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      1 // Copyright 2005, Google Inc.
      2 // All rights reserved.
      3 //
      4 // Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
      5 // modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
      6 // met:
      7 //
      8 //     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
      9 // notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
     10 //     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
     11 // copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
     12 // in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
     13 // distribution.
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     15 // contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
     16 // this software without specific prior written permission.
     17 //
     18 // THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
     19 // "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
     20 // LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
     21 // A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
     22 // OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
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     24 // LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
     25 // DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
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     27 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
     28 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
     29 //
     30 // Author: wan (at) google.com (Zhanyong Wan), vladl (at) google.com (Vlad Losev)
     31 //
     32 // This file implements death tests.
     33 
     34 #include <gtest/gtest-death-test.h>
     35 #include <gtest/internal/gtest-port.h>
     36 
     37 #if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
     38 
     39 #if GTEST_OS_MAC
     40 #include <crt_externs.h>
     41 #endif  // GTEST_OS_MAC
     42 
     43 #include <errno.h>
     44 #include <fcntl.h>
     45 #include <limits.h>
     46 #include <stdarg.h>
     47 
     48 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
     49 #include <windows.h>
     50 #else
     51 #include <sys/mman.h>
     52 #include <sys/wait.h>
     53 #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
     54 
     55 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
     56 
     57 #include <gtest/gtest-message.h>
     58 #include <gtest/internal/gtest-string.h>
     59 
     60 // Indicates that this translation unit is part of Google Test's
     61 // implementation.  It must come before gtest-internal-inl.h is
     62 // included, or there will be a compiler error.  This trick is to
     63 // prevent a user from accidentally including gtest-internal-inl.h in
     64 // his code.
     65 #define GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_ 1
     66 #include "src/gtest-internal-inl.h"
     67 #undef GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_
     68 
     69 namespace testing {
     70 
     71 // Constants.
     72 
     73 // The default death test style.
     74 static const char kDefaultDeathTestStyle[] = "fast";
     75 
     76 GTEST_DEFINE_string_(
     77     death_test_style,
     78     internal::StringFromGTestEnv("death_test_style", kDefaultDeathTestStyle),
     79     "Indicates how to run a death test in a forked child process: "
     80     "\"threadsafe\" (child process re-executes the test binary "
     81     "from the beginning, running only the specific death test) or "
     82     "\"fast\" (child process runs the death test immediately "
     83     "after forking).");
     84 
     85 GTEST_DEFINE_bool_(
     86     death_test_use_fork,
     87     internal::BoolFromGTestEnv("death_test_use_fork", false),
     88     "Instructs to use fork()/_exit() instead of clone() in death tests. "
     89     "Ignored and always uses fork() on POSIX systems where clone() is not "
     90     "implemented. Useful when running under valgrind or similar tools if "
     91     "those do not support clone(). Valgrind 3.3.1 will just fail if "
     92     "it sees an unsupported combination of clone() flags. "
     93     "It is not recommended to use this flag w/o valgrind though it will "
     94     "work in 99% of the cases. Once valgrind is fixed, this flag will "
     95     "most likely be removed.");
     96 
     97 namespace internal {
     98 GTEST_DEFINE_string_(
     99     internal_run_death_test, "",
    100     "Indicates the file, line number, temporal index of "
    101     "the single death test to run, and a file descriptor to "
    102     "which a success code may be sent, all separated by "
    103     "colons.  This flag is specified if and only if the current "
    104     "process is a sub-process launched for running a thread-safe "
    105     "death test.  FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY.");
    106 }  // namespace internal
    107 
    108 #if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
    109 
    110 // ExitedWithCode constructor.
    111 ExitedWithCode::ExitedWithCode(int exit_code) : exit_code_(exit_code) {
    112 }
    113 
    114 // ExitedWithCode function-call operator.
    115 bool ExitedWithCode::operator()(int exit_status) const {
    116 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
    117   return exit_status == exit_code_;
    118 #else
    119   return WIFEXITED(exit_status) && WEXITSTATUS(exit_status) == exit_code_;
    120 #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
    121 }
    122 
    123 #if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
    124 // KilledBySignal constructor.
    125 KilledBySignal::KilledBySignal(int signum) : signum_(signum) {
    126 }
    127 
    128 // KilledBySignal function-call operator.
    129 bool KilledBySignal::operator()(int exit_status) const {
    130   return WIFSIGNALED(exit_status) && WTERMSIG(exit_status) == signum_;
    131 }
    132 #endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
    133 
    134 namespace internal {
    135 
    136 // Utilities needed for death tests.
    137 
    138 // Generates a textual description of a given exit code, in the format
    139 // specified by wait(2).
    140 static String ExitSummary(int exit_code) {
    141   Message m;
    142 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
    143   m << "Exited with exit status " << exit_code;
    144 #else
    145   if (WIFEXITED(exit_code)) {
    146     m << "Exited with exit status " << WEXITSTATUS(exit_code);
    147   } else if (WIFSIGNALED(exit_code)) {
    148     m << "Terminated by signal " << WTERMSIG(exit_code);
    149   }
    150 #ifdef WCOREDUMP
    151   if (WCOREDUMP(exit_code)) {
    152     m << " (core dumped)";
    153   }
    154 #endif
    155 #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
    156   return m.GetString();
    157 }
    158 
    159 // Returns true if exit_status describes a process that was terminated
    160 // by a signal, or exited normally with a nonzero exit code.
    161 bool ExitedUnsuccessfully(int exit_status) {
    162   return !ExitedWithCode(0)(exit_status);
    163 }
    164 
    165 #if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
    166 // Generates a textual failure message when a death test finds more than
    167 // one thread running, or cannot determine the number of threads, prior
    168 // to executing the given statement.  It is the responsibility of the
    169 // caller not to pass a thread_count of 1.
