xref: /external/clang/lib/Sema/SemaExpr.cpp

//===--- SemaExpr.cpp - Semantic Analysis for Expressions -----------------===//
//
//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
//
// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
//  This file implements semantic analysis for expressions.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "clang/Sema/SemaInternal.h"
#include "TreeTransform.h"
#include "clang/AST/ASTConsumer.h"
#include "clang/AST/ASTContext.h"
#include "clang/AST/ASTMutationListener.h"
#include "clang/AST/CXXInheritance.h"
#include "clang/AST/DeclObjC.h"
#include "clang/AST/DeclTemplate.h"
#include "clang/AST/EvaluatedExprVisitor.h"
#include "clang/AST/Expr.h"
#include "clang/AST/ExprCXX.h"
#include "clang/AST/ExprObjC.h"
#include "clang/AST/RecursiveASTVisitor.h"
#include "clang/AST/TypeLoc.h"
#include "clang/Basic/PartialDiagnostic.h"
#include "clang/Basic/SourceManager.h"
#include "clang/Basic/TargetInfo.h"
#include "clang/Lex/LiteralSupport.h"
#include "clang/Lex/Preprocessor.h"
#include "clang/Sema/AnalysisBasedWarnings.h"
#include "clang/Sema/DeclSpec.h"
#include "clang/Sema/DelayedDiagnostic.h"
#include "clang/Sema/Designator.h"
#include "clang/Sema/Initialization.h"
#include "clang/Sema/Lookup.h"
#include "clang/Sema/ParsedTemplate.h"
#include "clang/Sema/Scope.h"
#include "clang/Sema/ScopeInfo.h"
#include "clang/Sema/SemaFixItUtils.h"
#include "clang/Sema/Template.h"
using namespace clang;
using namespace sema;

/// \brief Determine whether the use of this declaration is valid, without
/// emitting diagnostics.
bool Sema::CanUseDecl(NamedDecl *D) {
  // See if this is an auto-typed variable whose initializer we are parsing.
  if (ParsingInitForAutoVars.count(D))
    return false;

  // See if this is a deleted function.
  if (FunctionDecl *FD = dyn_cast<FunctionDecl>(D)) {
    if (FD->isDeleted())
      return false;
  }

  // See if this function is unavailable.
  if (D->getAvailability() == AR_Unavailable &&
      cast<Decl>(CurContext)->getAvailability() != AR_Unavailable)
    return false;

  return true;
}

static void DiagnoseUnusedOfDecl(Sema &S, NamedDecl *D, SourceLocation Loc) {
  // Warn if this is used but marked unused.
  if (D->hasAttr<UnusedAttr>()) {
    const Decl *DC = cast<Decl>(S.getCurObjCLexicalContext());
    if (!DC->hasAttr<UnusedAttr>())
      S.Diag(Loc, diag::warn_used_but_marked_unused) << D->getDeclName();
  }
}

static AvailabilityResult DiagnoseAvailabilityOfDecl(Sema &S,
                              NamedDecl *D, SourceLocation Loc,
                              const ObjCInterfaceDecl *UnknownObjCClass) {
  // See if this declaration is unavailable or deprecated.
  std::string Message;
  AvailabilityResult Result = D->getAvailability(&Message);
  if (const EnumConstantDecl *ECD = dyn_cast<EnumConstantDecl>(D))
    if (Result == AR_Available) {
      const DeclContext *DC = ECD->getDeclContext();
      if (const EnumDecl *TheEnumDecl = dyn_cast<EnumDecl>(DC))
        Result = TheEnumDecl->getAvailability(&Message);
    }

  const ObjCPropertyDecl *ObjCPDecl = 0;
  if (Result == AR_Deprecated || Result == AR_Unavailable) {
    if (const ObjCMethodDecl *MD = dyn_cast<ObjCMethodDecl>(D)) {
      if (const ObjCPropertyDecl *PD = MD->findPropertyDecl()) {
        AvailabilityResult PDeclResult = PD->getAvailability(0);
        if (PDeclResult == Result)
          ObjCPDecl = PD;
      }
    }
  }

  switch (Result) {
    case AR_Available:
    case AR_NotYetIntroduced:
      break;

    case AR_Deprecated:
      S.EmitDeprecationWarning(D, Message, Loc, UnknownObjCClass, ObjCPDecl);
      break;

    case AR_Unavailable:
      if (S.getCurContextAvailability() != AR_Unavailable) {
        if (Message.empty()) {
          if (!UnknownObjCClass) {
            S.Diag(Loc, diag::err_unavailable) << D->getDeclName();
            if (ObjCPDecl)
              S.Diag(ObjCPDecl->getLocation(), diag::note_property_attribute)
                << ObjCPDecl->getDeclName() << 1;
          }
          else
            S.Diag(Loc, diag::warn_unavailable_fwdclass_message)
              << D->getDeclName();
        }
        else
          S.Diag(Loc, diag::err_unavailable_message)
            << D->getDeclName() << Message;
        S.Diag(D->getLocation(), diag::note_unavailable_here)
                  << isa<FunctionDecl>(D) << false;
        if (ObjCPDecl)
          S.Diag(ObjCPDecl->getLocation(), diag::note_property_attribute)
          << ObjCPDecl->getDeclName() << 1;
      }
      break;
    }
    return Result;
}

/// \brief Emit a note explaining that this function is deleted or unavailable.
void Sema::NoteDeletedFunction(FunctionDecl *Decl) {
  CXXMethodDecl *Method = dyn_cast<CXXMethodDecl>(Decl);

  if (Method && Method->isDeleted() && !Method->isDeletedAsWritten()) {
    // If the method was explicitly defaulted, point at that declaration.
    if (!Method->isImplicit())
      Diag(Decl->getLocation(), diag::note_implicitly_deleted);

    // Try to diagnose why this special member function was implicitly
    // deleted. This might fail, if that reason no longer applies.
    CXXSpecialMember CSM = getSpecialMember(Method);
    if (CSM != CXXInvalid)
      ShouldDeleteSpecialMember(Method, CSM, /*Diagnose=*/true);

    return;
  }

  Diag(Decl->getLocation(), diag::note_unavailable_here)
    << 1 << Decl->isDeleted();
}

