java/text/DateFormat.java

/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package java.text;

import java.io.InvalidObjectException;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Hashtable;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.TimeZone;
import libcore.icu.ICU;
import libcore.icu.LocaleData;

/**
 * An abstract class for date/time formatting subclasses which formats and
 * parses dates or time in a language-independent manner. The date/time
 * formatting subclass, such as {@link SimpleDateFormat}, allows for formatting
 * (i.e., date -> text), parsing (text -> date), and normalization. The date is
 * represented as a {@code Date} object or as the milliseconds since January 1,
 * 1970, 00:00:00 GMT.
 * <p>
 * DateFormat provides many class methods for obtaining default date/time
 * formatters based on the default or a given locale and a number of formatting
 * styles. The formatting styles include FULL, LONG, MEDIUM, and SHORT. More
 * details and examples for using these styles are provided in the method
 * descriptions.
 * <p>
 * {@code DateFormat} helps you to format and parse dates for any locale. Your
 * code can be completely independent of the locale conventions for months, days
 * of the week, or even the calendar format: lunar vs. solar.
 * <p>
 * To format a date for the current Locale, use one of the static factory
 * methods:
 * <blockquote>
 *
 * <pre>
 * myString = DateFormat.getDateInstance().format(myDate);
 * </pre>
 *
 * </blockquote>
 * <p>
 * If you are formatting multiple dates, it is more efficient to get the format
 * and use it multiple times so that the system doesn't have to fetch the
 * information about the local language and country conventions multiple times.
 * <blockquote>
 *
 * <pre>
 * DateFormat df = DateFormat.getDateInstance();
 * for (int i = 0; i &lt; a.length; ++i) {
 *     output.println(df.format(myDate[i]) + &quot;; &quot;);
 * }
 * </pre>
 *
 * </blockquote>
 * <p>
 * To format a number for a different locale, specify it in the call to
 * {@code getDateInstance}:
 * <blockquote>
 *
 * <pre>
 * DateFormat df = DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.LONG, Locale.FRANCE);
 * </pre>
 *
 * </blockquote>
 * <p>
 * {@code DateFormat} can also be used to parse strings:
 * <blockquote>
 *
 * <pre>
 * myDate = df.parse(myString);
 * </pre>
 *
 * </blockquote>
 * <p>
 * Use {@code getDateInstance} to get the normal date format for a country.
 * Other static factory methods are available: Use {@code getTimeInstance} to
 * get the time format for a country. Use {@code getDateTimeInstance} to get the
 * date and time format. You can pass in different options to these factory
 * methods to control the length of the result; from SHORT to MEDIUM to LONG to
 * FULL. The exact result depends on the locale, but generally:
 * <ul>
 * <li>SHORT is completely numeric, such as 12.13.52 or 3:30pm
 * <li>MEDIUM is longer, such as Jan 12, 1952
 * <li>LONG is longer, such as January 12, 1952 or 3:30:32pm
 * <li>FULL is pretty completely specified, such as Tuesday, April 12, 1952 AD
 * or 3:30:42pm PST.
 * </ul>
 * <p>
 * If needed, the time zone can be set on the format. For even greater control
 * over the formatting or parsing, try casting the {@code DateFormat} you get
 * from the factory methods to a {@code SimpleDateFormat}. This will work for
 * the majority of countries; just remember to put it in a try block in case you
 * encounter an unusual one.
 * <p>
 * There are versions of the parse and format methods which use
 * {@code ParsePosition} and {@code FieldPosition} to allow you to
 * <ul>
 * <li>progressively parse through pieces of a string;
 * <li>align any particular field.
 * </ul>
 * <h4>Synchronization</h4>
 * <p>
 * Date formats are not synchronized. It is recommended to create separate
 * format instances for each thread. If multiple threads access a format
 * concurrently, it must be synchronized externally.
 *
 * @see NumberFormat
 * @see SimpleDateFormat
 * @see Calendar
 * @see TimeZone
 */
public abstract class DateFormat extends Format {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 7218322306649953788L;