    170 static String DeathTestThreadWarning(size_t thread_count) {
    171   Message msg;
    172   msg << "Death tests use fork(), which is unsafe particularly"
    173       << " in a threaded context. For this test, " << GTEST_NAME_ << " ";
    174   if (thread_count == 0)
    175     msg << "couldn't detect the number of threads.";
    176   else
    177     msg << "detected " << thread_count << " threads.";
    178   return msg.GetString();
    179 }
    180 #endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
    181 
    182 // Flag characters for reporting a death test that did not die.
    183 static const char kDeathTestLived = 'L';
    184 static const char kDeathTestReturned = 'R';
    185 static const char kDeathTestInternalError = 'I';
    186 
    187 // An enumeration describing all of the possible ways that a death test
    188 // can conclude.  DIED means that the process died while executing the
    189 // test code; LIVED means that process lived beyond the end of the test
    190 // code; and RETURNED means that the test statement attempted a "return,"
    191 // which is not allowed.  IN_PROGRESS means the test has not yet
    192 // concluded.
    193 enum DeathTestOutcome { IN_PROGRESS, DIED, LIVED, RETURNED };
    194 
    195 // Routine for aborting the program which is safe to call from an
    196 // exec-style death test child process, in which case the error
    197 // message is propagated back to the parent process.  Otherwise, the
    198 // message is simply printed to stderr.  In either case, the program
    199 // then exits with status 1.
    200 void DeathTestAbort(const String& message) {
    201   // On a POSIX system, this function may be called from a threadsafe-style
    202   // death test child process, which operates on a very small stack.  Use
    203   // the heap for any additional non-minuscule memory requirements.
    204   const InternalRunDeathTestFlag* const flag =
    205       GetUnitTestImpl()->internal_run_death_test_flag();
    206   if (flag != NULL) {
    207     FILE* parent = posix::FDOpen(flag->write_fd(), "w");
    208     fputc(kDeathTestInternalError, parent);
    209     fprintf(parent, "%s", message.c_str());
    210     fflush(parent);
    211     _exit(1);
    212   } else {
    213     fprintf(stderr, "%s", message.c_str());
    214     fflush(stderr);
    215     abort();
    216   }
    217 }
    218 
    219 // A replacement for CHECK that calls DeathTestAbort if the assertion
    220 // fails.
    221 #define GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(expression) \
    222   do { \
    223     if (!::testing::internal::IsTrue(expression)) { \
    224       DeathTestAbort(::testing::internal::String::Format( \
    225           "CHECK failed: File %s, line %d: %s", \
    226           __FILE__, __LINE__, #expression)); \
    227     } \
    228   } while (::testing::internal::AlwaysFalse())
    229 
    230 // This macro is similar to GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_, but it is meant for
    231 // evaluating any system call that fulfills two conditions: it must return
    232 // -1 on failure, and set errno to EINTR when it is interrupted and
    233 // should be tried again.  The macro expands to a loop that repeatedly
    234 // evaluates the expression as long as it evaluates to -1 and sets
    235 // errno to EINTR.  If the expression evaluates to -1 but errno is
    236 // something other than EINTR, DeathTestAbort is called.
    237 #define GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(expression) \
    238   do { \
    239     int gtest_retval; \
    240     do { \
    241       gtest_retval = (expression); \
    242     } while (gtest_retval == -1 && errno == EINTR); \
    243     if (gtest_retval == -1) { \
    244       DeathTestAbort(::testing::internal::String::Format( \
    245           "CHECK failed: File %s, line %d: %s != -1", \
    246           __FILE__, __LINE__, #expression)); \
    247     } \
    248   } while (::testing::internal::AlwaysFalse())
    249 
    250 // Returns the message describing the last system error in errno.
    251 String GetLastErrnoDescription() {
    252     return String(errno == 0 ? "" : posix::StrError(errno));
    253 }
    254 
    255 // This is called from a death test parent process to read a failure
    256 // message from the death test child process and log it with the FATAL
    257 // severity. On Windows, the message is read from a pipe handle. On other
    258 // platforms, it is read from a file descriptor.
    259 static void FailFromInternalError(int fd) {
    260   Message error;
    261   char buffer[256];
    262   int num_read;
    263 
    264   do {
    265     while ((num_read = posix::Read(fd, buffer, 255)) > 0) {
    266       buffer[num_read] = '\0';
    267       error << buffer;
    268     }
    269   } while (num_read == -1 && errno == EINTR);
    270 
    271   if (num_read == 0) {
    272     GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << error.GetString();
    273   } else {
    274     const int last_error = errno;
    275     GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << "Error while reading death test internal: "
    276                       << GetLastErrnoDescription() << " [" << last_error << "]";
    277   }
    278 }
    279 
    280 // Death test constructor.  Increments the running death test count
    281 // for the current test.
    282 DeathTest::DeathTest() {
    283   TestInfo* const info = GetUnitTestImpl()->current_test_info();
    284   if (info == NULL) {
    285     DeathTestAbort("Cannot run a death test outside of a TEST or "
    286                    "TEST_F construct");
    287   }
    288 }
    289 
    290 // Creates and returns a death test by dispatching to the current
    291 // death test factory.
    292 bool DeathTest::Create(const char* statement, const RE* regex,
    293                        const char* file, int line, DeathTest** test) {
    294   return GetUnitTestImpl()->death_test_factory()->Create(
    295       statement, regex, file, line, test);
    296 }
    297 
    298 const char* DeathTest::LastMessage() {
    299   return last_death_test_message_.c_str();
    300 }
    301 
    302 void DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message(const String& message) {
    303   last_death_test_message_ = message;
    304 }
    305 
    306 String DeathTest::last_death_test_message_;
    307 
    308 // Provides cross platform implementation for some death functionality.
    309 class DeathTestImpl : public DeathTest {
    310  protected:
    311   DeathTestImpl(const char* statement, const RE* regex)
    312       : statement_(statement),
    313         regex_(regex),
    314         spawned_(false),
    315         status_(-1),
    316         outcome_(IN_PROGRESS),
    317         read_fd_(-1),
    318         write_fd_(-1) {}
    319 
    320   // read_fd_ is expected to be closed and cleared by a derived class.
