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     20 <div class="chapter" title="1.The GNU General Public License">
     21 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
     22 <a name="license.gpl"></a>1.The GNU General Public License</h2></div></div></div>
     23 <div class="literallayout"><p><br>
     24 		GNUGENERALPUBLICLICENSE<br>
     25 		Version2,June1991<br>
     26 <br>
     27 Copyright(C)1989,1991FreeSoftwareFoundation,Inc.<br>
     28 59TemplePlace,Suite330,Boston,MA02111-1307USA<br>
     29 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopies<br>
     30 ofthislicensedocument,butchangingitisnotallowed.<br>
     31 <br>
     32 			Preamble<br>
     33 <br>
     34 Thelicensesformostsoftwarearedesignedtotakeawayyour<br>
     35 freedomtoshareandchangeit.Bycontrast,theGNUGeneralPublic<br>
     36 Licenseisintendedtoguaranteeyourfreedomtoshareandchangefree<br>
     37 software--tomakesurethesoftwareisfreeforallitsusers.This<br>
     38 GeneralPublicLicenseappliestomostoftheFreeSoftware<br>
     39 Foundation'ssoftwareandtoanyotherprogramwhoseauthorscommitto<br>
     40 usingit.(SomeotherFreeSoftwareFoundationsoftwareiscoveredby<br>
     41 theGNULibraryGeneralPublicLicenseinstead.)Youcanapplyitto<br>
     42 yourprograms,too.<br>
     43 <br>
     44 Whenwespeakoffreesoftware,wearereferringtofreedom,not<br>
     45 price.OurGeneralPublicLicensesaredesignedtomakesurethatyou<br>
     46 havethefreedomtodistributecopiesoffreesoftware(andchargefor<br>
     47 thisserviceifyouwish),thatyoureceivesourcecodeorcangetit<br>
     48 ifyouwantit,thatyoucanchangethesoftwareorusepiecesofit<br>
     49 innewfreeprograms;andthatyouknowyoucandothesethings.<br>
     50 <br>
     51 Toprotectyourrights,weneedtomakerestrictionsthatforbid<br>
     52 anyonetodenyyoutheserightsortoaskyoutosurrendertherights.<br>
     53 Theserestrictionstranslatetocertainresponsibilitiesforyouifyou<br>
     54 distributecopiesofthesoftware,orifyoumodifyit.<br>
     55 <br>
     56 Forexample,ifyoudistributecopiesofsuchaprogram,whether<br>
     57 gratisorforafee,youmustgivetherecipientsalltherightsthat<br>
     58 youhave.Youmustmakesurethatthey,too,receiveorcangetthe<br>
     59 sourcecode.Andyoumustshowthemthesetermssotheyknowtheir<br>
     60 rights.<br>
     61 <br>
     62 Weprotectyourrightswithtwosteps:(1)copyrightthesoftware,and<br>
     63 (2)offeryouthislicensewhichgivesyoulegalpermissiontocopy,<br>
     64 distributeand/ormodifythesoftware.<br>
     65 <br>
     66 Also,foreachauthor'sprotectionandours,wewanttomakecertain<br>
     67 thateveryoneunderstandsthatthereisnowarrantyforthisfree<br>
     68 software.Ifthesoftwareismodifiedbysomeoneelseandpassedon,we<br>
     69 wantitsrecipientstoknowthatwhattheyhaveisnottheoriginal,so<br>
     70 thatanyproblemsintroducedbyotherswillnotreflectontheoriginal<br>
     71 authors'reputations.<br>
     72 <br>
     73 Finally,anyfreeprogramisthreatenedconstantlybysoftware<br>
     74 patents.Wewishtoavoidthedangerthatredistributorsofafree<br>
     75 programwillindividuallyobtainpatentlicenses,ineffectmakingthe<br>
     76 programproprietary.Topreventthis,wehavemadeitclearthatany<br>
     77 patentmustbelicensedforeveryone'sfreeuseornotlicensedatall.<br>