/// \brief Determine whether a FunctionDecl was ever declared with an
/// explicit storage class.
static bool hasAnyExplicitStorageClass(const FunctionDecl *D) {
  for (FunctionDecl::redecl_iterator I = D->redecls_begin(),
                                     E = D->redecls_end();
       I != E; ++I) {
    if (I->getStorageClassAsWritten() != SC_None)
      return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/// \brief Check whether we're in an extern inline function and referring to a
/// variable or function with internal linkage (C11 6.7.4p3).
///
/// This is only a warning because we used to silently accept this code, but
/// in many cases it will not behave correctly. This is not enabled in C++ mode
/// because the restriction language is a bit weaker (C++11 [basic.def.odr]p6)
/// and so while there may still be user mistakes, most of the time we can't
/// prove that there are errors.
static void diagnoseUseOfInternalDeclInInlineFunction(Sema &S,
                                                      const NamedDecl *D,
                                                      SourceLocation Loc) {
  // This is disabled under C++; there are too many ways for this to fire in
  // contexts where the warning is a false positive, or where it is technically
  // correct but benign.
  if (S.getLangOpts().CPlusPlus)
    return;

  // Check if this is an inlined function or method.
  FunctionDecl *Current = S.getCurFunctionDecl();
  if (!Current)
    return;
  if (!Current->isInlined())
    return;
  if (Current->getLinkage() != ExternalLinkage)
    return;

  // Check if the decl has internal linkage.
  if (D->getLinkage() != InternalLinkage)
    return;

  // Downgrade from ExtWarn to Extension if
  //  (1) the supposedly external inline function is in the main file,
  //      and probably won't be included anywhere else.
  //  (2) the thing we're referencing is a pure function.
  //  (3) the thing we're referencing is another inline function.
  // This last can give us false negatives, but it's better than warning on
  // wrappers for simple C library functions.
  const FunctionDecl *UsedFn = dyn_cast<FunctionDecl>(D);
  bool DowngradeWarning = S.getSourceManager().isFromMainFile(Loc);
  if (!DowngradeWarning && UsedFn)
    DowngradeWarning = UsedFn->isInlined() || UsedFn->hasAttr<ConstAttr>();

  S.Diag(Loc, DowngradeWarning ? diag::ext_internal_in_extern_inline
                               : diag::warn_internal_in_extern_inline)
    << /*IsVar=*/!UsedFn << D;

  // Suggest "static" on the inline function, if possible.
  if (!hasAnyExplicitStorageClass(Current)) {
    const FunctionDecl *FirstDecl = Current->getCanonicalDecl();
    SourceLocation DeclBegin = FirstDecl->getSourceRange().getBegin();
    S.Diag(DeclBegin, diag::note_convert_inline_to_static)
      << Current << FixItHint::CreateInsertion(DeclBegin, "static ");
  }

  S.Diag(D->getCanonicalDecl()->getLocation(),
         diag::note_internal_decl_declared_here)
    << D;
}

/// \brief Determine whether the use of this declaration is valid, and
/// emit any corresponding diagnostics.
///
/// This routine diagnoses various problems with referencing
/// declarations that can occur when using a declaration. For example,
/// it might warn if a deprecated or unavailable declaration is being
/// used, or produce an error (and return true) if a C++0x deleted
/// function is being used.
///
/// \returns true if there was an error (this declaration cannot be
/// referenced), false otherwise.
///
bool Sema::DiagnoseUseOfDecl(NamedDecl *D, SourceLocation Loc,
                             const ObjCInterfaceDecl *UnknownObjCClass) {
  if (getLangOpts().CPlusPlus && isa<FunctionDecl>(D)) {
    // If there were any diagnostics suppressed by template argument deduction,
    // emit them now.
    llvm::DenseMap<Decl *, SmallVector<PartialDiagnosticAt, 1> >::iterator
      Pos = SuppressedDiagnostics.find(D->getCanonicalDecl());
    if (Pos != SuppressedDiagnostics.end()) {
      SmallVectorImpl<PartialDiagnosticAt> &Suppressed = Pos->second;
      for (unsigned I = 0, N = Suppressed.size(); I != N; ++I)
        Diag(Suppressed[I].first, Suppressed[I].second);

      // Clear out the list of suppressed diagnostics, so that we don't emit
      // them again for this specialization. However, we don't obsolete this
      // entry from the table, because we want to avoid ever emitting these
      // diagnostics again.
      Suppressed.clear();
    }
  }

  // See if this is an auto-typed variable whose initializer we are parsing.
  if (ParsingInitForAutoVars.count(D)) {
    Diag(Loc, diag::err_auto_variable_cannot_appear_in_own_initializer)
      << D->getDeclName();
    return true;
  }

  // See if this is a deleted function.
  if (FunctionDecl *FD = dyn_cast<FunctionDecl>(D)) {
    if (FD->isDeleted()) {
      Diag(Loc, diag::err_deleted_function_use);
      NoteDeletedFunction(FD);
      return true;
    }
  }
  DiagnoseAvailabilityOfDecl(*this, D, Loc, UnknownObjCClass);

  DiagnoseUnusedOfDecl(*this, D, Loc);

  diagnoseUseOfInternalDeclInInlineFunction(*this, D, Loc);

  return false;
}

/// \brief Retrieve the message suffix that should be added to a
/// diagnostic complaining about the given function being deleted or
/// unavailable.
std::string Sema::getDeletedOrUnavailableSuffix(const FunctionDecl *FD) {
  std::string Message;
  if (FD->getAvailability(&Message))
    return ": " + Message;

  return std::string();
}

/// DiagnoseSentinelCalls - This routine checks whether a call or
/// message-send is to a declaration with the sentinel attribute, and
/// if so, it checks that the requirements of the sentinel are
/// satisfied.
void Sema::DiagnoseSentinelCalls(NamedDecl *D, SourceLocation Loc,
                                 Expr **args, unsigned numArgs) {
  const SentinelAttr *attr = D->getAttr<SentinelAttr>();
  if (!attr)
    return;

  // The number of formal parameters of the declaration.
  unsigned numFormalParams;

  // The kind of declaration.  This is also an index into a %select in
  // the diagnostic.
  enum CalleeType { CT_Function, CT_Method, CT_Block } calleeType;

  if (ObjCMethodDecl *MD = dyn_cast<ObjCMethodDecl>(D)) {
    numFormalParams = MD->param_size();
    calleeType = CT_Method;
  } else if (FunctionDecl *FD = dyn_cast<FunctionDecl>(D)) {
    numFormalParams = FD->param_size();
    calleeType = CT_Function;
  } else if (isa<VarDecl>(D)) {
    QualType type = cast<ValueDecl>(D)->getType();
    const FunctionType *fn = 0;
    if (const PointerType *ptr = type->getAs<PointerType>()) {
      fn = ptr->getPointeeType()->getAs<FunctionType>();
      if (!fn) return;
      calleeType = CT_Function;
    } else if (const BlockPointerType *ptr = type->getAs<BlockPointerType>()) {
      fn = ptr->getPointeeType()->castAs<FunctionType>();
      calleeType = CT_Block;
    } else {
      return;
    }

    if (const FunctionProtoType *proto = dyn_cast<FunctionProtoType>(fn)) {
      numFormalParams = proto->getNumArgs();
    } else {
      numFormalParams = 0;
    }
  } else {
    return;
  }

