                && ((nch == 1) || (nch == 2) || (nch == 4) || (nch == 6)));
   1793 
   1794     if (res) {
   1795         res = validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "raise");
   1796         if (res && (nch >= 2))
   1797             res = validate_test(CHILD(tree, 1));
   1798         if (res && nch > 2) {
   1799             res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, 2))
   1800                    && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 3)));
   1801             if (res && (nch > 4))
   1802                 res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, 4))
   1803                        && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 5)));
   1804         }
   1805     }
   1806     else
   1807         (void) validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "raise");
   1808     if (res && (nch == 4))
   1809         res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, 2))
   1810                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 3)));
   1811 
   1812     return (res);
   1813 }
   1814 
   1815 
   1816 /* yield_expr: 'yield' [testlist]
   1817  */
   1818 static int
   1819 validate_yield_expr(node *tree)
   1820 {
   1821     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1822     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, yield_expr)
   1823                && ((nch == 1) || (nch == 2))
   1824                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "yield"));
   1825 
   1826     if (res && (nch == 2))
   1827         res = validate_testlist(CHILD(tree, 1));
   1828 
   1829     return (res);
   1830 }
   1831 
   1832 
   1833 /* yield_stmt: yield_expr
   1834  */
   1835 static int
   1836 validate_yield_stmt(node *tree)
   1837 {
   1838     return (validate_ntype(tree, yield_stmt)
   1839             && validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "yield_stmt")
   1840             && validate_yield_expr(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   1841 }
   1842 
   1843 
   1844 static int
   1845 validate_import_as_name(node *tree)
   1846 {
   1847     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1848     int ok = validate_ntype(tree, import_as_name);
   1849 
   1850     if (ok) {
   1851         if (nch == 1)
   1852             ok = validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), NULL);
   1853         else if (nch == 3)
   1854             ok = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), NULL)
   1855                   && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 1), "as")
   1856                   && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 2), NULL));
   1857         else
   1858             ok = validate_numnodes(tree, 3, "import_as_name");
   1859     }
   1860     return ok;
   1861 }
   1862 
   1863 
   1864 /* dotted_name:  NAME ("." NAME)*
   1865  */
   1866 static int
   1867 validate_dotted_name(node *tree)
   1868 {
   1869     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1870     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, dotted_name)
   1871                && is_odd(nch)
   1872                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), NULL));
   1873     int i;
   1874 
   1875     for (i = 1; res && (i < nch); i += 2) {
   1876         res = (validate_dot(CHILD(tree, i))
   1877                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, i+1), NULL));
   1878     }
   1879     return res;
   1880 }
   1881 
   1882 
   1883 /* dotted_as_name:  dotted_name [NAME NAME]
   1884  */
   1885 static int
   1886 validate_dotted_as_name(node *tree)
   1887 {
   1888     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1889     int res = validate_ntype(tree, dotted_as_name);
   1890 
   1891     if (res) {
   1892         if (nch == 1)
   1893             res = validate_dotted_name(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1894         else if (nch == 3)
   1895             res = (validate_dotted_name(CHILD(tree, 0))
   1896                    && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 1), "as")
   1897                    && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 2), NULL));
   1898         else {
   1899             res = 0;
   1900             err_string("illegal number of children for dotted_as_name");
   1901         }
   1902     }
   1903     return res;
   1904 }
   1905 
   1906 
   1907 /* dotted_as_name (',' dotted_as_name)* */
   1908 static int
   1909 validate_dotted_as_names(node *tree)
   1910 {
   1911         int nch = NCH(tree);
   1912         int res = is_odd(nch) && validate_dotted_as_name(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1913         int i;
   1914 
   1915         for (i = 1; res && (i < nch); i += 2)
   1916             res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i))
   1917                    && validate_dotted_as_name(CHILD(tree, i + 1)));
   1918         return (res);
   1919 }
   1920 
   1921 
   1922 /* import_as_name (',' import_as_name)* [','] */
   1923 static int
   1924 validate_import_as_names(node *tree)
   1925 {
   1926     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1927     int res = validate_import_as_name(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1928     int i;
   1929 
   1930     for (i = 1; res && (i + 1 < nch); i += 2)
   1931         res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i))
   1932                && validate_import_as_name(CHILD(tree, i + 1)));
   1933     return (res);
   1934 }
   1935 
   1936 
   1937 /* 'import' dotted_as_names */
   1938 static int
   1939 validate_import_name(node *tree)
   1940 {
   1941         return (validate_ntype(tree, import_name)
   1942                 && validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "import_name")
   1943                 && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "import")
   1944                 && validate_dotted_as_names(CHILD(tree, 1)));
   1945 }
   1946 
   1947 /* Helper function to count the number of leading dots in
   1948  * 'from ...module import name'
   1949  */
   1950 static int
   1951 count_from_dots(node *tree)
   1952 {
   1953         int i;
   1954         for (i = 1; i < NCH(tree); i++)
   1955                 if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, i)) != DOT)
   1956                         break;
   1957         return i-1;
   1958 }
   1959 
   1960 /* import_from: ('from' ('.'* dotted_name | '.'+)
   1961  *               'import' ('*' | '(' import_as_names ')' | import_as_names))
   1962  */
   1963 static int
   1964 validate_import_from(node *tree)
   1965 {
   1966         int nch = NCH(tree);
   1967         int ndots = count_from_dots(tree);
   1968         int havename = (TYPE(CHILD(tree, ndots + 1)) == dotted_name);
   1969         int offset = ndots + havename;
   1970         int res = validate_ntype(tree, import_from)
   1971                 && (offset >= 1)
   1972                 && (nch >= 3 + offset)
   1973                 && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "from")
   1974                 && (!havename || validate_dotted_name(CHILD(tree, ndots + 1)))
   1975                 && validate_name(CHILD(tree, offset + 1), "import");
   1976 
   1977         if (res && TYPE(CHILD(tree, offset + 2)) == LPAR)
   1978             res = ((nch == offset + 5)
   1979                    && validate_lparen(CHILD(tree, offset + 2))
   1980                    && validate_import_as_names(CHILD(tree, offset + 3))
   1981                    && validate_rparen(CHILD(tree, offset + 4)));
   1982         else if (res && TYPE(CHILD(tree, offset + 2)) != STAR)
   1983             res = validate_import_as_names(CHILD(tree, offset + 2));
   1984         return (res);
   1985 }
   1986 
   1987 
   1988 /* import_stmt: import_name | import_from */
   1989 static int
   1990 validate_import_stmt(node *tree)
   1991 {
   1992     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1993     int res = validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "import_stmt");
   1994 
   1995     if (res) {
   1996         int ntype = TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1997 
   1998         if (ntype == import_name || ntype == import_from)
   1999             res = validate_node(CHILD(tree, 0));
   2000         else {
   2001             res = 0;
   2002             err_string("illegal import_stmt child type");
   2003         }
   2004     }
   2005     else if (nch == 1) {
   2006         res = 0;
   2007         PyErr_Format(parser_error,
   2008                      "Unrecognized child node of import_stmt: %d.",
   2009                      TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2010     }
   2011     return (res);
   2012 }
   2013 
   2014 
   2015 
   2016 
   2017 static int
   2018 validate_global_stmt(node *tree)
   2019 {
   2020     int j;