     78 <br>
     79 Theprecisetermsandconditionsforcopying,distributionand<br>
     80 modificationfollow.<br>
     81 <br>
     82 		GNUGENERALPUBLICLICENSE<br>
     83 TERMSANDCONDITIONSFORCOPYING,DISTRIBUTIONANDMODIFICATION<br>
     84 <br>
     85 0.ThisLicenseappliestoanyprogramorotherworkwhichcontains<br>
     86 anoticeplacedbythecopyrightholdersayingitmaybedistributed<br>
     87 underthetermsofthisGeneralPublicLicense.The"Program",below,<br>
     88 referstoanysuchprogramorwork,anda"workbasedontheProgram"<br>
     89 meanseithertheProgramoranyderivativeworkundercopyrightlaw:<br>
     90 thatistosay,aworkcontainingtheProgramoraportionofit,<br>
     91 eitherverbatimorwithmodificationsand/ortranslatedintoanother<br>
     92 language.(Hereinafter,translationisincludedwithoutlimitationin<br>
     93 theterm"modification".)Eachlicenseeisaddressedas"you".<br>
     94 <br>
     95 Activitiesotherthancopying,distributionandmodificationarenot<br>
     96 coveredbythisLicense;theyareoutsideitsscope.Theactof<br>
     97 runningtheProgramisnotrestricted,andtheoutputfromtheProgram<br>
     98 iscoveredonlyifitscontentsconstituteaworkbasedonthe<br>
     99 Program(independentofhavingbeenmadebyrunningtheProgram).<br>
    100 WhetherthatistruedependsonwhattheProgramdoes.<br>
    101 <br>
    102 1.YoumaycopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesoftheProgram's<br>
    103 sourcecodeasyoureceiveit,inanymedium,providedthatyou<br>
    104 conspicuouslyandappropriatelypublishoneachcopyanappropriate<br>
    105 copyrightnoticeanddisclaimerofwarranty;keepintactallthe<br>
    106 noticesthatrefertothisLicenseandtotheabsenceofanywarranty;<br>
    107 andgiveanyotherrecipientsoftheProgramacopyofthisLicense<br>
    108 alongwiththeProgram.<br>
    109 <br>
    110 Youmaychargeafeeforthephysicalactoftransferringacopy,and<br>
    111 youmayatyouroptionofferwarrantyprotectioninexchangeforafee.<br>
    112 <br>
    113 2.YoumaymodifyyourcopyorcopiesoftheProgramoranyportion<br>
    114 ofit,thusformingaworkbasedontheProgram,andcopyand<br>
    115 distributesuchmodificationsorworkunderthetermsofSection1<br>
    116 above,providedthatyoualsomeetalloftheseconditions:<br>
    117 <br>
    118 a)Youmustcausethemodifiedfilestocarryprominentnotices<br>
    119 statingthatyouchangedthefilesandthedateofanychange.<br>
    120 <br>
    121 b)Youmustcauseanyworkthatyoudistributeorpublish,thatin<br>
    122 wholeorinpartcontainsorisderivedfromtheProgramorany<br>
    123 partthereof,tobelicensedasawholeatnochargetoallthird<br>
    124 partiesunderthetermsofthisLicense.<br>
    125 <br>
    126 c)Ifthemodifiedprogramnormallyreadscommandsinteractively<br>
    127 whenrun,youmustcauseit,whenstartedrunningforsuch<br>
    128 interactiveuseinthemostordinaryway,toprintordisplayan<br>
    129 announcementincludinganappropriatecopyrightnoticeanda<br>
    130 noticethatthereisnowarranty(orelse,sayingthatyouprovide<br>
    131 awarranty)andthatusersmayredistributetheprogramunder<br>
    132 theseconditions,andtellingtheuserhowtoviewacopyofthis<br>
    133 License.(Exception:iftheProgramitselfisinteractivebut<br>
    134 doesnotnormallyprintsuchanannouncement,yourworkbasedon<br>
    135 theProgramisnotrequiredtoprintanannouncement.)<br>