  // "nullPos" is the number of formal parameters at the end which
  // effectively count as part of the variadic arguments.  This is
  // useful if you would prefer to not have *any* formal parameters,
  // but the language forces you to have at least one.
  unsigned nullPos = attr->getNullPos();
  assert((nullPos == 0 || nullPos == 1) && "invalid null position on sentinel");
  numFormalParams = (nullPos > numFormalParams ? 0 : numFormalParams - nullPos);

  // The number of arguments which should follow the sentinel.
  unsigned numArgsAfterSentinel = attr->getSentinel();

  // If there aren't enough arguments for all the formal parameters,
  // the sentinel, and the args after the sentinel, complain.
  if (numArgs < numFormalParams + numArgsAfterSentinel + 1) {
    Diag(Loc, diag::warn_not_enough_argument) << D->getDeclName();
    Diag(D->getLocation(), diag::note_sentinel_here) << calleeType;
    return;
  }

  // Otherwise, find the sentinel expression.
  Expr *sentinelExpr = args[numArgs - numArgsAfterSentinel - 1];
  if (!sentinelExpr) return;
  if (sentinelExpr->isValueDependent()) return;
  if (Context.isSentinelNullExpr(sentinelExpr)) return;

  // Pick a reasonable string to insert.  Optimistically use 'nil' or
  // 'NULL' if those are actually defined in the context.  Only use
  // 'nil' for ObjC methods, where it's much more likely that the
  // variadic arguments form a list of object pointers.
  SourceLocation MissingNilLoc
    = PP.getLocForEndOfToken(sentinelExpr->getLocEnd());
  std::string NullValue;
  if (calleeType == CT_Method &&
      PP.getIdentifierInfo("nil")->hasMacroDefinition())
    NullValue = "nil";
  else if (PP.getIdentifierInfo("NULL")->hasMacroDefinition())
    NullValue = "NULL";
  else
    NullValue = "(void*) 0";

  if (MissingNilLoc.isInvalid())
    Diag(Loc, diag::warn_missing_sentinel) << calleeType;
  else
    Diag(MissingNilLoc, diag::warn_missing_sentinel)
      << calleeType
      << FixItHint::CreateInsertion(MissingNilLoc, ", " + NullValue);
  Diag(D->getLocation(), diag::note_sentinel_here) << calleeType;
}

SourceRange Sema::getExprRange(Expr *E) const {
  return E ? E->getSourceRange() : SourceRange();
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//  Standard Promotions and Conversions
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

/// DefaultFunctionArrayConversion (C99 6.3.2.1p3, C99 6.3.2.1p4).
ExprResult Sema::DefaultFunctionArrayConversion(Expr *E) {
  // Handle any placeholder expressions which made it here.
  if (E->getType()->isPlaceholderType()) {
    ExprResult result = CheckPlaceholderExpr(E);
    if (result.isInvalid()) return ExprError();
    E = result.take();
  }

  QualType Ty = E->getType();
  assert(!Ty.isNull() && "DefaultFunctionArrayConversion - missing type");

  if (Ty->isFunctionType())
    E = ImpCastExprToType(E, Context.getPointerType(Ty),
                          CK_FunctionToPointerDecay).take();
  else if (Ty->isArrayType()) {
    // In C90 mode, arrays only promote to pointers if the array expression is
    // an lvalue.  The relevant legalese is C90 6.2.2.1p3: "an lvalue that has
    // type 'array of type' is converted to an expression that has type 'pointer
    // to type'...".  In C99 this was changed to: C99 6.3.2.1p3: "an expression
    // that has type 'array of type' ...".  The relevant change is "an lvalue"
    // (C90) to "an expression" (C99).
    //
    // C++ 4.2p1:
    // An lvalue or rvalue of type "array of N T" or "array of unknown bound of
    // T" can be converted to an rvalue of type "pointer to T".
    //
    if (getLangOpts().C99 || getLangOpts().CPlusPlus || E->isLValue())
      E = ImpCastExprToType(E, Context.getArrayDecayedType(Ty),
                            CK_ArrayToPointerDecay).take();
  }
  return Owned(E);
}

static void CheckForNullPointerDereference(Sema &S, Expr *E) {
  // Check to see if we are dereferencing a null pointer.  If so,
  // and if not volatile-qualified, this is undefined behavior that the
  // optimizer will delete, so warn about it.  People sometimes try to use this
  // to get a deterministic trap and are surprised by clang's behavior.  This
  // only handles the pattern "*null", which is a very syntactic check.
  if (UnaryOperator *UO = dyn_cast<UnaryOperator>(E->IgnoreParenCasts()))
    if (UO->getOpcode() == UO_Deref &&
        UO->getSubExpr()->IgnoreParenCasts()->
          isNullPointerConstant(S.Context, Expr::NPC_ValueDependentIsNotNull) &&
        !UO->getType().isVolatileQualified()) {
    S.DiagRuntimeBehavior(UO->getOperatorLoc(), UO,
                          S.PDiag(diag::warn_indirection_through_null)
                            << UO->getSubExpr()->getSourceRange());
    S.DiagRuntimeBehavior(UO->getOperatorLoc(), UO,
                        S.PDiag(diag::note_indirection_through_null));
  }
}

ExprResult Sema::DefaultLvalueConversion(Expr *E) {
  // Handle any placeholder expressions which made it here.
  if (E->getType()->isPlaceholderType()) {
    ExprResult result = CheckPlaceholderExpr(E);
    if (result.isInvalid()) return ExprError();
    E = result.take();
  }

  // C++ [conv.lval]p1:
  //   A glvalue of a non-function, non-array type T can be
  //   converted to a prvalue.
  if (!E->isGLValue()) return Owned(E);

  QualType T = E->getType();
  assert(!T.isNull() && "r-value conversion on typeless expression?");

  // We don't want to throw lvalue-to-rvalue casts on top of
  // expressions of certain types in C++.
  if (getLangOpts().CPlusPlus &&
      (E->getType() == Context.OverloadTy ||
       T->isDependentType() ||
       T->isRecordType()))
    return Owned(E);