    321   ~DeathTestImpl() { GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(read_fd_ == -1); }
    322 
    323   void Abort(AbortReason reason);
    324   virtual bool Passed(bool status_ok);
    325 
    326   const char* statement() const { return statement_; }
    327   const RE* regex() const { return regex_; }
    328   bool spawned() const { return spawned_; }
    329   void set_spawned(bool spawned) { spawned_ = spawned; }
    330   int status() const { return status_; }
    331   void set_status(int status) { status_ = status; }
    332   DeathTestOutcome outcome() const { return outcome_; }
    333   void set_outcome(DeathTestOutcome outcome) { outcome_ = outcome; }
    334   int read_fd() const { return read_fd_; }
    335   void set_read_fd(int fd) { read_fd_ = fd; }
    336   int write_fd() const { return write_fd_; }
    337   void set_write_fd(int fd) { write_fd_ = fd; }
    338 
    339   // Called in the parent process only. Reads the result code of the death
    340   // test child process via a pipe, interprets it to set the outcome_
    341   // member, and closes read_fd_.  Outputs diagnostics and terminates in
    342   // case of unexpected codes.
    343   void ReadAndInterpretStatusByte();
    344 
    345  private:
    346   // The textual content of the code this object is testing.  This class
    347   // doesn't own this string and should not attempt to delete it.
    348   const char* const statement_;
    349   // The regular expression which test output must match.  DeathTestImpl
    350   // doesn't own this object and should not attempt to delete it.
    351   const RE* const regex_;
    352   // True if the death test child process has been successfully spawned.
    353   bool spawned_;
    354   // The exit status of the child process.
    355   int status_;
    356   // How the death test concluded.
    357   DeathTestOutcome outcome_;
    358   // Descriptor to the read end of the pipe to the child process.  It is
    359   // always -1 in the child process.  The child keeps its write end of the
    360   // pipe in write_fd_.
    361   int read_fd_;
    362   // Descriptor to the child's write end of the pipe to the parent process.
    363   // It is always -1 in the parent process.  The parent keeps its end of the
    364   // pipe in read_fd_.
    365   int write_fd_;
    366 };
    367 
    368 // Called in the parent process only. Reads the result code of the death
    369 // test child process via a pipe, interprets it to set the outcome_
    370 // member, and closes read_fd_.  Outputs diagnostics and terminates in
    371 // case of unexpected codes.
    372 void DeathTestImpl::ReadAndInterpretStatusByte() {
    373   char flag;
    374   int bytes_read;
    375 
    376   // The read() here blocks until data is available (signifying the
    377   // failure of the death test) or until the pipe is closed (signifying
    378   // its success), so it's okay to call this in the parent before
    379   // the child process has exited.
    380   do {
    381     bytes_read = posix::Read(read_fd(), &flag, 1);
    382   } while (bytes_read == -1 && errno == EINTR);
    383 
    384   if (bytes_read == 0) {
    385     set_outcome(DIED);
    386   } else if (bytes_read == 1) {
    387     switch (flag) {
    388       case kDeathTestReturned:
    389         set_outcome(RETURNED);
    390         break;
    391       case kDeathTestLived:
    392         set_outcome(LIVED);
    393         break;
    394       case kDeathTestInternalError:
    395         FailFromInternalError(read_fd());  // Does not return.
    396         break;
    397       default:
    398         GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << "Death test child process reported "
    399                           << "unexpected status byte ("
    400                           << static_cast<unsigned int>(flag) << ")";
    401     }
    402   } else {
    403     GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << "Read from death test child process failed: "
    404                       << GetLastErrnoDescription();
    405   }
    406   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(posix::Close(read_fd()));
    407   set_read_fd(-1);
    408 }
    409 
    410 // Signals that the death test code which should have exited, didn't.
    411 // Should be called only in a death test child process.
    412 // Writes a status byte to the child's status file descriptor, then
    413 // calls _exit(1).
    414 void DeathTestImpl::Abort(AbortReason reason) {
    415   // The parent process considers the death test to be a failure if
    416   // it finds any data in our pipe.  So, here we write a single flag byte
    417   // to the pipe, then exit.
    418   const char status_ch =
    419       reason == TEST_DID_NOT_DIE ? kDeathTestLived : kDeathTestReturned;
    420   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(posix::Write(write_fd(), &status_ch, 1));
    421   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(posix::Close(write_fd()));
    422   _exit(1);  // Exits w/o any normal exit hooks (we were supposed to crash)
    423 }
    424 
    425 // Assesses the success or failure of a death test, using both private
    426 // members which have previously been set, and one argument:
    427 //
    428 // Private data members:
    429 //   outcome:  An enumeration describing how the death test
    430 //             concluded: DIED, LIVED, or RETURNED.  The death test fails
    431 //             in the latter two cases.
    432 //   status:   The exit status of the child process. On *nix, it is in the
    433 //             in the format specified by wait(2). On Windows, this is the
    434 //             value supplied to the ExitProcess() API or a numeric code
    435 //             of the exception that terminated the program.
    436 //   regex:    A regular expression object to be applied to
    437 //             the test's captured standard error output; the death test
    438 //             fails if it does not match.
    439 //
    440 // Argument:
    441 //   status_ok: true if exit_status is acceptable in the context of
    442 //              this particular death test, which fails if it is false
    443 //
    444 // Returns true iff all of the above conditions are met.  Otherwise, the
    445 // first failing condition, in the order given above, is the one that is
    446 // reported. Also sets the last death test message string.