    136 <br>
    137 Theserequirementsapplytothemodifiedworkasawhole.If<br>
    138 identifiablesectionsofthatworkarenotderivedfromtheProgram,<br>
    139 andcanbereasonablyconsideredindependentandseparateworksin<br>
    140 themselves,thenthisLicense,anditsterms,donotapplytothose<br>
    141 sectionswhenyoudistributethemasseparateworks.Butwhenyou<br>
    142 distributethesamesectionsaspartofawholewhichisaworkbased<br>
    143 ontheProgram,thedistributionofthewholemustbeonthetermsof<br>
    144 thisLicense,whosepermissionsforotherlicenseesextendtothe<br>
    145 entirewhole,andthustoeachandeverypartregardlessofwhowroteit.<br>
    146 <br>
    147 Thus,itisnottheintentofthissectiontoclaimrightsorcontest<br>
    148 yourrightstoworkwrittenentirelybyyou;rather,theintentisto<br>
    149 exercisetherighttocontrolthedistributionofderivativeor<br>
    150 collectiveworksbasedontheProgram.<br>
    151 <br>
    152 Inaddition,mereaggregationofanotherworknotbasedontheProgram<br>
    153 withtheProgram(orwithaworkbasedontheProgram)onavolumeof<br>
    154 astorageordistributionmediumdoesnotbringtheotherworkunder<br>
    155 thescopeofthisLicense.<br>
    156 <br>
    157 3.YoumaycopyanddistributetheProgram(oraworkbasedonit,<br>
    158 underSection2)inobjectcodeorexecutableformunderthetermsof<br>
    159 Sections1and2aboveprovidedthatyoualsodooneofthefollowing:<br>
    160 <br>
    161 a)Accompanyitwiththecompletecorrespondingmachine-readable<br>
    162 sourcecode,whichmustbedistributedunderthetermsofSections<br>
    163 1and2aboveonamediumcustomarilyusedforsoftwareinterchange;or,<br>
    164 <br>
    165 b)Accompanyitwithawrittenoffer,validforatleastthree<br>
    166 years,togiveanythirdparty,forachargenomorethanyour<br>
    167 costofphysicallyperformingsourcedistribution,acomplete<br>
    168 machine-readablecopyofthecorrespondingsourcecode,tobe<br>
    169 distributedunderthetermsofSections1and2aboveonamedium<br>
    170 customarilyusedforsoftwareinterchange;or,<br>
    171 <br>
    172 c)Accompanyitwiththeinformationyoureceivedastotheoffer<br>
    173 todistributecorrespondingsourcecode.(Thisalternativeis<br>
    174 allowedonlyfornoncommercialdistributionandonlyifyou<br>
    175 receivedtheprograminobjectcodeorexecutableformwithsuch<br>
    176 anoffer,inaccordwithSubsectionbabove.)<br>
    177 <br>
    178 Thesourcecodeforaworkmeansthepreferredformoftheworkfor<br>
    179 makingmodificationstoit.Foranexecutablework,completesource<br>
    180 codemeansallthesourcecodeforallmodulesitcontains,plusany<br>
    181 associatedinterfacedefinitionfiles,plusthescriptsusedto<br>
    182 controlcompilationandinstallationoftheexecutable.However,asa<br>
    183 specialexception,thesourcecodedistributedneednotinclude<br>
    184 anythingthatisnormallydistributed(ineithersourceorbinary<br>
    185 form)withthemajorcomponents(compiler,kernel,andsoon)ofthe<br>
    186 operatingsystemonwhichtheexecutableruns,unlessthatcomponent<br>
    187 itselfaccompaniestheexecutable.<br>
    188 <br>
    189 Ifdistributionofexecutableorobjectcodeismadebyoffering<br>
    190 accesstocopyfromadesignatedplace,thenofferingequivalent<br>
    191 accesstocopythesourcecodefromthesameplacecountsas<br>