  // The C standard is actually really unclear on this point, and
  // DR106 tells us what the result should be but not why.  It's
  // generally best to say that void types just doesn't undergo
  // lvalue-to-rvalue at all.  Note that expressions of unqualified
  // 'void' type are never l-values, but qualified void can be.
  if (T->isVoidType())
    return Owned(E);

  // OpenCL usually rejects direct accesses to values of 'half' type.
  if (getLangOpts().OpenCL && !getOpenCLOptions().cl_khr_fp16 &&
      T->isHalfType()) {
    Diag(E->getExprLoc(), diag::err_opencl_half_load_store)
      << 0 << T;
    return ExprError();
  }

  CheckForNullPointerDereference(*this, E);

  // C++ [conv.lval]p1:
  //   [...] If T is a non-class type, the type of the prvalue is the
  //   cv-unqualified version of T. Otherwise, the type of the
  //   rvalue is T.
  //
  // C99 6.3.2.1p2:
  //   If the lvalue has qualified type, the value has the unqualified
  //   version of the type of the lvalue; otherwise, the value has the
  //   type of the lvalue.
  if (T.hasQualifiers())
    T = T.getUnqualifiedType();

  UpdateMarkingForLValueToRValue(E);

  // Loading a __weak object implicitly retains the value, so we need a cleanup to
  // balance that.
  if (getLangOpts().ObjCAutoRefCount &&
      E->getType().getObjCLifetime() == Qualifiers::OCL_Weak)
    ExprNeedsCleanups = true;

  ExprResult Res = Owned(ImplicitCastExpr::Create(Context, T, CK_LValueToRValue,
                                                  E, 0, VK_RValue));

  // C11 6.3.2.1p2:
  //   ... if the lvalue has atomic type, the value has the non-atomic version
  //   of the type of the lvalue ...
  if (const AtomicType *Atomic = T->getAs<AtomicType>()) {
    T = Atomic->getValueType().getUnqualifiedType();
    Res = Owned(ImplicitCastExpr::Create(Context, T, CK_AtomicToNonAtomic,
                                         Res.get(), 0, VK_RValue));
  }

  return Res;
}

ExprResult Sema::DefaultFunctionArrayLvalueConversion(Expr *E) {
  ExprResult Res = DefaultFunctionArrayConversion(E);
  if (Res.isInvalid())
    return ExprError();
  Res = DefaultLvalueConversion(Res.take());
  if (Res.isInvalid())
    return ExprError();
  return Res;
}


/// UsualUnaryConversions - Performs various conversions that are common to most
/// operators (C99 6.3). The conversions of array and function types are
/// sometimes suppressed. For example, the array->pointer conversion doesn't
/// apply if the array is an argument to the sizeof or address (&) operators.
/// In these instances, this routine should *not* be called.
ExprResult Sema::UsualUnaryConversions(Expr *E) {
  // First, convert to an r-value.
  ExprResult Res = DefaultFunctionArrayLvalueConversion(E);
  if (Res.isInvalid())
    return ExprError();
  E = Res.take();

  QualType Ty = E->getType();
  assert(!Ty.isNull() && "UsualUnaryConversions - missing type");

  // Half FP have to be promoted to float unless it is natively supported
  if (Ty->isHalfType() && !getLangOpts().NativeHalfType)
    return ImpCastExprToType(Res.take(), Context.FloatTy, CK_FloatingCast);

  // Try to perform integral promotions if the object has a theoretically
  // promotable type.
  if (Ty->isIntegralOrUnscopedEnumerationType()) {
    // C99 6.3.1.1p2:
    //
    //   The following may be used in an expression wherever an int or
    //   unsigned int may be used:
    //     - an object or expression with an integer type whose integer
    //       conversion rank is less than or equal to the rank of int
    //       and unsigned int.
    //     - A bit-field of type _Bool, int, signed int, or unsigned int.
    //
    //   If an int can represent all values of the original type, the
    //   value is converted to an int; otherwise, it is converted to an
    //   unsigned int. These are called the integer promotions. All
    //   other types are unchanged by the integer promotions.

    QualType PTy = Context.isPromotableBitField(E);
    if (!PTy.isNull()) {
      E = ImpCastExprToType(E, PTy, CK_IntegralCast).take();
      return Owned(E);
    }
    if (Ty->isPromotableIntegerType()) {
      QualType PT = Context.getPromotedIntegerType(Ty);
      E = ImpCastExprToType(E, PT, CK_IntegralCast).take();
      return Owned(E);
    }
  }
  return Owned(E);
}

/// DefaultArgumentPromotion (C99 6.5.2.2p6). Used for function calls that
/// do not have a prototype. Arguments that have type float or __fp16
/// are promoted to double. All other argument types are converted by
/// UsualUnaryConversions().
ExprResult Sema::DefaultArgumentPromotion(Expr *E) {
  QualType Ty = E->getType();
  assert(!Ty.isNull() && "DefaultArgumentPromotion - missing type");

  ExprResult Res = UsualUnaryConversions(E);
  if (Res.isInvalid())
    return ExprError();
  E = Res.take();

  // If this is a 'float' or '__fp16' (CVR qualified or typedef) promote to
  // double.
  const BuiltinType *BTy = Ty->getAs<BuiltinType>();
  if (BTy && (BTy->getKind() == BuiltinType::Half ||
              BTy->getKind() == BuiltinType::Float))
    E = ImpCastExprToType(E, Context.DoubleTy, CK_FloatingCast).take();

  // C++ performs lvalue-to-rvalue conversion as a default argument
  // promotion, even on class types, but note:
  //   C++11 [conv.lval]p2:
  //     When an lvalue-to-rvalue conversion occurs in an unevaluated
  //     operand or a subexpression thereof the value contained in the
  //     referenced object is not accessed. Otherwise, if the glvalue
  //     has a class type, the conversion copy-initializes a temporary
  //     of type T from the glvalue and the result of the conversion
  //     is a prvalue for the temporary.
  // FIXME: add some way to gate this entire thing for correctness in
  // potentially potentially evaluated contexts.
  if (getLangOpts().CPlusPlus && E->isGLValue() && !isUnevaluatedContext()) {
    ExprResult Temp = PerformCopyInitialization(
                       InitializedEntity::InitializeTemporary(E->getType()),
                                                E->getExprLoc(),
                                                Owned(E));
    if (Temp.isInvalid())
      return ExprError();
    E = Temp.get();
  }

  return Owned(E);
}

/// Determine the degree of POD-ness for an expression.
/// Incomplete types are considered POD, since this check can be performed
/// when we're in an unevaluated context.
Sema::VarArgKind Sema::isValidVarArgType(const QualType &Ty) {
  if (Ty->isIncompleteType()) {
    if (Ty->isObjCObjectType())
      return VAK_Invalid;
    return VAK_Valid;
  }

  if (Ty.isCXX98PODType(Context))
    return VAK_Valid;

