1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" 2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> 3 <!-- Material used from: HTML 4.01 specs: http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/ --> 4 <html> 5 <head> 6 <META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> 7 <title>Comparing clang to other open source compilers</title> 8 <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="menu.css"> 9 <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="content.css"> 10 </head> 11 <body> 12 <!--#include virtual="menu.html.incl"--> 13 <div id="content"> 14 <h1>Clang vs Other Open Source Compilers</h1> 15 16 <p>Building an entirely new compiler front-end is a big task, and it isn't 17 always clear to people why we decided to do this. Here we compare clang 18 and its goals to other open source compiler front-ends that are 19 available. We restrict the discussion to very specific objective points 20 to avoid controversy where possible. Also, software is infinitely 21 mutable, so we don't talk about little details that can be fixed with 22 a reasonable amount of effort: we'll talk about issues that are 23 difficult to fix for architectural or political reasons.</p> 24 25 <p>The goal of this list is to describe how differences in goals lead to 26 different strengths and weaknesses, not to make some compiler look bad. 27 This will hopefully help you to evaluate whether using clang is a good 28 idea for your personal goals. Because we don't know specifically what 29 <em>you</em> want to do, we describe the features of these compilers in 30 terms of <em>our</em> goals: if you are only interested in static 31 analysis, you may not care that something lacks codegen support, for 32 example.</p> 33 34 <p>Please email cfe-dev if you think we should add another compiler to this 35 list or if you think some characterization is unfair here.</p> 36 37 <ul> 38 <li><a href="#gcc">Clang vs GCC</a> (GNU Compiler Collection)</li> 39 <li><a href="#elsa">Clang vs Elsa</a> (Elkhound-based C++ Parser)</li> 40 <li><a href="#pcc">Clang vs PCC</a> (Portable C Compiler)</li> 41 </ul> 42 43 44 <!--=====================================================================--> 45 <h2><a name="gcc">Clang vs GCC (GNU Compiler Collection)</a></h2> 46 <!--=====================================================================--> 47 48 <p>Pro's of GCC vs clang:</p> 49 50 <ul> 51 <li>GCC supports languages that clang does not aim to, such as Java, Ada, 52 FORTRAN, etc.</li> 53 <li>GCC supports more targets than LLVM.</li> 54 <li>GCC is popular and widely adopted.</li> 55 </ul> 56 57 <p>Pro's of clang vs GCC:</p> 58 59 <ul> 60 <li>The Clang ASTs and design are intended to be <a 61 href="features.html#simplecode">easily understandable</a> by 62 anyone who is familiar with the languages involved and who has a basic 63 understanding of how a compiler works. GCC has a very old codebase 64 which presents a steep learning curve to new developers.</li> 65 <li>Clang is designed as an API from its inception, allowing it to be reused 66 by source analysis tools, refactoring, IDEs (etc) as well as for code 67 generation. GCC is built as a monolithic static compiler, which makes 68 it extremely difficult to use as an API and integrate into other tools. 69 Further, its historic design and <a 70 href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2007-11/msg00460.html">current</a> 71 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2004-12/msg00888.html">policy</a> 72 makes it difficult to decouple the front-end from the rest of the 73 compiler. </li> 74 <li>Various GCC design decisions make it very difficult to reuse: its build 75 system is difficult to modify, you can't link multiple targets into one 76 binary, you can't link multiple front-ends into one binary, it uses a 77 custom garbage collector, uses global variables extensively, is not 78 reentrant or multi-threadable, etc. Clang has none of these problems. 79 </li> 80 <li>For every token, clang tracks information about where it was written and 81 where it was ultimately expanded into if it was involved in a macro. 82 GCC does not track information about macro instantiations when parsing 83 source code. This makes it very difficult for source rewriting tools 84 (e.g. for refactoring) to work in the presence of (even simple) 85 macros.</li> 86 <li>Clang does not implicitly simplify code as it parses it like GCC does. 87 Doing so causes many problems for source analysis tools: as one simple 88 example, if you write "x-x" in your source code, the GCC AST will 89 contain "0", with no mention of 'x'. This is extremely bad for a 90 refactoring tool that wants to rename 'x'.