    192 distributionofthesourcecode,eventhoughthirdpartiesarenot<br>
    193 compelledtocopythesourcealongwiththeobjectcode.<br>
    194 <br>
    195 4.Youmaynotcopy,modify,sublicense,ordistributetheProgram<br>
    196 exceptasexpresslyprovidedunderthisLicense.Anyattempt<br>
    197 otherwisetocopy,modify,sublicenseordistributetheProgramis<br>
    198 void,andwillautomaticallyterminateyourrightsunderthisLicense.<br>
    199 However,partieswhohavereceivedcopies,orrights,fromyouunder<br>
    200 thisLicensewillnothavetheirlicensesterminatedsolongassuch<br>
    201 partiesremaininfullcompliance.<br>
    202 <br>
    203 5.YouarenotrequiredtoacceptthisLicense,sinceyouhavenot<br>
    204 signedit.However,nothingelsegrantsyoupermissiontomodifyor<br>
    205 distributetheProgramoritsderivativeworks.Theseactionsare<br>
    206 prohibitedbylawifyoudonotacceptthisLicense.Therefore,by<br>
    207 modifyingordistributingtheProgram(oranyworkbasedonthe<br>
    208 Program),youindicateyouracceptanceofthisLicensetodoso,and<br>
    209 allitstermsandconditionsforcopying,distributingormodifying<br>
    210 theProgramorworksbasedonit.<br>
    211 <br>
    212 6.EachtimeyouredistributetheProgram(oranyworkbasedonthe<br>
    213 Program),therecipientautomaticallyreceivesalicensefromthe<br>
    214 originallicensortocopy,distributeormodifytheProgramsubjectto<br>
    215 thesetermsandconditions.Youmaynotimposeanyfurther<br>
    216 restrictionsontherecipients'exerciseoftherightsgrantedherein.<br>
    217 Youarenotresponsibleforenforcingcompliancebythirdpartiesto<br>
    218 thisLicense.<br>
    219 <br>
    220 7.If,asaconsequenceofacourtjudgmentorallegationofpatent<br>
    221 infringementorforanyotherreason(notlimitedtopatentissues),<br>
    222 conditionsareimposedonyou(whetherbycourtorder,agreementor<br>
    223 otherwise)thatcontradicttheconditionsofthisLicense,theydonot<br>
    224 excuseyoufromtheconditionsofthisLicense.Ifyoucannot<br>
    225 distributesoastosatisfysimultaneouslyyourobligationsunderthis<br>
    226 Licenseandanyotherpertinentobligations,thenasaconsequenceyou<br>
    227 maynotdistributetheProgramatall.Forexample,ifapatent<br>
    228 licensewouldnotpermitroyalty-freeredistributionoftheProgramby<br>
    229 allthosewhoreceivecopiesdirectlyorindirectlythroughyou,then<br>
    230 theonlywayyoucouldsatisfybothitandthisLicensewouldbeto<br>
    231 refrainentirelyfromdistributionoftheProgram.<br>
    232 <br>
    233 Ifanyportionofthissectionisheldinvalidorunenforceableunder<br>
    234 anyparticularcircumstance,thebalanceofthesectionisintendedto<br>
    235 applyandthesectionasawholeisintendedtoapplyinother<br>
    236 circumstances.<br>
    237 <br>
    238 Itisnotthepurposeofthissectiontoinduceyoutoinfringeany<br>
    239 patentsorotherpropertyrightclaimsortocontestvalidityofany<br>
    240 suchclaims;thissectionhasthesolepurposeofprotectingthe<br>
    241 integrityofthefreesoftwaredistributionsystem,whichis<br>
    242 implementedbypubliclicensepractices.Manypeoplehavemade<br>
    243 generouscontributionstothewiderangeofsoftwaredistributed<br>
    244 throughthatsysteminrelianceonconsistentapplicationofthat<br>
    245 system;itisuptotheauthor/donortodecideifheorsheiswilling<br>