  // C++11 [expr.call]p7:
  //   Passing a potentially-evaluated argument of class type (Clause 9)
  //   having a non-trivial copy constructor, a non-trivial move constructor,
  //   or a non-trivial destructor, with no corresponding parameter,
  //   is conditionally-supported with implementation-defined semantics.
  if (getLangOpts().CPlusPlus11 && !Ty->isDependentType())
    if (CXXRecordDecl *Record = Ty->getAsCXXRecordDecl())
      if (!Record->hasNonTrivialCopyConstructor() &&
          !Record->hasNonTrivialMoveConstructor() &&
          !Record->hasNonTrivialDestructor())
        return VAK_ValidInCXX11;

  if (getLangOpts().ObjCAutoRefCount && Ty->isObjCLifetimeType())
    return VAK_Valid;
  return VAK_Invalid;
}

bool Sema::variadicArgumentPODCheck(const Expr *E, VariadicCallType CT) {
  // Don't allow one to pass an Objective-C interface to a vararg.
  const QualType & Ty = E->getType();

  // Complain about passing non-POD types through varargs.
  switch (isValidVarArgType(Ty)) {
  case VAK_Valid:
    break;
  case VAK_ValidInCXX11:
    DiagRuntimeBehavior(E->getLocStart(), 0,
        PDiag(diag::warn_cxx98_compat_pass_non_pod_arg_to_vararg)
        << E->getType() << CT);
    break;
  case VAK_Invalid: {
    if (Ty->isObjCObjectType())
      return DiagRuntimeBehavior(E->getLocStart(), 0,
                          PDiag(diag::err_cannot_pass_objc_interface_to_vararg)
                            << Ty << CT);

    return DiagRuntimeBehavior(E->getLocStart(), 0,
                   PDiag(diag::warn_cannot_pass_non_pod_arg_to_vararg)
                   << getLangOpts().CPlusPlus11 << Ty << CT);
  }
  }
  // c++ rules are enforced elsewhere.
  return false;
}

/// DefaultVariadicArgumentPromotion - Like DefaultArgumentPromotion, but
/// will create a trap if the resulting type is not a POD type.
ExprResult Sema::DefaultVariadicArgumentPromotion(Expr *E, VariadicCallType CT,
                                                  FunctionDecl *FDecl) {
  if (const BuiltinType *PlaceholderTy = E->getType()->getAsPlaceholderType()) {
    // Strip the unbridged-cast placeholder expression off, if applicable.
    if (PlaceholderTy->getKind() == BuiltinType::ARCUnbridgedCast &&
        (CT == VariadicMethod ||
         (FDecl && FDecl->hasAttr<CFAuditedTransferAttr>()))) {
      E = stripARCUnbridgedCast(E);

    // Otherwise, do normal placeholder checking.
    } else {
      ExprResult ExprRes = CheckPlaceholderExpr(E);
      if (ExprRes.isInvalid())
        return ExprError();
      E = ExprRes.take();
    }
  }

  ExprResult ExprRes = DefaultArgumentPromotion(E);
  if (ExprRes.isInvalid())
    return ExprError();
  E = ExprRes.take();

  // Diagnostics regarding non-POD argument types are
  // emitted along with format string checking in Sema::CheckFunctionCall().
  if (isValidVarArgType(E->getType()) == VAK_Invalid) {
    // Turn this into a trap.
    CXXScopeSpec SS;
    SourceLocation TemplateKWLoc;
    UnqualifiedId Name;
    Name.setIdentifier(PP.getIdentifierInfo("__builtin_trap"),
                       E->getLocStart());
    ExprResult TrapFn = ActOnIdExpression(TUScope, SS, TemplateKWLoc,
                                          Name, true, false);
    if (TrapFn.isInvalid())
      return ExprError();

    ExprResult Call = ActOnCallExpr(TUScope, TrapFn.get(),
                                    E->getLocStart(), MultiExprArg(),
                                    E->getLocEnd());
    if (Call.isInvalid())
      return ExprError();

    ExprResult Comma = ActOnBinOp(TUScope, E->getLocStart(), tok::comma,
                                  Call.get(), E);
    if (Comma.isInvalid())
      return ExprError();
    return Comma.get();
  }

  if (!getLangOpts().CPlusPlus &&
      RequireCompleteType(E->getExprLoc(), E->getType(),
                          diag::err_call_incomplete_argument))
    return ExprError();

  return Owned(E);
}

/// \brief Converts an integer to complex float type.  Helper function of
/// UsualArithmeticConversions()
///
/// \return false if the integer expression is an integer type and is
/// successfully converted to the complex type.
static bool handleIntegerToComplexFloatConversion(Sema &S, ExprResult &IntExpr,
                                                  ExprResult &ComplexExpr,
                                                  QualType IntTy,
                                                  QualType ComplexTy,
                                                  bool SkipCast) {
  if (IntTy->isComplexType() || IntTy->isRealFloatingType()) return true;
  if (SkipCast) return false;
  if (IntTy->isIntegerType()) {
    QualType fpTy = cast<ComplexType>(ComplexTy)->getElementType();
    IntExpr = S.ImpCastExprToType(IntExpr.take(), fpTy, CK_IntegralToFloating);
    IntExpr = S.ImpCastExprToType(IntExpr.take(), ComplexTy,
                                  CK_FloatingRealToComplex);
  } else {
    assert(IntTy->isComplexIntegerType());
    IntExpr = S.ImpCastExprToType(IntExpr.take(), ComplexTy,
                                  CK_IntegralComplexToFloatingComplex);
  }
  return false;
}

/// \brief Takes two complex float types and converts them to the same type.
/// Helper function of UsualArithmeticConversions()
static QualType
handleComplexFloatToComplexFloatConverstion(Sema &S, ExprResult &LHS,
                                            ExprResult &RHS, QualType LHSType,
                                            QualType RHSType,
                                            bool IsCompAssign) {
  int order = S.Context.getFloatingTypeOrder(LHSType, RHSType);

  if (order < 0) {
    // _Complex float -> _Complex double
    if (!IsCompAssign)
      LHS = S.ImpCastExprToType(LHS.take(), RHSType, CK_FloatingComplexCast);
    return RHSType;
  }
  if (order > 0)
    // _Complex float -> _Complex double
    RHS = S.ImpCastExprToType(RHS.take(), LHSType, CK_FloatingComplexCast);
  return LHSType;
}