    447 bool DeathTestImpl::Passed(bool status_ok) {
    448   if (!spawned())
    449     return false;
    450 
    451   const String error_message = GetCapturedStderr();
    452 
    453   bool success = false;
    454   Message buffer;
    455 
    456   buffer << "Death test: " << statement() << "\n";
    457   switch (outcome()) {
    458     case LIVED:
    459       buffer << "    Result: failed to die.\n"
    460              << " Error msg: " << error_message;
    461       break;
    462     case RETURNED:
    463       buffer << "    Result: illegal return in test statement.\n"
    464              << " Error msg: " << error_message;
    465       break;
    466     case DIED:
    467       if (status_ok) {
    468         const bool matched = RE::PartialMatch(error_message.c_str(), *regex());
    469         if (matched) {
    470           success = true;
    471         } else {
    472           buffer << "    Result: died but not with expected error.\n"
    473                  << "  Expected: " << regex()->pattern() << "\n"
    474                  << "Actual msg: " << error_message;
    475         }
    476       } else {
    477         buffer << "    Result: died but not with expected exit code:\n"
    478                << "            " << ExitSummary(status()) << "\n";
    479       }
    480       break;
    481     case IN_PROGRESS:
    482     default:
    483       GTEST_LOG_(FATAL)
    484           << "DeathTest::Passed somehow called before conclusion of test";
    485   }
    486 
    487   DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message(buffer.GetString());
    488   return success;
    489 }
    490 
    491 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
    492 // WindowsDeathTest implements death tests on Windows. Due to the
    493 // specifics of starting new processes on Windows, death tests there are
    494 // always threadsafe, and Google Test considers the
    495 // --gtest_death_test_style=fast setting to be equivalent to
    496 // --gtest_death_test_style=threadsafe there.
    497 //
    498 // A few implementation notes:  Like the Linux version, the Windows
    499 // implementation uses pipes for child-to-parent communication. But due to
    500 // the specifics of pipes on Windows, some extra steps are required:
    501 //
    502 // 1. The parent creates a communication pipe and stores handles to both
    503 //    ends of it.
    504 // 2. The parent starts the child and provides it with the information
    505 //    necessary to acquire the handle to the write end of the pipe.
    506 // 3. The child acquires the write end of the pipe and signals the parent
    507 //    using a Windows event.
    508 // 4. Now the parent can release the write end of the pipe on its side. If
    509 //    this is done before step 3, the object's reference count goes down to
    510 //    0 and it is destroyed, preventing the child from acquiring it. The
    511 //    parent now has to release it, or read operations on the read end of
    512 //    the pipe will not return when the child terminates.
    513 // 5. The parent reads child's output through the pipe (outcome code and
    514 //    any possible error messages) from the pipe, and its stderr and then
    515 //    determines whether to fail the test.
    516 //
    517 // Note: to distinguish Win32 API calls from the local method and function
    518 // calls, the former are explicitly resolved in the global namespace.
    519 //
    520 class WindowsDeathTest : public DeathTestImpl {
    521  public:
    522   WindowsDeathTest(const char* statement,
    523                    const RE* regex,
    524                    const char* file,
    525                    int line)
    526       : DeathTestImpl(statement, regex), file_(file), line_(line) {}
    527 
    528   // All of these virtual functions are inherited from DeathTest.
    529   virtual int Wait();
    530   virtual TestRole AssumeRole();
    531 
    532  private:
    533   // The name of the file in which the death test is located.
    534   const char* const file_;
    535   // The line number on which the death test is located.
    536   const int line_;
    537   // Handle to the write end of the pipe to the child process.
    538   AutoHandle write_handle_;
    539   // Child process handle.
    540   AutoHandle child_handle_;
    541   // Event the child process uses to signal the parent that it has
    542   // acquired the handle to the write end of the pipe. After seeing this
    543   // event the parent can release its own handles to make sure its
    544   // ReadFile() calls return when the child terminates.
    545   AutoHandle event_handle_;
    546 };
    547 
    548 // Waits for the child in a death test to exit, returning its exit
    549 // status, or 0 if no child process exists.  As a side effect, sets the
    550 // outcome data member.
    551 int WindowsDeathTest::Wait() {
    552   if (!spawned())
    553     return 0;
    554 
    555   // Wait until the child either signals that it has acquired the write end
    556   // of the pipe or it dies.
    557   const HANDLE wait_handles[2] = { child_handle_.Get(), event_handle_.Get() };
    558   switch (::WaitForMultipleObjects(2,
    559                                    wait_handles,
    560                                    FALSE,  // Waits for any of the handles.
    561                                    INFINITE)) {
    562     case WAIT_OBJECT_0:
    563     case WAIT_OBJECT_0 + 1:
    564       break;
    565     default:
    566       GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(false);  // Should not get here.
    567   }
    568 
    569   // The child has acquired the write end of the pipe or exited.
    570   // We release the handle on our side and continue.
    571   write_handle_.Reset();
    572   event_handle_.Reset();
    573 
    574   ReadAndInterpretStatusByte();
    575 
    576   // Waits for the child process to exit if it haven't already. This
    577   // returns immediately if the child has already exited, regardless of
    578   // whether previous calls to WaitForMultipleObjects synchronized on this
    579   // handle or not.
    580   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
    581       WAIT_OBJECT_0 == ::WaitForSingleObject(child_handle_.Get(),
    582                                              INFINITE));
    583   DWORD status;
    584   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(::GetExitCodeProcess(child_handle_.Get(), &status)
    585                           != FALSE);
    586   child_handle_.Reset();
    587   set_status(static_cast<int>(status));
    588   return this->status();
    589 }
    590 
    591 // The AssumeRole process for a Windows death test.  It creates a child
    592 // process with the same executable as the current process to run the
    593 // death test.  The child process is given the --gtest_filter and
    594 // --gtest_internal_run_death_test flags such that it knows to run the
    595 // current death test only.
    596 DeathTest::TestRole WindowsDeathTest::AssumeRole() {
    597   const UnitTestImpl* const impl = GetUnitTestImpl();
    598   const InternalRunDeathTestFlag* const flag =
    599       impl->internal_run_death_test_flag();
    600   const TestInfo* const info = impl->current_test_info();
    601   const int death_test_index = info->result()->death_test_count();
    602 
    603   if (flag != NULL) {
    604     // ParseInternalRunDeathTestFlag() has performed all the necessary
    605     // processing.