    246 todistributesoftwarethroughanyothersystemandalicenseecannot<br>
    247 imposethatchoice.<br>
    248 <br>
    249 Thissectionisintendedtomakethoroughlyclearwhatisbelievedto<br>
    250 beaconsequenceoftherestofthisLicense.<br>
    251 <br>
    252 8.Ifthedistributionand/oruseoftheProgramisrestrictedin<br>
    253 certaincountrieseitherbypatentsorbycopyrightedinterfaces,the<br>
    254 originalcopyrightholderwhoplacestheProgramunderthisLicense<br>
    255 mayaddanexplicitgeographicaldistributionlimitationexcluding<br>
    256 thosecountries,sothatdistributionispermittedonlyinoramong<br>
    257 countriesnotthusexcluded.Insuchcase,thisLicenseincorporates<br>
    258 thelimitationasifwritteninthebodyofthisLicense.<br>
    259 <br>
    260 9.TheFreeSoftwareFoundationmaypublishrevisedand/ornewversions<br>
    261 oftheGeneralPublicLicensefromtimetotime.Suchnewversionswill<br>
    262 besimilarinspirittothepresentversion,butmaydifferindetailto<br>
    263 addressnewproblemsorconcerns.<br>
    264 <br>
    265 Eachversionisgivenadistinguishingversionnumber.IftheProgram<br>
    266 specifiesaversionnumberofthisLicensewhichappliestoitand"any<br>
    267 laterversion",youhavetheoptionoffollowingthetermsandconditions<br>
    268 eitherofthatversionorofanylaterversionpublishedbytheFree<br>
    269 SoftwareFoundation.IftheProgramdoesnotspecifyaversionnumberof<br>
    270 thisLicense,youmaychooseanyversioneverpublishedbytheFreeSoftware<br>
    271 Foundation.<br>
    272 <br>
    273 10.IfyouwishtoincorporatepartsoftheProgramintootherfree<br>
    274 programswhosedistributionconditionsaredifferent,writetotheauthor<br>
    275 toaskforpermission.ForsoftwarewhichiscopyrightedbytheFree<br>
    276 SoftwareFoundation,writetotheFreeSoftwareFoundation;wesometimes<br>
    277 makeexceptionsforthis.Ourdecisionwillbeguidedbythetwogoals<br>
    278 ofpreservingthefreestatusofallderivativesofourfreesoftwareand<br>
    279 ofpromotingthesharingandreuseofsoftwaregenerally.<br>
    280 <br>
    281 			NOWARRANTY<br>
    282 <br>
    283 11.BECAUSETHEPROGRAMISLICENSEDFREEOFCHARGE,THEREISNOWARRANTY<br>
    284 FORTHEPROGRAM,TOTHEEXTENTPERMITTEDBYAPPLICABLELAW.EXCEPTWHEN<br>
    285 OTHERWISESTATEDINWRITINGTHECOPYRIGHTHOLDERSAND/OROTHERPARTIES<br>
    286 PROVIDETHEPROGRAM"ASIS"WITHOUTWARRANTYOFANYKIND,EITHEREXPRESSED<br>
    287 ORIMPLIED,INCLUDING,BUTNOTLIMITEDTO,THEIMPLIEDWARRANTIESOF<br>
    288 MERCHANTABILITYANDFITNESSFORAPARTICULARPURPOSE.THEENTIRERISKAS<br>
    289 TOTHEQUALITYANDPERFORMANCEOFTHEPROGRAMISWITHYOU.SHOULDTHE<br>
    290 PROGRAMPROVEDEFECTIVE,YOUASSUMETHECOSTOFALLNECESSARYSERVICING,<br>
    291 REPAIRORCORRECTION.<br>
    292 <br>
    293 12.INNOEVENTUNLESSREQUIREDBYAPPLICABLELAWORAGREEDTOINWRITING<br>
    294 WILLANYCOPYRIGHTHOLDER,ORANYOTHERPARTYWHOMAYMODIFYAND/OR<br>
    295 REDISTRIBUTETHEPROGRAMASPERMITTEDABOVE,BELIABLETOYOUFORDAMAGES,<br>
    296 INCLUDINGANYGENERAL,SPECIAL,INCIDENTALORCONSEQUENTIALDAMAGESARISING<br>
    297 OUTOFTHEUSEORINABILITYTOUSETHEPROGRAM(INCLUDINGBUTNOTLIMITED<br>
    298 TOLOSSOFDATAORDATABEINGRENDEREDINACCURATEORLOSSESSUSTAINEDBY<br>
    299 YOUORTHIRDPARTIESORAFAILUREOFTHEPROGRAMTOOPERATEWITHANYOTHER<br>
    300 PROGRAMS),EVENIFSUCHHOLDEROROTHERPARTYHASBEENADVISEDOFTHE<br>