/// \brief Converts otherExpr to complex float and promotes complexExpr if
/// necessary.  Helper function of UsualArithmeticConversions()
static QualType handleOtherComplexFloatConversion(Sema &S,
                                                  ExprResult &ComplexExpr,
                                                  ExprResult &OtherExpr,
                                                  QualType ComplexTy,
                                                  QualType OtherTy,
                                                  bool ConvertComplexExpr,
                                                  bool ConvertOtherExpr) {
  int order = S.Context.getFloatingTypeOrder(ComplexTy, OtherTy);

  // If just the complexExpr is complex, the otherExpr needs to be converted,
  // and the complexExpr might need to be promoted.
  if (order > 0) { // complexExpr is wider
    // float -> _Complex double
    if (ConvertOtherExpr) {
      QualType fp = cast<ComplexType>(ComplexTy)->getElementType();
      OtherExpr = S.ImpCastExprToType(OtherExpr.take(), fp, CK_FloatingCast);
      OtherExpr = S.ImpCastExprToType(OtherExpr.take(), ComplexTy,
                                      CK_FloatingRealToComplex);
    }
    return ComplexTy;
  }

  // otherTy is at least as wide.  Find its corresponding complex type.
  QualType result = (order == 0 ? ComplexTy :
                                  S.Context.getComplexType(OtherTy));

  // double -> _Complex double
  if (ConvertOtherExpr)
    OtherExpr = S.ImpCastExprToType(OtherExpr.take(), result,
                                    CK_FloatingRealToComplex);

  // _Complex float -> _Complex double
  if (ConvertComplexExpr && order < 0)
    ComplexExpr = S.ImpCastExprToType(ComplexExpr.take(), result,
                                      CK_FloatingComplexCast);

  return result;
}

/// \brief Handle arithmetic conversion with complex types.  Helper function of
/// UsualArithmeticConversions()
static QualType handleComplexFloatConversion(Sema &S, ExprResult &LHS,
                                             ExprResult &RHS, QualType LHSType,
                                             QualType RHSType,
                                             bool IsCompAssign) {
  // if we have an integer operand, the result is the complex type.
  if (!handleIntegerToComplexFloatConversion(S, RHS, LHS, RHSType, LHSType,
                                             /*skipCast*/false))
    return LHSType;
  if (!handleIntegerToComplexFloatConversion(S, LHS, RHS, LHSType, RHSType,
                                             /*skipCast*/IsCompAssign))
    return RHSType;

  // This handles complex/complex, complex/float, or float/complex.
  // When both operands are complex, the shorter operand is converted to the
  // type of the longer, and that is the type of the result. This corresponds
  // to what is done when combining two real floating-point operands.
  // The fun begins when size promotion occur across type domains.
  // From H&S 6.3.4: When one operand is complex and the other is a real
  // floating-point type, the less precise type is converted, within it's
  // real or complex domain, to the precision of the other type. For example,
  // when combining a "long double" with a "double _Complex", the
  // "double _Complex" is promoted to "long double _Complex".

  bool LHSComplexFloat = LHSType->isComplexType();
  bool RHSComplexFloat = RHSType->isComplexType();

  // If both are complex, just cast to the more precise type.
  if (LHSComplexFloat && RHSComplexFloat)
    return handleComplexFloatToComplexFloatConverstion(S, LHS, RHS,
                                                       LHSType, RHSType,
                                                       IsCompAssign);

  // If only one operand is complex, promote it if necessary and convert the
  // other operand to complex.
  if (LHSComplexFloat)
    return handleOtherComplexFloatConversion(
        S, LHS, RHS, LHSType, RHSType, /*convertComplexExpr*/!IsCompAssign,
        /*convertOtherExpr*/ true);

  assert(RHSComplexFloat);
  return handleOtherComplexFloatConversion(
      S, RHS, LHS, RHSType, LHSType, /*convertComplexExpr*/true,
      /*convertOtherExpr*/ !IsCompAssign);
}

/// \brief Hande arithmetic conversion from integer to float.  Helper function
/// of UsualArithmeticConversions()
static QualType handleIntToFloatConversion(Sema &S, ExprResult &FloatExpr,
                                           ExprResult &IntExpr,
                                           QualType FloatTy, QualType IntTy,
                                           bool ConvertFloat, bool ConvertInt) {
  if (IntTy->isIntegerType()) {
    if (ConvertInt)
      // Convert intExpr to the lhs floating point type.
      IntExpr = S.ImpCastExprToType(IntExpr.take(), FloatTy,
                                    CK_IntegralToFloating);
    return FloatTy;
  }

  // Convert both sides to the appropriate complex float.
  assert(IntTy->isComplexIntegerType());
  QualType result = S.Context.getComplexType(FloatTy);

  // _Complex int -> _Complex float
  if (ConvertInt)
    IntExpr = S.ImpCastExprToType(IntExpr.take(), result,
                                  CK_IntegralComplexToFloatingComplex);

  // float -> _Complex float
  if (ConvertFloat)
    FloatExpr = S.ImpCastExprToType(FloatExpr.take(), result,
                                    CK_FloatingRealToComplex);

  return result;
}

/// \brief Handle arithmethic conversion with floating point types.  Helper
/// function of UsualArithmeticConversions()
static QualType handleFloatConversion(Sema &S, ExprResult &LHS,
                                      ExprResult &RHS, QualType LHSType,
                                      QualType RHSType, bool IsCompAssign) {
  bool LHSFloat = LHSType->isRealFloatingType();
  bool RHSFloat = RHSType->isRealFloatingType();

  // If we have two real floating types, convert the smaller operand
  // to the bigger result.
  if (LHSFloat && RHSFloat) {
    int order = S.Context.getFloatingTypeOrder(LHSType, RHSType);
    if (order > 0) {
      RHS = S.ImpCastExprToType(RHS.take(), LHSType, CK_FloatingCast);
      return LHSType;
    }

    assert(order < 0 && "illegal float comparison");
    if (!IsCompAssign)
      LHS = S.ImpCastExprToType(LHS.take(), RHSType, CK_FloatingCast);
    return RHSType;
  }

  if (LHSFloat)
    return handleIntToFloatConversion(S, LHS, RHS, LHSType, RHSType,
                                      /*convertFloat=*/!IsCompAssign,
                                      /*convertInt=*/ true);
  assert(RHSFloat);
  return handleIntToFloatConversion(S, RHS, LHS, RHSType, LHSType,
                                    /*convertInt=*/ true,
                                    /*convertFloat=*/!IsCompAssign);
}

typedef ExprResult PerformCastFn(Sema &S, Expr *operand, QualType toType);

namespace {
/// These helper callbacks are placed in an anonymous namespace to
/// permit their use as function template parameters.
ExprResult doIntegralCast(Sema &S, Expr *op, QualType toType) {
  return S.ImpCastExprToType(op, toType, CK_IntegralCast);
}