    606     set_write_fd(flag->write_fd());
    607     return EXECUTE_TEST;
    608   }
    609 
    610   // WindowsDeathTest uses an anonymous pipe to communicate results of
    611   // a death test.
    612   SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES handles_are_inheritable = {
    613     sizeof(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES), NULL, TRUE };
    614   HANDLE read_handle, write_handle;
    615   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
    616       ::CreatePipe(&read_handle, &write_handle, &handles_are_inheritable,
    617                    0)  // Default buffer size.
    618       != FALSE);
    619   set_read_fd(::_open_osfhandle(reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(read_handle),
    620                                 O_RDONLY));
    621   write_handle_.Reset(write_handle);
    622   event_handle_.Reset(::CreateEvent(
    623       &handles_are_inheritable,
    624       TRUE,    // The event will automatically reset to non-signaled state.
    625       FALSE,   // The initial state is non-signalled.
    626       NULL));  // The even is unnamed.
    627   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(event_handle_.Get() != NULL);
    628   const String filter_flag = String::Format("--%s%s=%s.%s",
    629                                             GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_, kFilterFlag,
    630                                             info->test_case_name(),
    631                                             info->name());
    632   const String internal_flag = String::Format(
    633     "--%s%s=%s|%d|%d|%u|%Iu|%Iu",
    634       GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_,
    635       kInternalRunDeathTestFlag,
    636       file_, line_,
    637       death_test_index,
    638       static_cast<unsigned int>(::GetCurrentProcessId()),
    639       // size_t has the same with as pointers on both 32-bit and 64-bit
    640       // Windows platforms.
    641       // See http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/tcxf1dw6.aspx.
    642       reinterpret_cast<size_t>(write_handle),
    643       reinterpret_cast<size_t>(event_handle_.Get()));
    644 
    645   char executable_path[_MAX_PATH + 1];  // NOLINT
    646   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
    647       _MAX_PATH + 1 != ::GetModuleFileNameA(NULL,
    648                                             executable_path,
    649                                             _MAX_PATH));
    650 
    651   String command_line = String::Format("%s %s \"%s\"",
    652                                        ::GetCommandLineA(),
    653                                        filter_flag.c_str(),
    654                                        internal_flag.c_str());
    655 
    656   DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message("");
    657 
    658   CaptureStderr();
    659   // Flush the log buffers since the log streams are shared with the child.
    660   FlushInfoLog();
    661 
    662   // The child process will share the standard handles with the parent.
    663   STARTUPINFOA startup_info;
    664   memset(&startup_info, 0, sizeof(STARTUPINFO));
    665   startup_info.dwFlags = STARTF_USESTDHANDLES;
    666   startup_info.hStdInput = ::GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE);
    667   startup_info.hStdOutput = ::GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
    668   startup_info.hStdError = ::GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
    669 
    670   PROCESS_INFORMATION process_info;
    671   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(::CreateProcessA(
    672       executable_path,
    673       const_cast<char*>(command_line.c_str()),
    674       NULL,   // Retuned process handle is not inheritable.
    675       NULL,   // Retuned thread handle is not inheritable.
    676       TRUE,   // Child inherits all inheritable handles (for write_handle_).
    677       0x0,    // Default creation flags.
    678       NULL,   // Inherit the parent's environment.
    679       UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir(),
    680       &startup_info,
    681       &process_info) != FALSE);
    682   child_handle_.Reset(process_info.hProcess);
    683   ::CloseHandle(process_info.hThread);
    684   set_spawned(true);
    685   return OVERSEE_TEST;
    686 }
    687 #else  // We are not on Windows.
    688 
    689 // ForkingDeathTest provides implementations for most of the abstract
    690 // methods of the DeathTest interface.  Only the AssumeRole method is
    691 // left undefined.
    692 class ForkingDeathTest : public DeathTestImpl {
    693  public:
    694   ForkingDeathTest(const char* statement, const RE* regex);
    695 
    696   // All of these virtual functions are inherited from DeathTest.
    697   virtual int Wait();
    698 
    699  protected:
    700   void set_child_pid(pid_t child_pid) { child_pid_ = child_pid; }
    701 
    702  private:
    703   // PID of child process during death test; 0 in the child process itself.
    704   pid_t child_pid_;
    705 };
    706 
    707 // Constructs a ForkingDeathTest.
    708 ForkingDeathTest::ForkingDeathTest(const char* statement, const RE* regex)
    709     : DeathTestImpl(statement, regex),
    710       child_pid_(-1) {}
    711 
    712 // Waits for the child in a death test to exit, returning its exit
    713 // status, or 0 if no child process exists.  As a side effect, sets the
    714 // outcome data member.
    715 int ForkingDeathTest::Wait() {
    716   if (!spawned())
    717     return 0;
    718 
    719   ReadAndInterpretStatusByte();
    720 
    721   int status;
    722   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(waitpid(child_pid_, &status, 0));
    723   set_status(status);
    724   return status;
    725 }
    726 
    727 // A concrete death test class that forks, then immediately runs the test
    728 // in the child process.
    729 class NoExecDeathTest : public ForkingDeathTest {
    730  public:
    731   NoExecDeathTest(const char* statement, const RE* regex) :
    732       ForkingDeathTest(statement, regex) { }
    733   virtual TestRole AssumeRole();
    734 };
    735 
    736 // The AssumeRole process for a fork-and-run death test.  It implements a
    737 // straightforward fork, with a simple pipe to transmit the status byte.
    738 DeathTest::TestRole NoExecDeathTest::AssumeRole() {
    739   const size_t thread_count = GetThreadCount();
    740   if (thread_count != 1) {
    741     GTEST_LOG_(WARNING) << DeathTestThreadWarning(thread_count);
    742   }
    743 
    744   int pipe_fd[2];
    745   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(pipe(pipe_fd) != -1);
    746 
    747   DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message("");
    748   CaptureStderr();
    749   // When we fork the process below, the log file buffers are copied, but the
    750   // file descriptors are shared.  We flush all log files here so that closing
    751   // the file descriptors in the child process doesn't throw off the
    752   // synchronization between descriptors and buffers in the parent process.