    /**
     * The calendar that this {@code DateFormat} uses to format a number
     * representing a date.
     */
    protected Calendar calendar;

    /**
     * The number format used to format a number.
     */
    protected NumberFormat numberFormat;

    /**
     * The format style constant defining the default format style. The default
     * is MEDIUM.
     */
    public static final int DEFAULT = 2;

    /**
     * The format style constant defining the full style.
     */
    public static final int FULL = 0;

    /**
     * The format style constant defining the long style.
     */
    public static final int LONG = 1;

    /**
     * The format style constant defining the medium style.
     */
    public static final int MEDIUM = 2;

    /**
     * The format style constant defining the short style.
     */
    public static final int SHORT = 3;

    /**
     * The {@code FieldPosition} selector for 'G' field alignment, corresponds
     * to the {@link Calendar#ERA} field.
     */
    public static final int ERA_FIELD = 0;

    /**
     * The {@code FieldPosition} selector for 'y' field alignment, corresponds
     * to the {@link Calendar#YEAR} field.
     */
    public static final int YEAR_FIELD = 1;

    /**
     * The {@code FieldPosition} selector for 'M' field alignment, corresponds
     * to the {@link Calendar#MONTH} field.
     */
    public static final int MONTH_FIELD = 2;

    /**
     * The {@code FieldPosition} selector for 'd' field alignment, corresponds
     * to the {@link Calendar#DATE} field.
     */
    public static final int DATE_FIELD = 3;

    /**
     * The {@code FieldPosition} selector for 'k' field alignment, corresponds
     * to the {@link Calendar#HOUR_OF_DAY} field. {@code HOUR_OF_DAY1_FIELD} is
     * used for the one-based 24-hour clock. For example, 23:59 + 01:00 results
     * in 24:59.
     */
    public static final int HOUR_OF_DAY1_FIELD = 4;

    /**
     * The {@code FieldPosition} selector for 'H' field alignment, corresponds
     * to the {@link Calendar#HOUR_OF_DAY} field. {@code HOUR_OF_DAY0_FIELD} is
     * used for the zero-based 24-hour clock. For example, 23:59 + 01:00 results
     * in 00:59.
     */
    public static final int HOUR_OF_DAY0_FIELD = 5;

    /**
     * FieldPosition selector for 'm' field alignment, corresponds to the
     * {@link Calendar#MINUTE} field.
     */
    public static final int MINUTE_FIELD = 6;

    /**
     * FieldPosition selector for 's' field alignment, corresponds to the
     * {@link Calendar#SECOND} field.
     */
    public static final int SECOND_FIELD = 7;

    /**
     * FieldPosition selector for 'S' field alignment, corresponds to the
     * {@link Calendar#MILLISECOND} field.
     */
    public static final int MILLISECOND_FIELD = 8;

    /**
     * FieldPosition selector for 'E' field alignment, corresponds to the
     * {@link Calendar#DAY_OF_WEEK} field.
     */
    public static final int DAY_OF_WEEK_FIELD = 9;

    /**
     * FieldPosition selector for 'D' field alignment, corresponds to the
     * {@link Calendar#DAY_OF_YEAR} field.
     */
    public static final int DAY_OF_YEAR_FIELD = 10;

    /**
     * FieldPosition selector for 'F' field alignment, corresponds to the
     * {@link Calendar#DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH} field.
     */
    public static final int DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH_FIELD = 11;

    /**
     * FieldPosition selector for 'w' field alignment, corresponds to the
     * {@link Calendar#WEEK_OF_YEAR} field.
     */
    public static final int WEEK_OF_YEAR_FIELD = 12;

    /**
     * FieldPosition selector for 'W' field alignment, corresponds to the
     * {@link Calendar#WEEK_OF_MONTH} field.
     */
    public static final int WEEK_OF_MONTH_FIELD = 13;