ExprResult doComplexIntegralCast(Sema &S, Expr *op, QualType toType) {
  return S.ImpCastExprToType(op, S.Context.getComplexType(toType),
                             CK_IntegralComplexCast);
}
}

/// \brief Handle integer arithmetic conversions.  Helper function of
/// UsualArithmeticConversions()
template <PerformCastFn doLHSCast, PerformCastFn doRHSCast>
static QualType handleIntegerConversion(Sema &S, ExprResult &LHS,
                                        ExprResult &RHS, QualType LHSType,
                                        QualType RHSType, bool IsCompAssign) {
  // The rules for this case are in C99 6.3.1.8
  int order = S.Context.getIntegerTypeOrder(LHSType, RHSType);
  bool LHSSigned = LHSType->hasSignedIntegerRepresentation();
  bool RHSSigned = RHSType->hasSignedIntegerRepresentation();
  if (LHSSigned == RHSSigned) {
    // Same signedness; use the higher-ranked type
    if (order >= 0) {
      RHS = (*doRHSCast)(S, RHS.take(), LHSType);
      return LHSType;
    } else if (!IsCompAssign)
      LHS = (*doLHSCast)(S, LHS.take(), RHSType);
    return RHSType;
  } else if (order != (LHSSigned ? 1 : -1)) {
    // The unsigned type has greater than or equal rank to the
    // signed type, so use the unsigned type
    if (RHSSigned) {
      RHS = (*doRHSCast)(S, RHS.take(), LHSType);
      return LHSType;
    } else if (!IsCompAssign)
      LHS = (*doLHSCast)(S, LHS.take(), RHSType);
    return RHSType;
  } else if (S.Context.getIntWidth(LHSType) != S.Context.getIntWidth(RHSType)) {
    // The two types are different widths; if we are here, that
    // means the signed type is larger than the unsigned type, so
    // use the signed type.
    if (LHSSigned) {
      RHS = (*doRHSCast)(S, RHS.take(), LHSType);
      return LHSType;
    } else if (!IsCompAssign)
      LHS = (*doLHSCast)(S, LHS.take(), RHSType);
    return RHSType;
  } else {
    // The signed type is higher-ranked than the unsigned type,
    // but isn't actually any bigger (like unsigned int and long
    // on most 32-bit systems).  Use the unsigned type corresponding
    // to the signed type.
    QualType result =
      S.Context.getCorrespondingUnsignedType(LHSSigned ? LHSType : RHSType);
    RHS = (*doRHSCast)(S, RHS.take(), result);
    if (!IsCompAssign)
      LHS = (*doLHSCast)(S, LHS.take(), result);
    return result;
  }
}

/// \brief Handle conversions with GCC complex int extension.  Helper function
/// of UsualArithmeticConversions()
static QualType handleComplexIntConversion(Sema &S, ExprResult &LHS,
                                           ExprResult &RHS, QualType LHSType,
                                           QualType RHSType,
                                           bool IsCompAssign) {
  const ComplexType *LHSComplexInt = LHSType->getAsComplexIntegerType();
  const ComplexType *RHSComplexInt = RHSType->getAsComplexIntegerType();

  if (LHSComplexInt && RHSComplexInt) {
    QualType LHSEltType = LHSComplexInt->getElementType();
    QualType RHSEltType = RHSComplexInt->getElementType();
    QualType ScalarType =
      handleIntegerConversion<doComplexIntegralCast, doComplexIntegralCast>
        (S, LHS, RHS, LHSEltType, RHSEltType, IsCompAssign);

    return S.Context.getComplexType(ScalarType);
  }

  if (LHSComplexInt) {
    QualType LHSEltType = LHSComplexInt->getElementType();
    QualType ScalarType =
      handleIntegerConversion<doComplexIntegralCast, doIntegralCast>
        (S, LHS, RHS, LHSEltType, RHSType, IsCompAssign);
    QualType ComplexType = S.Context.getComplexType(ScalarType);
    RHS = S.ImpCastExprToType(RHS.take(), ComplexType,
                              CK_IntegralRealToComplex);

    return ComplexType;
  }

  assert(RHSComplexInt);

  QualType RHSEltType = RHSComplexInt->getElementType();
  QualType ScalarType =
    handleIntegerConversion<doIntegralCast, doComplexIntegralCast>
      (S, LHS, RHS, LHSType, RHSEltType, IsCompAssign);
  QualType ComplexType = S.Context.getComplexType(ScalarType);

  if (!IsCompAssign)
    LHS = S.ImpCastExprToType(LHS.take(), ComplexType,
                              CK_IntegralRealToComplex);
  return ComplexType;
}

/// UsualArithmeticConversions - Performs various conversions that are common to
/// binary operators (C99 6.3.1.8). If both operands aren't arithmetic, this
/// routine returns the first non-arithmetic type found. The client is
/// responsible for emitting appropriate error diagnostics.
QualType Sema::UsualArithmeticConversions(ExprResult &LHS, ExprResult &RHS,
                                          bool IsCompAssign) {
  if (!IsCompAssign) {
    LHS = UsualUnaryConversions(LHS.take());
    if (LHS.isInvalid())
      return QualType();
  }

  RHS = UsualUnaryConversions(RHS.take());
  if (RHS.isInvalid())
    return QualType();

  // For conversion purposes, we ignore any qualifiers.
  // For example, "const float" and "float" are equivalent.
  QualType LHSType =
    Context.getCanonicalType(LHS.get()->getType()).getUnqualifiedType();
  QualType RHSType =
    Context.getCanonicalType(RHS.get()->getType()).getUnqualifiedType();

  // For conversion purposes, we ignore any atomic qualifier on the LHS.
  if (const AtomicType *AtomicLHS = LHSType->getAs<AtomicType>())
    LHSType = AtomicLHS->getValueType();

  // If both types are identical, no conversion is needed.
  if (LHSType == RHSType)
    return LHSType;

  // If either side is a non-arithmetic type (e.g. a pointer), we are done.
  // The caller can deal with this (e.g. pointer + int).
  if (!LHSType->isArithmeticType() || !RHSType->isArithmeticType())
    return QualType();

  // Apply unary and bitfield promotions to the LHS's type.
  QualType LHSUnpromotedType = LHSType;
  if (LHSType->isPromotableIntegerType())
    LHSType = Context.getPromotedIntegerType(LHSType);
  QualType LHSBitfieldPromoteTy = Context.isPromotableBitField(LHS.get());
  if (!LHSBitfieldPromoteTy.isNull())
    LHSType = LHSBitfieldPromoteTy;
  if (LHSType != LHSUnpromotedType && !IsCompAssign)
    LHS = ImpCastExprToType(LHS.take(), LHSType, CK_IntegralCast);

  // If both types are identical, no conversion is needed.
  if (LHSType == RHSType)
    return LHSType;

  // At this point, we have two different arithmetic types.