    753   // This is as close to the fork as possible to avoid a race condition in case
    754   // there are multiple threads running before the death test, and another
    755   // thread writes to the log file.
    756   FlushInfoLog();
    757 
    758   const pid_t child_pid = fork();
    759   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(child_pid != -1);
    760   set_child_pid(child_pid);
    761   if (child_pid == 0) {
    762     GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(close(pipe_fd[0]));
    763     set_write_fd(pipe_fd[1]);
    764     // Redirects all logging to stderr in the child process to prevent
    765     // concurrent writes to the log files.  We capture stderr in the parent
    766     // process and append the child process' output to a log.
    767     LogToStderr();
    768     // Event forwarding to the listeners of event listener API mush be shut
    769     // down in death test subprocesses.
    770     GetUnitTestImpl()->listeners()->SuppressEventForwarding();
    771     return EXECUTE_TEST;
    772   } else {
    773     GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(close(pipe_fd[1]));
    774     set_read_fd(pipe_fd[0]);
    775     set_spawned(true);
    776     return OVERSEE_TEST;
    777   }
    778 }
    779 
    780 // A concrete death test class that forks and re-executes the main
    781 // program from the beginning, with command-line flags set that cause
    782 // only this specific death test to be run.
    783 class ExecDeathTest : public ForkingDeathTest {
    784  public:
    785   ExecDeathTest(const char* statement, const RE* regex,
    786                 const char* file, int line) :
    787       ForkingDeathTest(statement, regex), file_(file), line_(line) { }
    788   virtual TestRole AssumeRole();
    789  private:
    790   // The name of the file in which the death test is located.
    791   const char* const file_;
    792   // The line number on which the death test is located.
    793   const int line_;
    794 };
    795 
    796 // Utility class for accumulating command-line arguments.
    797 class Arguments {
    798  public:
    799   Arguments() {
    800     args_.push_back(NULL);
    801   }
    802 
    803   ~Arguments() {
    804     for (std::vector<char*>::iterator i = args_.begin(); i != args_.end();
    805          ++i) {
    806       free(*i);
    807     }
    808   }
    809   void AddArgument(const char* argument) {
    810     args_.insert(args_.end() - 1, posix::StrDup(argument));
    811   }
    812 
    813   template <typename Str>
    814   void AddArguments(const ::std::vector<Str>& arguments) {
    815     for (typename ::std::vector<Str>::const_iterator i = arguments.begin();
    816          i != arguments.end();
    817          ++i) {
    818       args_.insert(args_.end() - 1, posix::StrDup(i->c_str()));
    819     }
    820   }
    821   char* const* Argv() {
    822     return &args_[0];
    823   }
    824  private:
    825   std::vector<char*> args_;
    826 };
    827 
    828 // A struct that encompasses the arguments to the child process of a
    829 // threadsafe-style death test process.
    830 struct ExecDeathTestArgs {
    831   char* const* argv;  // Command-line arguments for the child's call to exec
    832   int close_fd;       // File descriptor to close; the read end of a pipe
    833 };
    834 
    835 #if GTEST_OS_MAC
    836 inline char** GetEnviron() {
    837   // When Google Test is built as a framework on MacOS X, the environ variable
    838   // is unavailable. Apple's documentation (man environ) recommends using
    839   // _NSGetEnviron() instead.
    840   return *_NSGetEnviron();
    841 }
    842 #else
    843 // Some POSIX platforms expect you to declare environ. extern "C" makes
    844 // it reside in the global namespace.
    845 extern "C" char** environ;
    846 inline char** GetEnviron() { return environ; }
    847 #endif  // GTEST_OS_MAC
    848 
    849 // The main function for a threadsafe-style death test child process.
    850 // This function is called in a clone()-ed process and thus must avoid
    851 // any potentially unsafe operations like malloc or libc functions.
    852 static int ExecDeathTestChildMain(void* child_arg) {
    853   ExecDeathTestArgs* const args = static_cast<ExecDeathTestArgs*>(child_arg);
    854   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(close(args->close_fd));
    855 
    856   // We need to execute the test program in the same environment where
    857   // it was originally invoked.  Therefore we change to the original
    858   // working directory first.
    859   const char* const original_dir =
    860       UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir();
    861   // We can safely call chdir() as it's a direct system call.
    862   if (chdir(original_dir) != 0) {
    863     DeathTestAbort(String::Format("chdir(\"%s\") failed: %s",
    864                                   original_dir,
    865                                   GetLastErrnoDescription().c_str()));
    866     return EXIT_FAILURE;
    867   }
    868 
    869   // We can safely call execve() as it's a direct system call.  We
    870   // cannot use execvp() as it's a libc function and thus potentially
    871   // unsafe.  Since execve() doesn't search the PATH, the user must
    872   // invoke the test program via a valid path that contains at least
    873   // one path separator.
    874   execve(args->argv[0], args->argv, GetEnviron());
    875   DeathTestAbort(String::Format("execve(%s, ...) in %s failed: %s",
    876                                 args->argv[0],
    877                                 original_dir,
    878                                 GetLastErrnoDescription().c_str()));
    879   return EXIT_FAILURE;
    880 }
    881 
    882 // Two utility routines that together determine the direction the stack
    883 // grows.
    884 // This could be accomplished more elegantly by a single recursive
    885 // function, but we want to guard against the unlikely possibility of
    886 // a smart compiler optimizing the recursion away.
    887 bool StackLowerThanAddress(const void* ptr) {
    888   int dummy;
    889   return &dummy < ptr;
    890 }
    891 
    892 bool StackGrowsDown() {
    893   int dummy;
    894   return StackLowerThanAddress(&dummy);
    895 }
    896 
    897 // A threadsafe implementation of fork(2) for threadsafe-style death tests
    898 // that uses clone(2).  It dies with an error message if anything goes
    899 // wrong.