   2021     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2022     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, global_stmt)
   2023                && is_even(nch) && (nch >= 2));
   2024 
   2025     if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   2026         err_string("illegal global statement");
   2027 
   2028     if (res)
   2029         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "global")
   2030                && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 1), NAME));
   2031     for (j = 2; res && (j < nch); j += 2)
   2032         res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, j))
   2033                && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, j + 1), NAME));
   2034 
   2035     return (res);
   2036 }
   2037 
   2038 
   2039 /*  exec_stmt:
   2040  *
   2041  *  'exec' expr ['in' test [',' test]]
   2042  */
   2043 static int
   2044 validate_exec_stmt(node *tree)
   2045 {
   2046     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2047     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, exec_stmt)
   2048                && ((nch == 2) || (nch == 4) || (nch == 6))
   2049                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "exec")
   2050                && validate_expr(CHILD(tree, 1)));
   2051 
   2052     if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   2053         err_string("illegal exec statement");
   2054     if (res && (nch > 2))
   2055         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 2), "in")
   2056                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 3)));
   2057     if (res && (nch == 6))
   2058         res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, 4))
   2059                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 5)));
   2060 
   2061     return (res);
   2062 }
   2063 
   2064 
   2065 /*  assert_stmt:
   2066  *
   2067  *  'assert' test [',' test]
   2068  */
   2069 static int
   2070 validate_assert_stmt(node *tree)
   2071 {
   2072     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2073     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, assert_stmt)
   2074                && ((nch == 2) || (nch == 4))
   2075                && (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "assert"))
   2076                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 1)));
   2077 
   2078     if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   2079         err_string("illegal assert statement");
   2080     if (res && (nch > 2))
   2081         res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, 2))
   2082                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 3)));
   2083 
   2084     return (res);
   2085 }
   2086 
   2087 
   2088 static int
   2089 validate_while(node *tree)
   2090 {
   2091     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2092     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, while_stmt)
   2093                && ((nch == 4) || (nch == 7))
   2094                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "while")
   2095                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 1))
   2096                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 2))
   2097                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, 3)));
   2098 
   2099     if (res && (nch == 7))
   2100         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 4), "else")
   2101                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 5))
   2102                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, 6)));
   2103 
   2104     return (res);
   2105 }
   2106 
   2107 
   2108 static int
   2109 validate_for(node *tree)
   2110 {
   2111     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2112     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, for_stmt)
   2113                && ((nch == 6) || (nch == 9))
   2114                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "for")
   2115                && validate_exprlist(CHILD(tree, 1))
   2116                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 2), "in")
   2117                && validate_testlist(CHILD(tree, 3))
   2118                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 4))
   2119                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, 5)));
   2120 
   2121     if (res && (nch == 9))
   2122         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 6), "else")
   2123                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 7))
   2124                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, 8)));
   2125 
   2126     return (res);
   2127 }
   2128 
   2129 
   2130 /*  try_stmt:
   2131  *      'try' ':' suite (except_clause ':' suite)+ ['else' ':' suite]
   2132                                                    ['finally' ':' suite]
   2133  *    | 'try' ':' suite 'finally' ':' suite
   2134  *
   2135  */
   2136 static int
   2137 validate_try(node *tree)
   2138 {
   2139     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2140     int pos = 3;
   2141     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, try_stmt)
   2142                && (nch >= 6) && ((nch % 3) == 0));
   2143 
   2144     if (res)
   2145         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "try")
   2146                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 1))
   2147                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, 2))
   2148                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, nch - 2))
   2149                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, nch - 1)));
   2150     else if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
   2151         const char* name = "except";
   2152         if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, nch - 3)) != except_clause)
   2153             name = STR(CHILD(tree, nch - 3));
   2154 
   2155         PyErr_Format(parser_error,
   2156                      "Illegal number of children for try/%s node.", name);
   2157     }
   2158     /* Handle try/finally statement */
   2159     if (res && (TYPE(CHILD(tree, pos)) == NAME) &&
   2160         (strcmp(STR(CHILD(tree, pos)), "finally") == 0)) {
   2161         res = (validate_numnodes(tree, 6, "try/finally")
   2162                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 4))
   2163                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, 5)));
   2164         return (res);
   2165     }
   2166     /* try/except statement: skip past except_clause sections */
   2167     while (res && pos < nch && (TYPE(CHILD(tree, pos)) == except_clause)) {
   2168         res = (validate_except_clause(CHILD(tree, pos))
   2169                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, pos + 1))
   2170                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, pos + 2)));
   2171         pos += 3;
   2172     }
   2173     /* skip else clause */
   2174     if (res && pos < nch && (TYPE(CHILD(tree, pos)) == NAME) &&
   2175         (strcmp(STR(CHILD(tree, pos)), "else") == 0)) {
   2176         res = (validate_colon(CHILD(tree, pos + 1))
   2177                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, pos + 2)));
   2178         pos += 3;
   2179     }
   2180     if (res && pos < nch) {
   2181         /* last clause must be a finally */
   2182         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, pos), "finally")
   2183                && validate_numnodes(tree, pos + 3, "try/except/finally")
   2184                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, pos + 1))
   2185                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, pos + 2)));
   2186     }
   2187     return (res);
   2188 }
   2189 
   2190 
   2191 static int
   2192 validate_except_clause(node *tree)
   2193 {
   2194     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2195     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, except_clause)
   2196                && ((nch == 1) || (nch == 2) || (nch == 4))
   2197                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "except"));
   2198 
   2199     if (res && (nch > 1))
   2200         res = validate_test(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2201     if (res && (nch == 4)) {
   2202         if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 2)) == NAME)
   2203             res = validate_name(CHILD(tree, 2), "as");
   2204         else
   2205             res = validate_comma(CHILD(tree, 2));
   2206         res = res && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 3));
   2207     }
   2208     return (res);
   2209 }
   2210 
   2211 
   2212 static int
   2213 validate_test(node *tree)
   2214 {
   2215     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2216     int res = validate_ntype(tree, test) && is_odd(nch);