</li> 91 <li>Clang can serialize its AST out to disk and read it back into another 92 program, which is useful for whole program analysis. GCC does not have 93 this. GCC's PCH mechanism (which is just a dump of the compiler 94 memory image) is related, but is architecturally only 95 able to read the dump back into the exact same executable as the one 96 that produced it (it is not a structured format).</li> 97 <li>Clang is <a href="features.html#performance">much faster and uses far 98 less memory</a> than GCC.</li> 99 <li>Clang aims to provide extremely clear and concise diagnostics (error and 100 warning messages), and includes support for <a 101 href="diagnostics.html">expressive diagnostics</a>. GCC's warnings are 102 sometimes acceptable, but are often confusing and it does not support 103 expressive diagnostics. Clang also preserves typedefs in diagnostics 104 consistently, showing macro expansions and many other features.</li> 105 <li>GCC is licensed under the GPL license. <a href="features.html#license"> 106 clang uses a BSD license,</a> which allows it to be embedded in 107 software that is not GPL-licensed.</li> 108 <li>Clang inherits a number of features from its use of LLVM as a backend, 109 including support for a bytecode representation for intermediate code, 110 pluggable optimizers, link-time optimization support, Just-In-Time 111 compilation, ability to link in multiple code generators, etc.</li> 112 <li><a href="compatibility.html#c++">Clang's support for C++</a> is more 113 compliant than GCC's in many ways (e.g. conformant two phase name 114 lookup).</li> 115 </ul> 116 117 <!--=====================================================================--> 118 <h2><a name="elsa">Clang vs Elsa (Elkhound-based C++ Parser)</a></h2> 119 <!--=====================================================================--> 120 121 <p>Pro's of Elsa vs clang:</p> 122 123 <ul> 124 <li>Elsa's parser and AST is designed to be easily extensible by adding 125 grammar rules. Clang has a very simple and easily hackable parser, 126 but requires you to write C++ code to do it.</li> 127 </ul> 128 129 <p>Pro's of clang vs Elsa:</p> 130 131 <ul> 132 <li>Clang's C and C++ support is far more mature and practically useful than 133 Elsa's, and includes many C++'11 features.</li> 134 <li>The Elsa community is extremely small and major development work seems 135 to have ceased in 2005. Work continued to be used by other small 136 projects (e.g. Oink), but Oink is apparently dead now too. Clang has a 137 vibrant community including developers that 138 are paid to work on it full time. In practice this means that you can 139 file bugs against Clang and they will often be fixed for you. If you 140 use Elsa, you are (mostly) on your own for bug fixes and feature 141 enhancements.</li> 142 <li>Elsa is not built as a stack of reusable libraries like clang is. It is 143 very difficult to use part of Elsa without the whole front-end. For 144 example, you cannot use Elsa to parse C/ObjC code without building an 145 AST. You can do this in Clang and it is much faster than building an 146 AST.</li> 147 <li>Elsa does not have an integrated preprocessor, which makes it extremely 148 difficult to accurately map from a source location in the AST back to 149 its original position before preprocessing. Like GCC, it does not keep 150 track of macro expansions.</li> 151 <li>Elsa is even slower and uses more memory than GCC, which itself requires 152 far more space and time than clang.</li> 153 <li>Elsa only does partial semantic analysis. It is intended to work on 154 code that is already validated by GCC, so it does not do many semantic 155 checks required by the languages it implements.</li> 156 <li>Elsa does not support Objective-C.</li> 157 <li>Elsa does not support native code generation.</li> 158 </ul> 159 160 161 <!--=====================================================================--> 162 <h2><a name="pcc">Clang vs PCC (Portable C Compiler)</a></h2> 163 <!--=====================================================================--> 164 165 <p>Pro's of PCC vs clang:</p> 166 167 <ul> 168 <li>The PCC source base is very small and builds quickly with just a C 169 compiler.</li> 170 </ul> 171 172 <p>Pro's of clang vs PCC:</p> 173 174 <ul> 175 <li>PCC dates from the 1970's and has been dormant for most of that time. 176 The clang + llvm communities are very active.</li> 177 <li>PCC doesn't support Objective-C or C++ and doesn't aim to support 178 C++.</li> 179 <li>PCC's code generation is very limited compared to LLVM. It produces very 180 inefficient code and does not support many important targets.</li> 181 <li>Like Elsa, PCC's does not have an integrated preprocessor, making it 182 extremely difficult to use it for source analysis tools.</li> 183 </ul> 184 </div> 185 </body> 186 </html> 187