    900 static pid_t ExecDeathTestFork(char* const* argv, int close_fd) {
    901   ExecDeathTestArgs args = { argv, close_fd };
    902   pid_t child_pid = -1;
    903 
    904 #if GTEST_HAS_CLONE
    905   const bool use_fork = GTEST_FLAG(death_test_use_fork);
    906 
    907   if (!use_fork) {
    908     static const bool stack_grows_down = StackGrowsDown();
    909     const size_t stack_size = getpagesize();
    910     // MMAP_ANONYMOUS is not defined on Mac, so we use MAP_ANON instead.
    911     void* const stack = mmap(NULL, stack_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
    912                              MAP_ANON | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
    913     GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(stack != MAP_FAILED);
    914     void* const stack_top =
    915         static_cast<char*>(stack) + (stack_grows_down ? stack_size : 0);
    916 
    917     child_pid = clone(&ExecDeathTestChildMain, stack_top, SIGCHLD, &args);
    918 
    919     GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(munmap(stack, stack_size) != -1);
    920   }
    921 #else
    922   const bool use_fork = true;
    923 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_CLONE
    924 
    925   if (use_fork && (child_pid = fork()) == 0) {
    926       ExecDeathTestChildMain(&args);
    927       _exit(0);
    928   }
    929 
    930   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(child_pid != -1);
    931   return child_pid;
    932 }
    933 
    934 // The AssumeRole process for a fork-and-exec death test.  It re-executes the
    935 // main program from the beginning, setting the --gtest_filter
    936 // and --gtest_internal_run_death_test flags to cause only the current
    937 // death test to be re-run.
    938 DeathTest::TestRole ExecDeathTest::AssumeRole() {
    939   const UnitTestImpl* const impl = GetUnitTestImpl();
    940   const InternalRunDeathTestFlag* const flag =
    941       impl->internal_run_death_test_flag();
    942   const TestInfo* const info = impl->current_test_info();
    943   const int death_test_index = info->result()->death_test_count();
    944 
    945   if (flag != NULL) {
    946     set_write_fd(flag->write_fd());
    947     return EXECUTE_TEST;
    948   }
    949 
    950   int pipe_fd[2];
    951   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(pipe(pipe_fd) != -1);
    952   // Clear the close-on-exec flag on the write end of the pipe, lest
    953   // it be closed when the child process does an exec:
    954   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(fcntl(pipe_fd[1], F_SETFD, 0) != -1);
    955 
    956   const String filter_flag =
    957       String::Format("--%s%s=%s.%s",
    958                      GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_, kFilterFlag,
    959                      info->test_case_name(), info->name());
    960   const String internal_flag =
    961       String::Format("--%s%s=%s|%d|%d|%d",
    962                      GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_, kInternalRunDeathTestFlag,
    963                      file_, line_, death_test_index, pipe_fd[1]);
    964   Arguments args;
    965   args.AddArguments(GetArgvs());
    966   args.AddArgument(filter_flag.c_str());
    967   args.AddArgument(internal_flag.c_str());
    968 
    969   DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message("");
    970 
    971   CaptureStderr();
    972   // See the comment in NoExecDeathTest::AssumeRole for why the next line
    973   // is necessary.
    974   FlushInfoLog();
    975 
    976   const pid_t child_pid = ExecDeathTestFork(args.Argv(), pipe_fd[0]);
    977   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(close(pipe_fd[1]));
    978   set_child_pid(child_pid);
    979   set_read_fd(pipe_fd[0]);
    980   set_spawned(true);
    981   return OVERSEE_TEST;
    982 }
    983 
    984 #endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
    985 
    986 // Creates a concrete DeathTest-derived class that depends on the
    987 // --gtest_death_test_style flag, and sets the pointer pointed to
    988 // by the "test" argument to its address.  If the test should be
    989 // skipped, sets that pointer to NULL.  Returns true, unless the
    990 // flag is set to an invalid value.
    991 bool DefaultDeathTestFactory::Create(const char* statement, const RE* regex,
    992                                      const char* file, int line,
    993                                      DeathTest** test) {
    994   UnitTestImpl* const impl = GetUnitTestImpl();
    995   const InternalRunDeathTestFlag* const flag =
    996       impl->internal_run_death_test_flag();
    997   const int death_test_index = impl->current_test_info()
    998       ->increment_death_test_count();
    999 
   1000   if (flag != NULL) {
   1001     if (death_test_index > flag->index()) {
   1002       DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message(String::Format(
   1003           "Death test count (%d) somehow exceeded expected maximum (%d)",
   1004           death_test_index, flag->index()));
   1005       return false;
   1006     }
   1007 
   1008     if (!(flag->file() == file && flag->line() == line &&
   1009           flag->index() == death_test_index)) {
   1010       *test = NULL;
   1011       return true;
   1012     }
   1013   }
   1014 
   1015 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
   1016   if (GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "threadsafe" ||
   1017       GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "fast") {
   1018     *test = new WindowsDeathTest(statement, regex, file, line);
   1019   }
   1020 #else
   1021   if (GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "threadsafe") {
   1022     *test = new ExecDeathTest(statement, regex, file, line);
   1023   } else if (GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "fast") {
   1024     *test = new NoExecDeathTest(statement, regex);
   1025   }
   1026 #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
   1027   else {  // NOLINT - this is more readable than unbalanced brackets inside #if.
   1028     DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message(String::Format(
   1029         "Unknown death test style \"%s\" encountered",
   1030         GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style).c_str()));
   1031     return false;
   1032   }
   1033 
   1034   return true;
   1035 }
   1036 
   1037 // Splits a given string on a given delimiter, populating a given
   1038 // vector with the fields.  GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST implies that we have
   1039 // ::std::string, so we can use it here.