    301 POSSIBILITYOFSUCHDAMAGES.<br>
    302 <br>
    303 		ENDOFTERMSANDCONDITIONS<br>
    304 <br>
    305 	HowtoApplyTheseTermstoYourNewPrograms<br>
    306 <br>
    307 Ifyoudevelopanewprogram,andyouwantittobeofthegreatest<br>
    308 possibleusetothepublic,thebestwaytoachievethisistomakeit<br>
    309 freesoftwarewhicheveryonecanredistributeandchangeundertheseterms.<br>
    310 <br>
    311 Todoso,attachthefollowingnoticestotheprogram.Itissafest<br>
    312 toattachthemtothestartofeachsourcefiletomosteffectively<br>
    313 conveytheexclusionofwarranty;andeachfileshouldhaveatleast<br>
    314 the"copyright"lineandapointertowherethefullnoticeisfound.<br>
    315 <br>
    316 &lt;onelinetogivetheprogram'snameandabriefideaofwhatitdoes.&gt;<br>
    317 Copyright(C)&lt;year&gt;&lt;nameofauthor&gt;<br>
    318 <br>
    319 Thisprogramisfreesoftware;youcanredistributeitand/ormodify<br>
    320 itunderthetermsoftheGNUGeneralPublicLicenseaspublishedby<br>
    321 theFreeSoftwareFoundation;eitherversion2oftheLicense,or<br>
    322 (atyouroption)anylaterversion.<br>
    323 <br>
    324 Thisprogramisdistributedinthehopethatitwillbeuseful,<br>
    325 butWITHOUTANYWARRANTY;withouteventheimpliedwarrantyof<br>
    326 MERCHANTABILITYorFITNESSFORAPARTICULARPURPOSE.Seethe<br>
    327 GNUGeneralPublicLicenseformoredetails.<br>
    328 <br>
    329 YoushouldhavereceivedacopyoftheGNUGeneralPublicLicense<br>
    330 alongwiththisprogram;ifnot,writetotheFreeSoftware<br>
    331 Foundation,Inc.,59TemplePlace,Suite330,Boston,MA02111-1307USA<br>
    332 <br>
    333 <br>
    334 Alsoaddinformationonhowtocontactyoubyelectronicandpapermail.<br>
    335 <br>
    336 Iftheprogramisinteractive,makeitoutputashortnoticelikethis<br>
    337 whenitstartsinaninteractivemode:<br>
    338 <br>
    339 Gnomovisionversion69,Copyright(C)yearnameofauthor<br>
    340 GnomovisioncomeswithABSOLUTELYNOWARRANTY;fordetailstype`showw'.<br>
    341 Thisisfreesoftware,andyouarewelcometoredistributeit<br>
    342 undercertainconditions;type`showc'fordetails.<br>
    343 <br>
    344 Thehypotheticalcommands`showw'and`showc'shouldshowtheappropriate<br>
    345 partsoftheGeneralPublicLicense.Ofcourse,thecommandsyouusemay<br>
    346 becalledsomethingotherthan`showw'and`showc';theycouldevenbe<br>
    347 mouse-clicksormenuitems--whateversuitsyourprogram.<br>
    348 <br>
    349 Youshouldalsogetyouremployer(ifyouworkasaprogrammer)oryour<br>
    350 school,ifany,tosigna"copyrightdisclaimer"fortheprogram,if<br>
    351 necessary.Hereisasample;alterthenames:<br>
    352 <br>
    353 Yoyodyne,Inc.,herebydisclaimsallcopyrightinterestintheprogram<br>
    354 `Gnomovision'(whichmakespassesatcompilers)writtenbyJamesHacker.<br>
    355 <br>
    356 &lt;signatureofTyCoon&gt;,1April1989<br>
    357 TyCoon,PresidentofVice<br>
    358 <br>
    359 ThisGeneralPublicLicensedoesnotpermitincorporatingyourprograminto<br>
    360 proprietaryprograms.Ifyourprogramisasubroutinelibrary,youmay<br>
    361 consideritmoreusefultopermitlinkingproprietaryapplicationswiththe<br>
    362 library.Ifthisiswhatyouwanttodo,usetheGNULibraryGeneral<br>
    363 PublicLicenseinsteadofthisLicense.<br>
    364 <br>
    365 </p></div>
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