    /**
     * FieldPosition selector for 'a' field alignment, corresponds to the
     * {@link Calendar#AM_PM} field.
     */
    public static final int AM_PM_FIELD = 14;

    /**
     * FieldPosition selector for 'h' field alignment, corresponding to the
     * {@link Calendar#HOUR} field.
     */
    public static final int HOUR1_FIELD = 15;

    /**
     * The {@code FieldPosition} selector for 'K' field alignment, corresponding to the
     * {@link Calendar#HOUR} field.
     */
    public static final int HOUR0_FIELD = 16;

    /**
     * The {@code FieldPosition} selector for 'z' field alignment, corresponds
     * to the {@link Calendar#ZONE_OFFSET} and {@link Calendar#DST_OFFSET}
     * fields.
     */
    public static final int TIMEZONE_FIELD = 17;

    /**
     * Constructs a new instance of {@code DateFormat}.
     */
    protected DateFormat() {
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new instance of {@code DateFormat} with the same properties.
     */
    @Override
    public Object clone() {
        DateFormat clone = (DateFormat) super.clone();
        clone.calendar = (Calendar) calendar.clone();
        clone.numberFormat = (NumberFormat) numberFormat.clone();
        return clone;
    }

    /**
     * Compares this date format with the specified object and indicates if they
     * are equal.
     *
     * @param object
     *            the object to compare with this date format.
     * @return {@code true} if {@code object} is a {@code DateFormat} object and
     *         it has the same properties as this date format; {@code false}
     *         otherwise.
     * @see #hashCode
     */
    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object object) {
        if (this == object) {
            return true;
        }
        if (!(object instanceof DateFormat)) {
            return false;
        }
        DateFormat dateFormat = (DateFormat) object;
        return numberFormat.equals(dateFormat.numberFormat)
                && calendar.getTimeZone().equals(
                        dateFormat.calendar.getTimeZone())
                && calendar.getFirstDayOfWeek() == dateFormat.calendar
                        .getFirstDayOfWeek()
                && calendar.getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() == dateFormat.calendar
                        .getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()
                && calendar.isLenient() == dateFormat.calendar.isLenient();
    }

    /**
     * Formats the specified object as a string using the pattern of this date
     * format and appends the string to the specified string buffer.
     * <p>
     * If the {@code field} member of {@code field} contains a value specifying
     * a format field, then its {@code beginIndex} and {@code endIndex} members
     * will be updated with the position of the first occurrence of this field
     * in the formatted text.
     *
     * @param object
     *            the source object to format, must be a {@code Date} or a
     *            {@code Number}. If {@code object} is a number then a date is
     *            constructed using the {@code longValue()} of the number.
     * @param buffer
     *            the target string buffer to append the formatted date/time to.
     * @param field
     *            on input: an optional alignment field; on output: the offsets
     *            of the alignment field in the formatted text.
     * @return the string buffer.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     *            if {@code object} is neither a {@code Date} nor a
     *            {@code Number} instance.
     */
    @Override
    public final StringBuffer format(Object object, StringBuffer buffer,
            FieldPosition field) {
        if (object instanceof Date) {
            return format((Date) object, buffer, field);
        }
        if (object instanceof Number) {
            return format(new Date(((Number) object).longValue()), buffer,
                    field);
        }
        throw new IllegalArgumentException();
    }

    /**
     * Formats the specified date using the rules of this date format.
     *
     * @param date
     *            the date to format.
     * @return the formatted string.
     */
    public final String format(Date date) {
        return format(date, new StringBuffer(), new FieldPosition(0))
                .toString();
    }