   1040 // TODO(vladl (at) google.com): Get rid of std::vector to be able to build on
   1041 // Visual C++ 7.1 with exceptions disabled.
   1042 static void SplitString(const ::std::string& str, char delimiter,
   1043                         ::std::vector< ::std::string>* dest) {
   1044   ::std::vector< ::std::string> parsed;
   1045   ::std::string::size_type pos = 0;
   1046   while (::testing::internal::AlwaysTrue()) {
   1047     const ::std::string::size_type colon = str.find(delimiter, pos);
   1048     if (colon == ::std::string::npos) {
   1049       parsed.push_back(str.substr(pos));
   1050       break;
   1051     } else {
   1052       parsed.push_back(str.substr(pos, colon - pos));
   1053       pos = colon + 1;
   1054     }
   1055   }
   1056   dest->swap(parsed);
   1057 }
   1058 
   1059 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
   1060 // Recreates the pipe and event handles from the provided parameters,
   1061 // signals the event, and returns a file descriptor wrapped around the pipe
   1062 // handle. This function is called in the child process only.
   1063 int GetStatusFileDescriptor(unsigned int parent_process_id,
   1064                             size_t write_handle_as_size_t,
   1065                             size_t event_handle_as_size_t) {
   1066   AutoHandle parent_process_handle(::OpenProcess(PROCESS_DUP_HANDLE,
   1067                                                    FALSE,  // Non-inheritable.
   1068                                                    parent_process_id));
   1069   if (parent_process_handle.Get() == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
   1070     DeathTestAbort(String::Format("Unable to open parent process %u",
   1071                                   parent_process_id));
   1072   }
   1073 
   1074   // TODO(vladl (at) google.com): Replace the following check with a
   1075   // compile-time assertion when available.
   1076   GTEST_CHECK_(sizeof(HANDLE) <= sizeof(size_t));
   1077 
   1078   const HANDLE write_handle =
   1079       reinterpret_cast<HANDLE>(write_handle_as_size_t);
   1080   HANDLE dup_write_handle;
   1081 
   1082   // The newly initialized handle is accessible only in in the parent
   1083   // process. To obtain one accessible within the child, we need to use
   1084   // DuplicateHandle.
   1085   if (!::DuplicateHandle(parent_process_handle.Get(), write_handle,
   1086                          ::GetCurrentProcess(), &dup_write_handle,
   1087                          0x0,    // Requested privileges ignored since
   1088                                  // DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS is used.
   1089                          FALSE,  // Request non-inheritable handler.
   1090                          DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS)) {
   1091     DeathTestAbort(String::Format(
   1092         "Unable to duplicate the pipe handle %Iu from the parent process %u",
   1093         write_handle_as_size_t, parent_process_id));
   1094   }
   1095 
   1096   const HANDLE event_handle = reinterpret_cast<HANDLE>(event_handle_as_size_t);
   1097   HANDLE dup_event_handle;
   1098 
   1099   if (!::DuplicateHandle(parent_process_handle.Get(), event_handle,
   1100                          ::GetCurrentProcess(), &dup_event_handle,
   1101                          0x0,
   1102                          FALSE,
   1103                          DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS)) {
   1104     DeathTestAbort(String::Format(
   1105         "Unable to duplicate the event handle %Iu from the parent process %u",
   1106         event_handle_as_size_t, parent_process_id));
   1107   }
   1108 
   1109   const int write_fd =
   1110       ::_open_osfhandle(reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(dup_write_handle), O_APPEND);
   1111   if (write_fd == -1) {
   1112     DeathTestAbort(String::Format(
   1113         "Unable to convert pipe handle %Iu to a file descriptor",
   1114         write_handle_as_size_t));
   1115   }
   1116 
   1117   // Signals the parent that the write end of the pipe has been acquired
   1118   // so the parent can release its own write end.
   1119   ::SetEvent(dup_event_handle);
   1120 
   1121   return write_fd;
   1122 }
   1123 #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
   1124 
   1125 // Returns a newly created InternalRunDeathTestFlag object with fields
   1126 // initialized from the GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test) flag if
   1127 // the flag is specified; otherwise returns NULL.
   1128 InternalRunDeathTestFlag* ParseInternalRunDeathTestFlag() {
   1129   if (GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test) == "") return NULL;
   1130 
   1131   // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST implies that we have ::std::string, so we
   1132   // can use it here.
   1133   int line = -1;
   1134   int index = -1;
   1135   ::std::vector< ::std::string> fields;
   1136   SplitString(GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test).c_str(), '|', &fields);
   1137   int write_fd = -1;
   1138 
   1139 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
   1140   unsigned int parent_process_id = 0;
   1141   size_t write_handle_as_size_t = 0;
   1142   size_t event_handle_as_size_t = 0;
   1143 
   1144   if (fields.size() != 6
   1145       || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[1], &line)
   1146       || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[2], &index)
   1147       || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[3], &parent_process_id)
   1148       || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[4], &write_handle_as_size_t)
   1149       || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[5], &event_handle_as_size_t)) {
   1150     DeathTestAbort(String::Format(
   1151         "Bad --gtest_internal_run_death_test flag: %s",
   1152         GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test).c_str()));
   1153   }
   1154   write_fd = GetStatusFileDescriptor(parent_process_id,
   1155                                      write_handle_as_size_t,
   1156                                      event_handle_as_size_t);
   1157 #else
   1158   if (fields.size() != 4
   1159       || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[1], &line)
   1160       || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[2], &index)
   1161       || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[3], &write_fd)) {
   1162     DeathTestAbort(String::Format(
   1163         "Bad --gtest_internal_run_death_test flag: %s",
   1164         GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test).c_str()));
   1165   }
   1166 #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
   1167   return new InternalRunDeathTestFlag(fields[0], line, index, write_fd);
   1168 }
   1169 
   1170 }  // namespace internal
   1171 
   1172 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
   1173 
   1174 }  // namespace testing
   1175