   2217 
   2218     if (res && (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == lambdef))
   2219         res = ((nch == 1)
   2220                && validate_lambdef(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2221     else if (res) {
   2222         res = validate_or_test(CHILD(tree, 0));
   2223         res = (res && (nch == 1 || (nch == 5 &&
   2224             validate_name(CHILD(tree, 1), "if") &&
   2225             validate_or_test(CHILD(tree, 2)) &&
   2226             validate_name(CHILD(tree, 3), "else") &&
   2227             validate_test(CHILD(tree, 4)))));
   2228     }
   2229     return (res);
   2230 }
   2231 
   2232 static int
   2233 validate_old_test(node *tree)
   2234 {
   2235     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2236     int res = validate_ntype(tree, old_test) && (nch == 1);
   2237 
   2238     if (res && (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == old_lambdef))
   2239         res = (validate_old_lambdef(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2240     else if (res) {
   2241         res = (validate_or_test(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2242     }
   2243     return (res);
   2244 }
   2245 
   2246 static int
   2247 validate_or_test(node *tree)
   2248 {
   2249     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2250     int res = validate_ntype(tree, or_test) && is_odd(nch);
   2251 
   2252     if (res) {
   2253         int pos;
   2254         res = validate_and_test(CHILD(tree, 0));
   2255         for (pos = 1; res && (pos < nch); pos += 2)
   2256             res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, pos), "or")
   2257                    && validate_and_test(CHILD(tree, pos + 1)));
   2258     }
   2259     return (res);
   2260 }
   2261 
   2262 
   2263 static int
   2264 validate_and_test(node *tree)
   2265 {
   2266     int pos;
   2267     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2268     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, and_test)
   2269                && is_odd(nch)
   2270                && validate_not_test(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2271 
   2272     for (pos = 1; res && (pos < nch); pos += 2)
   2273         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, pos), "and")
   2274                && validate_not_test(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2275 
   2276     return (res);
   2277 }
   2278 
   2279 
   2280 static int
   2281 validate_not_test(node *tree)
   2282 {
   2283     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2284     int res = validate_ntype(tree, not_test) && ((nch == 1) || (nch == 2));
   2285 
   2286     if (res) {
   2287         if (nch == 2)
   2288             res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "not")
   2289                    && validate_not_test(CHILD(tree, 1)));
   2290         else if (nch == 1)
   2291             res = validate_comparison(CHILD(tree, 0));
   2292     }
   2293     return (res);
   2294 }
   2295 
   2296 
   2297 static int
   2298 validate_comparison(node *tree)
   2299 {
   2300     int pos;
   2301     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2302     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, comparison)
   2303                && is_odd(nch)
   2304                && validate_expr(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2305 
   2306     for (pos = 1; res && (pos < nch); pos += 2)
   2307         res = (validate_comp_op(CHILD(tree, pos))
   2308                && validate_expr(CHILD(tree, pos + 1)));
   2309 
   2310     return (res);
   2311 }
   2312 
   2313 
   2314 static int
   2315 validate_comp_op(node *tree)
   2316 {
   2317     int res = 0;
   2318     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2319 
   2320     if (!validate_ntype(tree, comp_op))
   2321         return (0);
   2322     if (nch == 1) {
   2323         /*
   2324          *  Only child will be a terminal with a well-defined symbolic name
   2325          *  or a NAME with a string of either 'is' or 'in'
   2326          */
   2327         tree = CHILD(tree, 0);
   2328         switch (TYPE(tree)) {
   2329             case LESS:
   2330             case GREATER:
   2331             case EQEQUAL:
   2332             case EQUAL:
   2333             case LESSEQUAL:
   2334             case GREATEREQUAL:
   2335             case NOTEQUAL:
   2336               res = 1;
   2337               break;
   2338             case NAME:
   2339               res = ((strcmp(STR(tree), "in") == 0)
   2340                      || (strcmp(STR(tree), "is") == 0));
   2341               if (!res) {
   2342                   PyErr_Format(parser_error,
   2343                                "illegal operator '%s'", STR(tree));
   2344               }
   2345               break;
   2346           default:
   2347               err_string("illegal comparison operator type");
   2348               break;
   2349         }
   2350     }
   2351     else if ((res = validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "comp_op")) != 0) {
   2352         res = (validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 0), NAME)
   2353                && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 1), NAME)
   2354                && (((strcmp(STR(CHILD(tree, 0)), "is") == 0)
   2355                     && (strcmp(STR(CHILD(tree, 1)), "not") == 0))
   2356                    || ((strcmp(STR(CHILD(tree, 0)), "not") == 0)
   2357                        && (strcmp(STR(CHILD(tree, 1)), "in") == 0))));
   2358         if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   2359             err_string("unknown comparison operator");
   2360     }
   2361     return (res);
   2362 }
   2363 
   2364 
   2365 static int
   2366 validate_expr(node *tree)
   2367 {
   2368     int j;
   2369     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2370     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, expr)
   2371                && is_odd(nch)
   2372                && validate_xor_expr(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2373 
   2374     for (j = 2; res && (j < nch); j += 2)
   2375         res = (validate_xor_expr(CHILD(tree, j))
   2376                && validate_vbar(CHILD(tree, j - 1)));
   2377 
   2378     return (res);
   2379 }
   2380 
   2381 
   2382 static int
   2383 validate_xor_expr(node *tree)
   2384 {
   2385     int j;
   2386     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2387     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, xor_expr)
   2388                && is_odd(nch)
   2389                && validate_and_expr(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2390 
   2391     for (j = 2; res && (j < nch); j += 2)
   2392         res = (validate_circumflex(CHILD(tree, j - 1))
   2393                && validate_and_expr(CHILD(tree, j)));
   2394 
   2395     return (res);
   2396 }
   2397 
   2398 
   2399 static int
   2400 validate_and_expr(node *tree)
   2401 {
   2402     int pos;
   2403     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2404     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, and_expr)
   2405                && is_odd(nch)
   2406                && validate_shift_expr(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2407 
   2408     for (pos = 1; res && (pos < nch); pos += 2)
   2409         res = (validate_ampersand(CHILD(tree, pos))
   2410                && validate_shift_expr(CHILD(tree, pos + 1)));
   2411 
   2412     return (res);
   2413 }
   2414 
   2415 
   2416 static int
   2417 validate_chain_two_ops(node *tree, int (*termvalid)(node *), int op1, int op2)
   2418  {
   2419     int pos = 1;
   2420     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2421     int res = (is_odd(nch)
   2422                && (*termvalid)(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2423 
   2424     for ( ; res && (pos < nch); pos += 2) {
   2425         if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, pos)) != op1)
   2426             res = validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, pos), op2);
   2427         if (res)
   2428             res = (*termvalid)(CHILD(tree, pos + 1));
   2429     }
   2430     return (res);
   2431 }
   2432 
   2433 
   2434 static int
   2435 validate_shift_expr(node *tree)
   2436 {
   2437     return (validate_ntype(tree, shift_expr)
   2438             && validate_chain_two_ops(tree, validate_arith_expr,
   2439                                       LEFTSHIFT, RIGHTSHIFT));
   2440 }
   2441 
   2442 
   2443 static int
   2444 validate_arith_expr(node *tree)
   2445 {
   2446     return (validate_ntype(tree, arith_expr)
   2447             && validate_chain_two_ops(tree, validate_term, PLUS, MINUS));
   2448 }
   2449 
   2450 
   2451 static int
   2452 validate_term(node *tree)
   2453 {
   2454     int pos = 1;