    /**
     * Formats the specified date as a string using the pattern of this date
     * format and appends the string to the specified string buffer.
     * <p>
     * If the {@code field} member of {@code field} contains a value specifying
     * a format field, then its {@code beginIndex} and {@code endIndex} members
     * will be updated with the position of the first occurrence of this field
     * in the formatted text.
     *
     * @param date
     *            the date to format.
     * @param buffer
     *            the target string buffer to append the formatted date/time to.
     * @param field
     *            on input: an optional alignment field; on output: the offsets
     *            of the alignment field in the formatted text.
     * @return the string buffer.
     */
    public abstract StringBuffer format(Date date, StringBuffer buffer,
            FieldPosition field);

    /**
     * Returns an array of locales for which custom {@code DateFormat} instances
     * are available.
     * <p>Note that Android does not support user-supplied locale service providers.
     */
    public static Locale[] getAvailableLocales() {
        return ICU.getAvailableDateFormatLocales();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the calendar used by this {@code DateFormat}.
     *
     * @return the calendar used by this date format.
     */
    public Calendar getCalendar() {
        return calendar;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code DateFormat} instance for formatting and parsing dates in
     * the DEFAULT style for the default locale.
     *
     * @return the {@code DateFormat} instance for the default style and locale.
     */
    public static final DateFormat getDateInstance() {
        return getDateInstance(DEFAULT);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code DateFormat} instance for formatting and parsing dates in
     * the specified style for the user's default locale.
     * See "<a href="../util/Locale.html#default_locale">Be wary of the default locale</a>".
     * @param style
     *            one of SHORT, MEDIUM, LONG, FULL, or DEFAULT.
     * @return the {@code DateFormat} instance for {@code style} and the default
     *         locale.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     *             if {@code style} is not one of SHORT, MEDIUM, LONG, FULL, or
     *             DEFAULT.
     */
    public static final DateFormat getDateInstance(int style) {
        checkDateStyle(style);
        return getDateInstance(style, Locale.getDefault());
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code DateFormat} instance for formatting and parsing dates in
     * the specified style for the specified locale.
     *
     * @param style
     *            one of SHORT, MEDIUM, LONG, FULL, or DEFAULT.
     * @param locale
     *            the locale.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     *             if {@code style} is not one of SHORT, MEDIUM, LONG, FULL, or
     *             DEFAULT.
     * @return the {@code DateFormat} instance for {@code style} and
     *         {@code locale}.
     */
    public static final DateFormat getDateInstance(int style, Locale locale) {
        checkDateStyle(style);
        return new SimpleDateFormat(LocaleData.get(locale).getDateFormat(style), locale);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code DateFormat} instance for formatting and parsing dates
     * and time values in the DEFAULT style for the default locale.
     *
     * @return the {@code DateFormat} instance for the default style and locale.
     */
    public static final DateFormat getDateTimeInstance() {
        return getDateTimeInstance(DEFAULT, DEFAULT);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code DateFormat} instance for formatting and parsing of both
     * dates and time values in the manner appropriate for the user's default locale.
     * See "<a href="../util/Locale.html#default_locale">Be wary of the default locale</a>".
     * @param dateStyle
     *            one of SHORT, MEDIUM, LONG, FULL, or DEFAULT.
     * @param timeStyle
     *            one of SHORT, MEDIUM, LONG, FULL, or DEFAULT.
     * @return the {@code DateFormat} instance for {@code dateStyle},
     *         {@code timeStyle} and the default locale.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     *             if {@code dateStyle} or {@code timeStyle} is not one of
     *             SHORT, MEDIUM, LONG, FULL, or DEFAULT.
     */
