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      1 .. highlightlang:: c
      2 
      3 
      4 .. _concrete:
      5 
      6 **********************
      7 Concrete Objects Layer
      8 **********************
      9 
     10 The functions in this chapter are specific to certain Python object types.
     11 Passing them an object of the wrong type is not a good idea; if you receive an
     12 object from a Python program and you are not sure that it has the right type,
     13 you must perform a type check first; for example, to check that an object is a
     14 dictionary, use :c:func:`PyDict_Check`.  The chapter is structured like the
     15 "family tree" of Python object types.
     16 
     17 .. warning::
     18 
     19    While the functions described in this chapter carefully check the type of the
     20    objects which are passed in, many of them do not check for *NULL* being passed
     21    instead of a valid object.  Allowing *NULL* to be passed in can cause memory
     22    access violations and immediate termination of the interpreter.
     23 
     24 
     25 .. _fundamental:
     26 
     27 Fundamental Objects
     28 ===================
     29 
     30 This section describes Python type objects and the singleton object ``None``.
     31 
     32 .. toctree::
     33 
     34    type.rst
     35    none.rst
     36 
     37 
     38 .. _numericobjects:
     39 
     40 Numeric Objects
     41 ===============
     42 
     43 .. index:: object: numeric
     44 
     45 .. toctree::
     46 
     47    long.rst
     48    bool.rst
     49    float.rst
     50    complex.rst
     51 
     52 
     53 .. _sequenceobjects:
     54 
     55 Sequence Objects
     56 ================
     57 
     58 .. index:: object: sequence
     59 
     60 Generic operations on sequence objects were discussed in the previous chapter;
     61 this section deals with the specific kinds of sequence objects that are
     62 intrinsic to the Python language.
     63 
     64 .. XXX sort out unicode, str, bytes and bytearray
     65 
     66 .. toctree::
     67 
     68    bytes.rst
     69    bytearray.rst
     70    unicode.rst
     71    tuple.rst
     72    list.rst
     73 
     74 
     75 .. _mapobjects:
     76 
     77 Container Objects
     78 =================
     79 
     80 .. index:: object: mapping
     81 
     82 .. toctree::
     83 
     84    dict.rst
     85    set.rst
     86 
     87 
     88 .. _otherobjects:
     89 
     90 Function Objects
     91 ================
     92 
     93 .. toctree::
     94 
     95    function.rst
     96    method.rst
     97    cell.rst
     98    code.rst
     99 
    100 
    101 Other Objects
    102 =============
    103 
    104 .. toctree::
    105 
    106    file.rst
    107    module.rst
    108    iterator.rst
    109    descriptor.rst
    110    slice.rst
    111    memoryview.rst
    112    weakref.rst
    113    capsule.rst
    114    gen.rst
    115    coro.rst
    116    contextvars.rst
    117    datetime.rst
    118