   2455     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2456     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, term)
   2457                && is_odd(nch)
   2458                && validate_factor(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2459 
   2460     for ( ; res && (pos < nch); pos += 2)
   2461         res = (((TYPE(CHILD(tree, pos)) == STAR)
   2462                || (TYPE(CHILD(tree, pos)) == SLASH)
   2463                || (TYPE(CHILD(tree, pos)) == DOUBLESLASH)
   2464                || (TYPE(CHILD(tree, pos)) == PERCENT))
   2465                && validate_factor(CHILD(tree, pos + 1)));
   2466 
   2467     return (res);
   2468 }
   2469 
   2470 
   2471 /*  factor:
   2472  *
   2473  *  factor: ('+'|'-'|'~') factor | power
   2474  */
   2475 static int
   2476 validate_factor(node *tree)
   2477 {
   2478     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2479     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, factor)
   2480                && (((nch == 2)
   2481                     && ((TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == PLUS)
   2482                         || (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == MINUS)
   2483                         || (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == TILDE))
   2484                     && validate_factor(CHILD(tree, 1)))
   2485                    || ((nch == 1)
   2486                        && validate_power(CHILD(tree, 0)))));
   2487     return (res);
   2488 }
   2489 
   2490 
   2491 /*  power:
   2492  *
   2493  *  power: atom trailer* ('**' factor)*
   2494  */
   2495 static int
   2496 validate_power(node *tree)
   2497 {
   2498     int pos = 1;
   2499     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2500     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, power) && (nch >= 1)
   2501                && validate_atom(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2502 
   2503     while (res && (pos < nch) && (TYPE(CHILD(tree, pos)) == trailer))
   2504         res = validate_trailer(CHILD(tree, pos++));
   2505     if (res && (pos < nch)) {
   2506         if (!is_even(nch - pos)) {
   2507             err_string("illegal number of nodes for 'power'");
   2508             return (0);
   2509         }
   2510         for ( ; res && (pos < (nch - 1)); pos += 2)
   2511             res = (validate_doublestar(CHILD(tree, pos))
   2512                    && validate_factor(CHILD(tree, pos + 1)));
   2513     }
   2514     return (res);
   2515 }
   2516 
   2517 
   2518 static int
   2519 validate_atom(node *tree)
   2520 {
   2521     int pos;
   2522     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2523     int res = validate_ntype(tree, atom);
   2524 
   2525     if (res && nch < 1)
   2526         res = validate_numnodes(tree, nch+1, "atom");
   2527     if (res) {
   2528         switch (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0))) {
   2529           case LPAR:
   2530             res = ((nch <= 3)
   2531                    && (validate_rparen(CHILD(tree, nch - 1))));
   2532 
   2533             if (res && (nch == 3)) {
   2534                 if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 1))==yield_expr)
   2535                         res = validate_yield_expr(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2536                 else
   2537                         res = validate_testlist_comp(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2538             }
   2539             break;
   2540           case LSQB:
   2541             if (nch == 2)
   2542                 res = validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 1), RSQB);
   2543             else if (nch == 3)
   2544                 res = (validate_listmaker(CHILD(tree, 1))
   2545                        && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 2), RSQB));
   2546             else {
   2547                 res = 0;
   2548                 err_string("illegal list display atom");
   2549             }
   2550             break;
   2551           case LBRACE:
   2552             res = ((nch <= 3)
   2553                    && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, nch - 1), RBRACE));
   2554 
   2555             if (res && (nch == 3))
   2556                 res = validate_dictorsetmaker(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2557             break;
   2558           case BACKQUOTE:
   2559             res = ((nch == 3)
   2560                    && validate_testlist1(CHILD(tree, 1))
   2561                    && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 2), BACKQUOTE));
   2562             break;
   2563           case NAME:
   2564           case NUMBER:
   2565             res = (nch == 1);
   2566             break;
   2567           case STRING:
   2568             for (pos = 1; res && (pos < nch); ++pos)
   2569                 res = validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, pos), STRING);
   2570             break;
   2571           default:
   2572             res = 0;
   2573             break;
   2574         }
   2575     }
   2576     return (res);
   2577 }
   2578 
   2579 
   2580 /*  listmaker:
   2581  *    test ( list_for | (',' test)* [','] )
   2582  */
   2583 static int
   2584 validate_listmaker(node *tree)
   2585 {
   2586     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2587     int ok = nch;
   2588 
   2589     if (nch == 0)
   2590         err_string("missing child nodes of listmaker");
   2591     else
   2592         ok = validate_test(CHILD(tree, 0));
   2593 
   2594     /*
   2595      *  list_for | (',' test)* [',']
   2596      */
   2597     if (nch == 2 && TYPE(CHILD(tree, 1)) == list_for)
   2598         ok = validate_list_for(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2599     else {
   2600         /*  (',' test)* [',']  */
   2601         int i = 1;
   2602         while (ok && nch - i >= 2) {
   2603             ok = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i))
   2604                   && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   2605             i += 2;
   2606         }
   2607         if (ok && i == nch-1)
   2608             ok = validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i));
   2609         else if (i != nch) {
   2610             ok = 0;
   2611             err_string("illegal trailing nodes for listmaker");
   2612         }
   2613     }
   2614     return ok;
   2615 }
   2616 
   2617 /*  testlist_comp:
   2618  *    test ( comp_for | (',' test)* [','] )
   2619  */
   2620 static int
   2621 validate_testlist_comp(node *tree)
   2622 {
   2623     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2624     int ok = nch;
   2625 
   2626     if (nch == 0)
   2627         err_string("missing child nodes of testlist_comp");
   2628     else {
   2629         ok = validate_test(CHILD(tree, 0));
   2630     }
   2631 
   2632     /*
   2633      *  comp_for | (',' test)* [',']
   2634      */
   2635     if (nch == 2 && TYPE(CHILD(tree, 1)) == comp_for)
   2636         ok = validate_comp_for(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2637     else {
   2638         /*  (',' test)* [',']  */
   2639         int i = 1;
   2640         while (ok && nch - i >= 2) {
   2641             ok = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i))
   2642                   && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   2643             i += 2;
   2644         }
   2645         if (ok && i == nch-1)
   2646             ok = validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i));
   2647         else if (i != nch) {
   2648             ok = 0;
   2649             err_string("illegal trailing nodes for testlist_comp");
   2650         }
   2651     }
   2652     return ok;
   2653 }
   2654 
   2655 /*  decorator:
   2656  *    '@' dotted_name [ '(' [arglist] ')' ] NEWLINE
   2657  */
   2658 static int
   2659 validate_decorator(node *tree)
   2660 {
   2661     int ok;
   2662     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2663     ok = (validate_ntype(tree, decorator) &&
   2664           (nch == 3 || nch == 5 || nch == 6) &&
   2665           validate_at(CHILD(tree, 0)) &&
   2666           validate_dotted_name(CHILD(tree, 1)) &&
   2667           validate_newline(RCHILD(tree, -1)));
   2668 
   2669     if (ok && nch != 3) {
   2670         ok = (validate_lparen(CHILD(tree, 2)) &&
   2671               validate_rparen(RCHILD(tree, -2)));
   2672 
   2673         if (ok && nch == 6)
   2674             ok = validate_arglist(CHILD(tree, 3));
   2675     }
   2676 
   2677     return ok;
   2678 }
   2679 
   2680 /*  decorators:
   2681  *    decorator+
   2682  */
   2683 static int
   2684 validate_decorators(node *tree)
   2685 {
   2686     int i, nch, ok;
   2687     nch = NCH(tree);
   2688     ok = validate_ntype(tree, decorators) && nch >= 1;
   2689 