    public static final DateFormat getDateTimeInstance(int dateStyle, int timeStyle) {
        checkTimeStyle(timeStyle);
        checkDateStyle(dateStyle);
        return getDateTimeInstance(dateStyle, timeStyle, Locale.getDefault());
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code DateFormat} instance for formatting and parsing dates
     * and time values in the specified styles for the specified locale.
     *
     * @param dateStyle
     *            one of SHORT, MEDIUM, LONG, FULL, or DEFAULT.
     * @param timeStyle
     *            one of SHORT, MEDIUM, LONG, FULL, or DEFAULT.
     * @param locale
     *            the locale.
     * @return the {@code DateFormat} instance for {@code dateStyle},
     *         {@code timeStyle} and {@code locale}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     *             if {@code dateStyle} or {@code timeStyle} is not one of
     *             SHORT, MEDIUM, LONG, FULL, or DEFAULT.
     */
    public static final DateFormat getDateTimeInstance(int dateStyle, int timeStyle, Locale locale) {
        checkTimeStyle(timeStyle);
        checkDateStyle(dateStyle);
        LocaleData localeData = LocaleData.get(locale);
        String pattern = localeData.getDateFormat(dateStyle) + " " + localeData.getTimeFormat(timeStyle);
        return new SimpleDateFormat(pattern, locale);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code DateFormat} instance for formatting and parsing dates
     * and times in the SHORT style for the default locale.
     *
     * @return the {@code DateFormat} instance for the SHORT style and default
     *         locale.
     */
    public static final DateFormat getInstance() {
        return getDateTimeInstance(SHORT, SHORT);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the {@code NumberFormat} used by this {@code DateFormat}.
     *
     * @return the {@code NumberFormat} used by this date format.
     */
    public NumberFormat getNumberFormat() {
        return numberFormat;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code DateFormat} instance for formatting and parsing time
     * values in the DEFAULT style for the default locale.
     *
     * @return the {@code DateFormat} instance for the default style and locale.
     */
    public static final DateFormat getTimeInstance() {
        return getTimeInstance(DEFAULT);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code DateFormat} instance for formatting and parsing time
     * values in the specified style for the user's default locale.
     * See "<a href="../util/Locale.html#default_locale">Be wary of the default locale</a>".
     * @param style
     *            one of SHORT, MEDIUM, LONG, FULL, or DEFAULT.
     * @return the {@code DateFormat} instance for {@code style} and the default
     *         locale.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     *             if {@code style} is not one of SHORT, MEDIUM, LONG, FULL, or
     *             DEFAULT.
     */
    public static final DateFormat getTimeInstance(int style) {
        checkTimeStyle(style);
        return getTimeInstance(style, Locale.getDefault());
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code DateFormat} instance for formatting and parsing time
     * values in the specified style for the specified locale.
     *
     * @param style
     *            one of SHORT, MEDIUM, LONG, FULL, or DEFAULT.
     * @param locale
     *            the locale.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     *             if {@code style} is not one of SHORT, MEDIUM, LONG, FULL, or
     *             DEFAULT.
     * @return the {@code DateFormat} instance for {@code style} and
     *         {@code locale}.
     */
    public static final DateFormat getTimeInstance(int style, Locale locale) {
        checkTimeStyle(style);
        return new SimpleDateFormat(LocaleData.get(locale).getTimeFormat(style), locale);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the time zone of this date format's calendar.
     *
     * @return the time zone of the calendar used by this date format.
     */
    public TimeZone getTimeZone() {
        return calendar.getTimeZone();
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return calendar.getFirstDayOfWeek()
                + calendar.getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()
                + calendar.getTimeZone().hashCode()
                + (calendar.isLenient() ? 1231 : 1237)
                + numberFormat.hashCode();
    }

    /**
     * Indicates whether the calendar used by this date format is lenient.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if the calendar is lenient; {@code false} otherwise.
     */
    public boolean isLenient() {
        return calendar.isLenient();
    }

    /**
     * Parses a date from the specified string using the rules of this date
     * format.
     *
     * @param string
     *            the string to parse.
     * @return the {@code Date} resulting from the parsing.
     * @throws ParseException
     *         if an error occurs during parsing.
     */
    public Date parse(String string) throws ParseException {
        ParsePosition position = new ParsePosition(0);
        Date date = parse(string, position);
        if (position.getIndex() == 0) {
            throw new ParseException("Unparseable date: \"" + string + "\"",
                    position.getErrorIndex());
        }
        return date;
    }

    /**
     * Parses a date from the specified string starting at the index specified
     * by {@code position}. If the string is successfully parsed then the index
     * of the {@code ParsePosition} is updated to the index following the parsed
     * text. On error, the index is unchanged and the error index of {@code
     * ParsePosition} is set to the index where the error occurred.
     * <p>
     * By default, parsing is lenient: If the input is not in the form used by
     * this object's format method but can still be parsed as a date, then the
     * parse succeeds. Clients may insist on strict adherence to the format by
     * calling {@code setLenient(false)}.
     *
     * @param string
     *            the string to parse.
     * @param position
     *            input/output parameter, specifies the start index in {@code
     *            string} from where to start parsing. If parsing is successful,
     *            it is updated with the index following the parsed text; on
     *            error, the index is unchanged and the error index is set to
     *            the index where the error occurred.
     * @return the date resulting from the parse, or {@code null} if there is an
     *         error.
     */
    public abstract Date parse(String string, ParsePosition position);

    /**
     * Parses a date from the specified string starting at the index specified
     * by {@code position}. If the string is successfully parsed then the index
     * of the {@code ParsePosition} is updated to the index following the parsed
     * text. On error, the index is unchanged and the error index of
     * {@code ParsePosition} is set to the index where the error occurred.
     * <p>
     * By default, parsing is lenient: If the input is not in the form used by
     * this object's format method but can still be parsed as a date, then the
     * parse succeeds. Clients may insist on strict adherence to the format by
     * calling {@code setLenient(false)}.
     *
     * @param string
     *            the string to parse.
     * @param position
     *            input/output parameter, specifies the start index in
     *            {@code string} from where to start parsing. If parsing is
     *            successful, it is updated with the index following the parsed
     *            text; on error, the index is unchanged and the error index
     *            is set to the index where the error occurred.
     * @return the date resulting from the parsing, or {@code null} if there is
     *         an error.
     */
    @Override
    public Object parseObject(String string, ParsePosition position) {
        return parse(string, position);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the calendar used by this date format.
     *
     * @param cal
     *            the new calendar.
     */
    public void setCalendar(Calendar cal) {
        calendar = cal;
    }

    /**
     * Specifies whether or not date/time parsing shall be lenient. With lenient
     * parsing, the parser may use heuristics to interpret inputs that do not
     * precisely match this object's format. With strict parsing, inputs must
     * match this object's format.
     *
     * @param value
     *            {@code true} to set the calendar to be lenient, {@code false}
     *            otherwise.
     */
    public void setLenient(boolean value) {
        calendar.setLenient(value);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the {@code NumberFormat} used by this date format.
     *
     * @param format
     *            the new number format.
     */
    public void setNumberFormat(NumberFormat format) {
        numberFormat = format;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the time zone of the calendar used by this date format.
     *
     * @param timezone
     *            the new time zone.
     */
    public void setTimeZone(TimeZone timezone) {
        calendar.setTimeZone(timezone);
    }

    /**
     * The instances of this inner class are used as attribute keys and values
     * in {@code AttributedCharacterIterator} that the
     * {@link SimpleDateFormat#formatToCharacterIterator(Object)} method returns.
     * <p>
     * There is no public constructor in this class, the only instances are the
     * constants defined here.
     */
    public static class Field extends Format.Field {

        private static final long serialVersionUID = 7441350119349544720L;

        private static Hashtable<Integer, Field> table = new Hashtable<Integer, Field>();

        /**
         * Marks the era part of a date.
         */
        public static final Field ERA = new Field("era", Calendar.ERA);

        /**
         * Marks the year part of a date.
         */
        public static final Field YEAR = new Field("year", Calendar.YEAR);