   2690     for (i = 0; ok && i < nch; ++i)
   2691         ok = validate_decorator(CHILD(tree, i));
   2692 
   2693     return ok;
   2694 }
   2695 
   2696 /*  with_item:
   2697  *   test ['as' expr]
   2698  */
   2699 static int
   2700 validate_with_item(node *tree)
   2701 {
   2702     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2703     int ok = (validate_ntype(tree, with_item)
   2704               && (nch == 1 || nch == 3)
   2705               && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2706     if (ok && nch == 3)
   2707         ok = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 1), "as")
   2708               && validate_expr(CHILD(tree, 2)));
   2709     return ok;
   2710 }
   2711 
   2712 /*  with_stmt:
   2713  *    0      1          ...             -2   -1
   2714  *   'with' with_item (',' with_item)* ':' suite
   2715  */
   2716 static int
   2717 validate_with_stmt(node *tree)
   2718 {
   2719     int i;
   2720     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2721     int ok = (validate_ntype(tree, with_stmt)
   2722         && (nch % 2 == 0)
   2723         && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "with")
   2724         && validate_colon(RCHILD(tree, -2))
   2725         && validate_suite(RCHILD(tree, -1)));
   2726     for (i = 1; ok && i < nch - 2; i += 2)
   2727         ok = validate_with_item(CHILD(tree, i));
   2728     return ok;
   2729 }
   2730 
   2731 /*  funcdef:
   2732  *
   2733  *     -5   -4         -3  -2    -1
   2734  *  'def' NAME parameters ':' suite
   2735  */
   2736 static int
   2737 validate_funcdef(node *tree)
   2738 {
   2739     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2740     int ok = (validate_ntype(tree, funcdef)
   2741                && (nch == 5)
   2742                && validate_name(RCHILD(tree, -5), "def")
   2743                && validate_ntype(RCHILD(tree, -4), NAME)
   2744                && validate_colon(RCHILD(tree, -2))
   2745                && validate_parameters(RCHILD(tree, -3))
   2746                && validate_suite(RCHILD(tree, -1)));
   2747     return ok;
   2748 }
   2749 
   2750 
   2751 /* decorated
   2752  *   decorators (classdef | funcdef)
   2753  */
   2754 static int
   2755 validate_decorated(node *tree)
   2756 {
   2757     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2758     int ok = (validate_ntype(tree, decorated)
   2759               && (nch == 2)
   2760               && validate_decorators(RCHILD(tree, -2)));
   2761     if (TYPE(RCHILD(tree, -1)) == funcdef)
   2762         ok = ok && validate_funcdef(RCHILD(tree, -1));
   2763     else
   2764         ok = ok && validate_class(RCHILD(tree, -1));
   2765     return ok;
   2766 }
   2767 
   2768 static int
   2769 validate_lambdef(node *tree)
   2770 {
   2771     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2772     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, lambdef)
   2773                && ((nch == 3) || (nch == 4))
   2774                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "lambda")
   2775                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, nch - 2))
   2776                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, nch - 1)));
   2777 
   2778     if (res && (nch == 4))
   2779         res = validate_varargslist(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2780     else if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   2781         (void) validate_numnodes(tree, 3, "lambdef");
   2782 
   2783     return (res);
   2784 }
   2785 
   2786 
   2787 static int
   2788 validate_old_lambdef(node *tree)
   2789 {
   2790     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2791     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, old_lambdef)
   2792                && ((nch == 3) || (nch == 4))
   2793                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "lambda")
   2794                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, nch - 2))
   2795                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, nch - 1)));
   2796 
   2797     if (res && (nch == 4))
   2798         res = validate_varargslist(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2799     else if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   2800         (void) validate_numnodes(tree, 3, "old_lambdef");
   2801 
   2802     return (res);
   2803 }
   2804 
   2805 
   2806 /*  arglist:
   2807  *
   2808  *  (argument ',')* (argument [','] | '*' test [',' '**' test] | '**' test)
   2809  */
   2810 static int
   2811 validate_arglist(node *tree)
   2812 {
   2813     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2814     int i = 0;
   2815     int ok = 1;
   2816 
   2817     if (nch <= 0)
   2818         /* raise the right error from having an invalid number of children */
   2819         return validate_numnodes(tree, nch + 1, "arglist");
   2820 
   2821     if (nch > 1) {
   2822         for (i=0; i<nch; i++) {
   2823             if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, i)) == argument) {
   2824                 node *ch = CHILD(tree, i);
   2825                 if (NCH(ch) == 2 && TYPE(CHILD(ch, 1)) == comp_for) {
   2826                     err_string("need '(', ')' for generator expression");
   2827                     return 0;
   2828                 }
   2829             }
   2830         }
   2831     }
   2832 
   2833     while (ok && nch-i >= 2) {
   2834         /* skip leading (argument ',') */
   2835         ok = (validate_argument(CHILD(tree, i))
   2836               && validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   2837         if (ok)
   2838             i += 2;
   2839         else
   2840             PyErr_Clear();
   2841     }
   2842     ok = 1;
   2843     if (nch-i > 0) {
   2844         /*
   2845          * argument | '*' test [',' '**' test] | '**' test
   2846          */
   2847         int sym = TYPE(CHILD(tree, i));
   2848 
   2849         if (sym == argument) {
   2850             ok = validate_argument(CHILD(tree, i));
   2851             if (ok && i+1 != nch) {
   2852                 err_string("illegal arglist specification"
   2853                            " (extra stuff on end)");
   2854                 ok = 0;
   2855             }
   2856         }
   2857         else if (sym == STAR) {
   2858             ok = validate_star(CHILD(tree, i));
   2859             if (ok && (nch-i == 2))
   2860                 ok = validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1));
   2861             else if (ok && (nch-i == 5))
   2862                 ok = (validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1))
   2863                       && validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i+2))
   2864                       && validate_doublestar(CHILD(tree, i+3))
   2865                       && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+4)));
   2866             else {
   2867                 err_string("illegal use of '*' in arglist");
   2868                 ok = 0;
   2869             }
   2870         }
   2871         else if (sym == DOUBLESTAR) {
   2872             if (nch-i == 2)
   2873                 ok = (validate_doublestar(CHILD(tree, i))
   2874                       && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   2875             else {
   2876                 err_string("illegal use of '**' in arglist");
   2877                 ok = 0;
   2878             }
   2879         }
   2880         else {
   2881             err_string("illegal arglist specification");
   2882             ok = 0;
   2883         }
   2884     }
   2885     return (ok);
   2886 }
   2887 
   2888 
   2889 
   2890 /*  argument:
   2891  *
   2892  *  [test '='] test [comp_for]
   2893  */
   2894 static int
   2895 validate_argument(node *tree)
   2896 {
   2897     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2898     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, argument)
   2899                && ((nch == 1) || (nch == 2) || (nch == 3))
   2900                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2901 
   2902     if (res && (nch == 2))
   2903         res = validate_comp_for(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2904     else if (res && (nch == 3))
   2905         res = (validate_equal(CHILD(tree, 1))
   2906                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 2)));
   2907 
   2908     return (res);
   2909 }
   2910 
   2911 
   2912 
   2913 /*  trailer:
   2914  *
   2915  *  '(' [arglist] ')' | '[' subscriptlist ']' | '.' NAME
   2916  */
   2917 static int
   2918 validate_trailer(node *tree)
   2919 {
   2920     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2921     int res = validate_ntype(tree, trailer) && ((nch == 2) || (nch == 3));
   2922 
   2923     if (res) {
   2924         switch (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0))) {