        /**
         * Marks the month part of a date.
         */
        public static final Field MONTH = new Field("month", Calendar.MONTH);

        /**
         * Marks the hour of the day part of a date (0-11).
         */
        public static final Field HOUR_OF_DAY0 = new Field("hour of day", Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY);

        /**
         * Marks the hour of the day part of a date (1-12).
         */
        public static final Field HOUR_OF_DAY1 = new Field("hour of day 1", -1);

        /**
         * Marks the minute part of a time.
         */
        public static final Field MINUTE = new Field("minute", Calendar.MINUTE);

        /**
         * Marks the second part of a time.
         */
        public static final Field SECOND = new Field("second", Calendar.SECOND);

        /**
         * Marks the millisecond part of a time.
         */
        public static final Field MILLISECOND = new Field("millisecond", Calendar.MILLISECOND);

        /**
         * Marks the day of the week part of a date.
         */
        public static final Field DAY_OF_WEEK = new Field("day of week", Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK);

        /**
         * Marks the day of the month part of a date.
         */
        public static final Field DAY_OF_MONTH = new Field("day of month", Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH);

        /**
         * Marks the day of the year part of a date.
         */
        public static final Field DAY_OF_YEAR = new Field("day of year", Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR);

        /**
         * Marks the day of the week in the month part of a date.
         */
        public static final Field DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH = new Field("day of week in month",
                Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH);

        /**
         * Marks the week of the year part of a date.
         */
        public static final Field WEEK_OF_YEAR = new Field("week of year",
                Calendar.WEEK_OF_YEAR);

        /**
         * Marks the week of the month part of a date.
         */
        public static final Field WEEK_OF_MONTH = new Field("week of month",
                Calendar.WEEK_OF_MONTH);

        /**
         * Marks the time indicator part of a date.
         */
        public static final Field AM_PM = new Field("am pm", Calendar.AM_PM);

        /**
         * Marks the hour part of a date (0-11).
         */
        public static final Field HOUR0 = new Field("hour", Calendar.HOUR);

        /**
         * Marks the hour part of a date (1-12).
         */
        public static final Field HOUR1 = new Field("hour 1", -1);

        /**
         * Marks the time zone part of a date.
         */
        public static final Field TIME_ZONE = new Field("time zone", -1);

        /**
         * The calendar field that this field represents.
         */
        private int calendarField = -1;

        /**
         * Constructs a new instance of {@code DateFormat.Field} with the given
         * fieldName and calendar field.
         *
         * @param fieldName
         *            the field name.
         * @param calendarField
         *            the calendar field type of the field.
         */
        protected Field(String fieldName, int calendarField) {
            super(fieldName);
            this.calendarField = calendarField;
            if (calendarField != -1 && table.get(Integer.valueOf(calendarField)) == null) {
                table.put(Integer.valueOf(calendarField), this);
            }
        }

        /**
         * Returns the Calendar field that this field represents.
         *
         * @return the calendar field.
         */
        public int getCalendarField() {
            return calendarField;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the {@code DateFormat.Field} instance for the given calendar
         * field.
         *
         * @param calendarField
         *            a calendar field constant.
         * @return the {@code DateFormat.Field} corresponding to
         *         {@code calendarField}.
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException
         *             if {@code calendarField} is negative or greater than the
         *             field count of {@code Calendar}.
         */
        public static Field ofCalendarField(int calendarField) {
            if (calendarField < 0 || calendarField >= Calendar.FIELD_COUNT) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
            }

            return table.get(Integer.valueOf(calendarField));
        }
    }

    private static void checkDateStyle(int style) {
        if (!(style == SHORT || style == MEDIUM || style == LONG
                || style == FULL || style == DEFAULT)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal date style " + style);
        }
    }

    private static void checkTimeStyle(int style) {
        if (!(style == SHORT || style == MEDIUM || style == LONG
                || style == FULL || style == DEFAULT)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal time style " + style);
        }
    }
}