   2925           case LPAR:
   2926             res = validate_rparen(CHILD(tree, nch - 1));
   2927             if (res && (nch == 3))
   2928                 res = validate_arglist(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2929             break;
   2930           case LSQB:
   2931             res = (validate_numnodes(tree, 3, "trailer")
   2932                    && validate_subscriptlist(CHILD(tree, 1))
   2933                    && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 2), RSQB));
   2934             break;
   2935           case DOT:
   2936             res = (validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "trailer")
   2937                    && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 1), NAME));
   2938             break;
   2939           default:
   2940             res = 0;
   2941             break;
   2942         }
   2943     }
   2944     else {
   2945         (void) validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "trailer");
   2946     }
   2947     return (res);
   2948 }
   2949 
   2950 
   2951 /*  subscriptlist:
   2952  *
   2953  *  subscript (',' subscript)* [',']
   2954  */
   2955 static int
   2956 validate_subscriptlist(node *tree)
   2957 {
   2958     return (validate_repeating_list(tree, subscriptlist,
   2959                                     validate_subscript, "subscriptlist"));
   2960 }
   2961 
   2962 
   2963 /*  subscript:
   2964  *
   2965  *  '.' '.' '.' | test | [test] ':' [test] [sliceop]
   2966  */
   2967 static int
   2968 validate_subscript(node *tree)
   2969 {
   2970     int offset = 0;
   2971     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2972     int res = validate_ntype(tree, subscript) && (nch >= 1) && (nch <= 4);
   2973 
   2974     if (!res) {
   2975         if (!PyErr_Occurred())
   2976             err_string("invalid number of arguments for subscript node");
   2977         return (0);
   2978     }
   2979     if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == DOT)
   2980         /* take care of ('.' '.' '.') possibility */
   2981         return (validate_numnodes(tree, 3, "subscript")
   2982                 && validate_dot(CHILD(tree, 0))
   2983                 && validate_dot(CHILD(tree, 1))
   2984                 && validate_dot(CHILD(tree, 2)));
   2985     if (nch == 1) {
   2986         if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == test)
   2987             res = validate_test(CHILD(tree, 0));
   2988         else
   2989             res = validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 0));
   2990         return (res);
   2991     }
   2992     /*  Must be [test] ':' [test] [sliceop],
   2993      *  but at least one of the optional components will
   2994      *  be present, but we don't know which yet.
   2995      */
   2996     if ((TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) != COLON) || (nch == 4)) {
   2997         res = validate_test(CHILD(tree, 0));
   2998         offset = 1;
   2999     }
   3000     if (res)
   3001         res = validate_colon(CHILD(tree, offset));
   3002     if (res) {
   3003         int rem = nch - ++offset;
   3004         if (rem) {
   3005             if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, offset)) == test) {
   3006                 res = validate_test(CHILD(tree, offset));
   3007                 ++offset;
   3008                 --rem;
   3009             }
   3010             if (res && rem)
   3011                 res = validate_sliceop(CHILD(tree, offset));
   3012         }
   3013     }
   3014     return (res);
   3015 }
   3016 
   3017 
   3018 static int
   3019 validate_sliceop(node *tree)
   3020 {
   3021     int nch = NCH(tree);
   3022     int res = ((nch == 1) || validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "sliceop"))
   3023               && validate_ntype(tree, sliceop);
   3024     if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred()) {
   3025         res = validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "sliceop");
   3026     }
   3027     if (res)
   3028         res = validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 0));
   3029     if (res && (nch == 2))
   3030         res = validate_test(CHILD(tree, 1));
   3031 
   3032     return (res);
   3033 }
   3034 
   3035 
   3036 static int
   3037 validate_exprlist(node *tree)
   3038 {
   3039     return (validate_repeating_list(tree, exprlist,
   3040                                     validate_expr, "exprlist"));
   3041 }
   3042 
   3043 
   3044 /*
   3045  * dictorsetmaker:
   3046  *
   3047  * (test ':' test (comp_for | (',' test ':' test)* [','])) |
   3048  * (test (comp_for | (',' test)* [',']))
   3049  */
   3050 static int
   3051 validate_dictorsetmaker(node *tree)
   3052 {
   3053     int nch = NCH(tree);
   3054     int ok = validate_ntype(tree, dictorsetmaker);
   3055     int i = 0;
   3056     int check_trailing_comma = 0;
   3057 
   3058     assert(nch > 0);
   3059 
   3060     if (ok && (nch == 1 || TYPE(CHILD(tree, 1)) == COMMA)) {
   3061         /* We got a set:
   3062          *     test (',' test)* [',']
   3063          */
   3064         ok = validate_test(CHILD(tree, i++));
   3065         while (ok && nch - i >= 2) {
   3066             ok = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i))
   3067                    && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   3068             i += 2;
   3069         }
   3070         check_trailing_comma = 1;
   3071     }
   3072     else if (ok && TYPE(CHILD(tree, 1)) == comp_for) {
   3073         /* We got a set comprehension:
   3074          *     test comp_for
   3075          */
   3076         ok = (validate_test(CHILD(tree, 0))
   3077               && validate_comp_for(CHILD(tree, 1)));
   3078     }
   3079     else if (ok && NCH(tree) > 3 && TYPE(CHILD(tree, 3)) == comp_for) {
   3080         /* We got a dict comprehension:
   3081          *     test ':' test comp_for
   3082          */
   3083         ok = (validate_test(CHILD(tree, 0))
   3084               && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 1))
   3085               && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 2))
   3086               && validate_comp_for(CHILD(tree, 3)));
   3087     }
   3088     else if (ok) {
   3089         /* We got a dict:
   3090          *     test ':' test (',' test ':' test)* [',']
   3091          */
   3092         if (nch >= 3) {
   3093             ok = (validate_test(CHILD(tree, i))
   3094                   && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, i+1))
   3095                   && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+2)));
   3096             i += 3;
   3097         }
   3098         else {
   3099             ok = 0;
   3100             err_string("illegal number of nodes for dictorsetmaker");
   3101         }
   3102 
   3103         while (ok && nch - i >= 4) {
   3104             ok = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i))
   3105                   && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1))
   3106                   && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, i+2))
   3107                   && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+3)));
   3108             i += 4;
   3109         }
   3110         check_trailing_comma = 1;
   3111     }
   3112     if (ok && check_trailing_comma) {
   3113         if (i == nch-1)
   3114             ok = validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i));
   3115         else if (i != nch) {
   3116             ok = 0;
   3117             err_string("illegal trailing nodes for dictorsetmaker");
   3118         }
   3119     }
   3120 
   3121     return ok;
   3122 }
   3123 
   3124 
   3125 static int
   3126 validate_eval_input(node *tree)
   3127 {
   3128     int pos;
   3129     int nch = NCH(tree);
   3130     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, eval_input)
   3131                && (nch >= 2)
   3132                && validate_testlist(CHILD(tree, 0))
   3133                && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, nch - 1), ENDMARKER));
   3134 
   3135     for (pos = 1; res && (pos < (nch - 1)); ++pos)
   3136         res = validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, pos), NEWLINE);
   3137 
   3138     return (res);
   3139 }
   3140 
   3141 
   3142 static int
   3143 validate_node(node *tree)
   3144 {
   3145     int   nch  = 0;                     /* num. children on current node  */
   3146     int   res  = 1;                     /* result value                   */
   3147     node* next = 0;                     /* node to process after this one */
   3148 
   3149     while (res && (tree != 0)) {
   3150         nch  = NCH(tree);
   3151         next = 0;
   3152         switch (TYPE(tree)) {
   3153             /*
   3154              *  Definition nodes.
   3155              */
   3156           case funcdef:
   3157             res = validate_funcdef(tree);
   3158             break;
   3159           case with_stmt:
   3160             res = validate_with_stmt(tree);
   3161             break;
   3162           case classdef:
   3163             res = validate_class(tree);
   3164             break;
   3165           case decorated:
   3166             res = validate_decorated(tree);
   3167             break;
   3168             /*
   3169              *  "Trivial" parse tree nodes.
   3170              *  (Why did I call these trivial?)
   3171              */
   3172           case stmt:
   3173             res = validate_stmt(tree);
   3174             break;
   3175           case small_stmt:
   3176             /*
   3177              *  expr_stmt | print_stmt | del_stmt | pass_stmt | flow_stmt
   3178              *  | import_stmt | global_stmt | exec_stmt | assert_stmt
   3179              */
   3180             res = validate_small_stmt(tree);
   3181             break;
   3182           case flow_stmt:
   3183             res  = (validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "flow_stmt")
   3184                     && ((TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == break_stmt)
   3185                         || (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == continue_stmt)
   3186                         || (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == yield_stmt)
   3187                         || (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == return_stmt)
   3188                         || (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == raise_stmt)));
   3189             if (res)
   3190                 next = CHILD(tree, 0);
   3191             else if (nch == 1)
   3192                 err_string("illegal flow_stmt type");
   3193             break;
   3194           case yield_stmt:
   3195             res = validate_yield_stmt(tree);
   3196             break;
   3197             /*
   3198              *  Compound statements.
   3199              */
   3200           case simple_stmt:
   3201             res = validate_simple_stmt(tree);
   3202             break;
   3203           case compound_stmt:
   3204             res = validate_compound_stmt(tree);
   3205             break;
   3206             /*
   3207              *  Fundamental statements.
   3208              */
   3209           case expr_stmt:
   3210             res = validate_expr_stmt(tree);
   3211             break;
   3212           case print_stmt:
   3213             res = validate_print_stmt(tree);
   3214             break;
   3215           case del_stmt:
   3216             res = validate_del_stmt(tree);
   3217             break;
   3218           case pass_stmt:
   3219             res = (validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "pass")
   3220                    && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "pass"));
   3221             break;
   3222           case break_stmt:
   3223             res = (validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "break")
   3224                    && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "break"));
   3225             break;
   3226           case continue_stmt:
   3227             res = (validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "continue")
   3228                    && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "continue"));
   3229             break;
   3230           case return_stmt:
   3231             res = validate_return_stmt(tree);
   3232             break;
   3233           case raise_stmt:
   3234             res = validate_raise_stmt(tree);
   3235             break;
   3236           case import_stmt:
   3237             res = validate_import_stmt(tree);
   3238             break;
   3239           case import_name:
   3240             res = validate_import_name(tree);
   3241             break;
   3242           case import_from:
   3243             res = validate_import_from(tree);
   3244             break;
   3245           case global_stmt:
   3246             res = validate_global_stmt(tree);
   3247             break;
   3248           case exec_stmt:
   3249             res = validate_exec_stmt(tree);
   3250             break;
   3251           case assert_stmt:
   3252             res = validate_assert_stmt(tree);
   3253             break;
   3254           case if_stmt:
   3255             res = validate_if(tree);
   3256             break;
   3257           case while_stmt:
   3258             res = validate_while(tree);
   3259             break;
   3260           case for_stmt:
   3261             res = validate_for(tree);
   3262             break;
   3263           case try_stmt:
   3264             res = validate_try(tree);
   3265             break;
   3266           case suite:
   3267             res = validate_suite(tree);
   3268             break;
   3269             /*
   3270              *  Expression nodes.
   3271              */
   3272           case testlist:
   3273             res = validate_testlist(tree);
   3274             break;
   3275           case yield_expr:
   3276             res = validate_yield_expr(tree);
   3277             break;
   3278           case testlist1:
   3279             res = validate_testlist1(tree);
   3280             break;
   3281           case test:
   3282             res = validate_test(tree);
   3283             break;
   3284           case and_test:
   3285             res = validate_and_test(tree);
   3286             break;
   3287           case not_test:
   3288             res = validate_not_test(tree);
   3289             break;
   3290           case comparison:
   3291             res = validate_comparison(tree);
   3292             break;
   3293           case exprlist:
   3294             res = validate_exprlist(tree);
   3295             break;
   3296           case comp_op:
   3297             res = validate_comp_op(tree);
   3298             break;
   3299           case expr:
   3300             res = validate_expr(tree);
   3301             break;
   3302           case xor_expr:
   3303             res = validate_xor_expr(tree);
   3304             break;
   3305           case and_expr:
   3306             res = validate_and_expr(tree);
   3307             break;
   3308           case shift_expr:
   3309             res = validate_shift_expr(tree);
   3310             break;
   3311           case arith_expr:
   3312             res = validate_arith_expr(tree);
   3313             break;
   3314           case term:
   3315             res = validate_term(tree);
   3316             break;
   3317           case factor:
   3318             res = validate_factor(tree);
   3319             break;
   3320           case power:
   3321             res = validate_power(tree);
   3322             break;
   3323           case atom:
   3324             res = validate_atom(tree);
   3325             break;
   3326 
   3327           default:
   3328             /* Hopefully never reached! */
   3329             err_string("unrecognized node type");
   3330             res = 0;
   3331             break;
   3332         }
   3333         tree = next;
   3334     }
   3335     return (res);
   3336 }
   3337 
   3338 
   3339 static int
   3340 validate_expr_tree(node *tree)
   3341 {
   3342     int res = validate_eval_input(tree);
   3343 
   3344     if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   3345         err_string("could not validate expression tuple");
   3346 
   3347     return (res);
   3348 }
   3349 
   3350 
   3351 /*  file_input:
   3352  *      (NEWLINE | stmt)* ENDMARKER
   3353  */
   3354 static int
   3355 validate_file_input(node *tree)
   3356 {
   3357     int j;
   3358     int nch = NCH(tree) - 1;
   3359     int res = ((nch >= 0)
   3360                && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, nch), ENDMARKER));
   3361 
   3362     for (j = 0; res && (j < nch); ++j) {
   3363         if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, j)) == stmt)
   3364             res = validate_stmt(CHILD(tree, j));
   3365         else
   3366             res = validate_newline(CHILD(tree, j));
   3367     }
   3368     /*  This stays in to prevent any internal failures from getting to the
   3369      *  user.  Hopefully, this won't be needed.  If a user reports getting
   3370      *  this, we have some debugging to do.
   3371      */
   3372     if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   3373         err_string("VALIDATION FAILURE: report this to the maintainer!");
   3374 
   3375     return (res);
   3376 }
   3377 
   3378 static int
   3379 validate_encoding_decl(node *tree)
   3380 {
   3381     int nch = NCH(tree);
   3382     int res = ((nch == 1)
   3383         && validate_file_input(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   3384 
   3385     if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   3386         err_string("Error Parsing encoding_decl");
   3387 
   3388     return res;
   3389 }
   3390 
   3391 static PyObject*
   3392 pickle_constructor = NULL;
   3393 
   3394 
   3395 static PyObject*
   3396 parser__pickler(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
   3397 {
   3398     NOTE(ARGUNUSED(self))
   3399     PyObject *result = NULL;
   3400     PyObject *st = NULL;
   3401     PyObject *empty_dict = NULL;
   3402 
   3403     if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O!:_pickler", &PyST_Type, &st)) {
   3404         PyObject *newargs;
   3405         PyObject *tuple;
   3406 
   3407         if ((empty_dict = PyDict_New()) == NULL)
   3408             goto finally;
   3409         if ((newargs = Py_BuildValue("Oi", st, 1)) == NULL)
   3410             goto finally;
   3411         tuple = parser_st2tuple((PyST_Object*)NULL, newargs, empty_dict);
   3412         if (tuple != NULL) {
   3413             result = Py_BuildValue("O(O)", pickle_constructor, tuple);
   3414             Py_DECREF(tuple);
   3415         }
   3416         Py_DECREF(newargs);
   3417     }
   3418   finally:
   3419     Py_XDECREF(empty_dict);
   3420 
   3421     return (result);
   3422 }
   3423 
   3424 
   3425 /*  Functions exported by this module.  Most of this should probably
   3426  *  be converted into an ST object with methods, but that is better
   3427  *  done directly in Python, allowing subclasses to be created directly.
   3428  *  We'd really have to write a wrapper around it all anyway to allow
   3429  *  inheritance.
   3430  */
   3431 static PyMethodDef parser_functions[] =  {
   3432     {"ast2tuple",       (PyCFunction)parser_ast2tuple, PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3433         PyDoc_STR("Creates a tuple-tree representation of an ST.")},
   3434     {"ast2list",        (PyCFunction)parser_ast2list,  PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3435         PyDoc_STR("Creates a list-tree representation of an ST.")},
   3436     {"compileast",      (PyCFunction)parser_compileast,PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3437         PyDoc_STR("Compiles an ST object into a code object.")},
   3438     {"compilest",      (PyCFunction)parser_compilest,  PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3439         PyDoc_STR("Compiles an ST object into a code object.")},
   3440     {"expr",            (PyCFunction)parser_expr,      PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3441         PyDoc_STR("Creates an ST object from an expression.")},
   3442     {"isexpr",          (PyCFunction)parser_isexpr,    PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3443         PyDoc_STR("Determines if an ST object was created from an expression.")},
   3444     {"issuite",         (PyCFunction)parser_issuite,   PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3445         PyDoc_STR("Determines if an ST object was created from a suite.")},
   3446     {"suite",           (PyCFunction)parser_suite,     PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3447         PyDoc_STR("Creates an ST object from a suite.")},
   3448     {"sequence2ast",    (PyCFunction)parser_tuple2ast, PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3449         PyDoc_STR("Creates an ST object from a tree representation.")},
   3450     {"sequence2st",     (PyCFunction)parser_tuple2st,  PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3451         PyDoc_STR("Creates an ST object from a tree representation.")},
   3452     {"st2tuple",        (PyCFunction)parser_st2tuple,  PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3453         PyDoc_STR("Creates a tuple-tree representation of an ST.")},
   3454     {"st2list",         (PyCFunction)parser_st2list,   PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3455         PyDoc_STR("Creates a list-tree representation of an ST.")},
   3456     {"tuple2ast",       (PyCFunction)parser_tuple2ast, PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3457         PyDoc_STR("Creates an ST object from a tree representation.")},
   3458     {"tuple2st",        (PyCFunction)parser_tuple2st,  PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3459         PyDoc_STR("Creates an ST object from a tree representation.")},
   3460 
   3461     /* private stuff: support pickle module */
   3462     {"_pickler",        (PyCFunction)parser__pickler,  METH_VARARGS,
   3463         PyDoc_STR("Returns the pickle magic to allow ST objects to be pickled.")},
   3464 
   3465     {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
   3466     };
   3467 
   3468 
   3469 PyMODINIT_FUNC initparser(void);  /* supply a prototype */
   3470 
   3471 PyMODINIT_FUNC
   3472 initparser(void)
   3473 {
   3474     PyObject *module, *copyreg;
   3475 
   3476     Py_TYPE(&PyST_Type) = &PyType_Type;
   3477     module = Py_InitModule("parser", parser_functions);
   3478     if (module == NULL)
   3479         return;
   3480 
   3481     if (parser_error == 0)
   3482         parser_error = PyErr_NewException("parser.ParserError", NULL, NULL);
   3483 
   3484     if (parser_error == 0)
   3485         /* caller will check PyErr_Occurred() */
   3486         return;
   3487     /* CAUTION:  The code next used to skip bumping the refcount on
   3488      * parser_error.  That's a disaster if initparser() gets called more
   3489      * than once.  By incref'ing, we ensure that each module dict that
   3490      * gets created owns its reference to the shared parser_error object,
   3491      * and the file static parser_error vrbl owns a reference too.
   3492      */
   3493     Py_INCREF(parser_error);
   3494     if (PyModule_AddObject(module, "ParserError", parser_error) != 0)
   3495         return;
   3496 
   3497     Py_INCREF(&PyST_Type);
   3498     PyModule_AddObject(module, "ASTType", (PyObject*)&PyST_Type);
   3499     Py_INCREF(&PyST_Type);
   3500     PyModule_AddObject(module, "STType", (PyObject*)&PyST_Type);
   3501 
   3502     PyModule_AddStringConstant(module, "__copyright__",
   3503                                parser_copyright_string);
   3504     PyModule_AddStringConstant(module, "__doc__",
   3505                                parser_doc_string);
   3506     PyModule_AddStringConstant(module, "__version__",
   3507                                parser_version_string);
   3508 
   3509     /* Register to support pickling.
   3510      * If this fails, the import of this module will fail because an
   3511      * exception will be raised here; should we clear the exception?
   3512      */
   3513     copyreg = PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock("copy_reg");
   3514     if (copyreg != NULL) {
   3515         PyObject *func, *pickler;
   3516 
   3517         func = PyObject_GetAttrString(copyreg, "pickle");
   3518         pickle_constructor = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, "sequence2st");
   3519         pickler = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, "_pickler");
   3520         Py_XINCREF(pickle_constructor);
   3521         if ((func != NULL) && (pickle_constructor != NULL)
   3522             && (pickler != NULL)) {
   3523             PyObject *res;
   3524 
   3525             res = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(func, &PyST_Type, pickler,
   3526                                                pickle_constructor, NULL);
   3527             Py_XDECREF(res);
   3528         }
   3529         Py_XDECREF(func);
   3530         Py_XDECREF(pickle_constructor);
   3531         Py_XDECREF(pickler);
   3532         Py_DECREF(copyreg);
   3533     }
   3534 }
   3535