  // Handle complex types first (C99 6.3.1.8p1).
  if (LHSType->isComplexType() || RHSType->isComplexType())
    return handleComplexFloatConversion(*this, LHS, RHS, LHSType, RHSType,
                                        IsCompAssign);

  // Now handle "real" floating types (i.e. float, double, long double).
  if (LHSType->isRealFloatingType() || RHSType->isRealFloatingType())
    return handleFloatConversion(*this, LHS, RHS, LHSType, RHSType,
                                 IsCompAssign);

  // Handle GCC complex int extension.
  if (LHSType->isComplexIntegerType() || RHSType->isComplexIntegerType())
    return handleComplexIntConversion(*this, LHS, RHS, LHSType, RHSType,
                                      IsCompAssign);

  // Finally, we have two differing integer types.
  return handleIntegerConversion<doIntegralCast, doIntegralCast>
           (*this, LHS, RHS, LHSType, RHSType, IsCompAssign);
}


//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//  Semantic Analysis for various Expression Types
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//


ExprResult
Sema::ActOnGenericSelectionExpr(SourceLocation KeyLoc,
                                SourceLocation DefaultLoc,
                                SourceLocation RParenLoc,
                                Expr *ControllingExpr,
                                MultiTypeArg ArgTypes,
                                MultiExprArg ArgExprs) {
  unsigned NumAssocs = ArgTypes.size();
  assert(NumAssocs == ArgExprs.size());

  ParsedType *ParsedTypes = ArgTypes.data();
  Expr **Exprs = ArgExprs.data();

  TypeSourceInfo **Types = new TypeSourceInfo*[NumAssocs];
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < NumAssocs; ++i) {
    if (ParsedTypes[i])
      (void) GetTypeFromParser(ParsedTypes[i], &Types[i]);
    else
      Types[i] = 0;
  }

  ExprResult ER = CreateGenericSelectionExpr(KeyLoc, DefaultLoc, RParenLoc,
                                             ControllingExpr, Types, Exprs,
                                             NumAssocs);
  delete [] Types;
  return ER;
}

ExprResult
Sema::CreateGenericSelectionExpr(SourceLocation KeyLoc,
                                 SourceLocation DefaultLoc,
                                 SourceLocation RParenLoc,
                                 Expr *ControllingExpr,
                                 TypeSourceInfo **Types,
                                 Expr **Exprs,
                                 unsigned NumAssocs) {
  if (ControllingExpr->getType()->isPlaceholderType()) {
    ExprResult result = CheckPlaceholderExpr(ControllingExpr);
    if (result.isInvalid()) return ExprError();
    ControllingExpr = result.take();
  }

  bool TypeErrorFound = false,
       IsResultDependent = ControllingExpr->isTypeDependent(),
       ContainsUnexpandedParameterPack
         = ControllingExpr->containsUnexpandedParameterPack();

  for (unsigned i = 0; i < NumAssocs; ++i) {
    if (Exprs[i]->containsUnexpandedParameterPack())
      ContainsUnexpandedParameterPack = true;

    if (Types[i]) {
      if (Types[i]->getType()->containsUnexpandedParameterPack())
        ContainsUnexpandedParameterPack = true;

      if (Types[i]->getType()->isDependentType()) {
        IsResultDependent = true;
      } else {
        // C11 6.5.1.1p2 "The type name in a generic association shall specify a
        // complete object type other than a variably modified type."
        unsigned D = 0;
        if (Types[i]->getType()->isIncompleteType())
          D = diag::err_assoc_type_incomplete;
        else if (!Types[i]->getType()->isObjectType())
          D = diag::err_assoc_type_nonobject;
        else if (Types[i]->getType()->isVariablyModifiedType())
          D = diag::err_assoc_type_variably_modified;

        if (D != 0) {
          Diag(Types[i]->getTypeLoc().getBeginLoc(), D)
            << Types[i]->getTypeLoc().getSourceRange()
            << Types[i]->getType();
          TypeErrorFound = true;
        }

        // C11 6.5.1.1p2 "No two generic associations in the same generic
        // selection shall specify compatible types."
        for (unsigned j = i+1; j < NumAssocs; ++j)
          if (Types[j] && !Types[j]->getType()->isDependentType() &&
              Context.typesAreCompatible(Types[i]->getType(),
                                         Types[j]->getType())) {
            Diag(Types[j]->getTypeLoc().getBeginLoc(),
                 diag::err_assoc_compatible_types)
              << Types[j]->getTypeLoc().getSourceRange()
              << Types[j]->getType()
              << Types[i]->getType();
            Diag(Types[i]->getTypeLoc().getBeginLoc(),
                 diag::note_compat_assoc)
              << Types[i]->getTypeLoc().getSourceRange()
              << Types[i]->getType();
            TypeErrorFound = true;
          }
      }
    }
  }
  if (TypeErrorFound)
    return ExprError();

  // If we determined that the generic selection is result-dependent, don't
  // try to compute the result expression.
  if (IsResultDependent)
    return Owned(new (Context) GenericSelectionExpr(
                   Context, KeyLoc, ControllingExpr,
                   llvm::makeArrayRef(Types, NumAssocs),
                   llvm::makeArrayRef(Exprs, NumAssocs),
                   DefaultLoc, RParenLoc, ContainsUnexpandedParameterPack));

  SmallVector<unsigned, 1> CompatIndices;
  unsigned DefaultIndex = -1U;
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < NumAssocs; ++i) {
    if (!Types[i])
      DefaultIndex = i;
    else if (Context.typesAreCompatible(ControllingExpr->getType(),
                                        Types[i]->getType()))
      CompatIndices.push_back(i);
  }

  // C11 6.5.1.1p2 "The controlling expression of a generic selection shall have
  // type compatible with at most one of the types named in its generic
  // association list."
  if (CompatIndices.size() > 1) {
    // We strip parens here because the controlling expression is typically
    // parenthesized in macro definitions.
    ControllingExpr = ControllingExpr->IgnoreParens();
    Diag(ControllingExpr->getLocStart(), diag::err_generic_sel_multi_match)
      << ControllingExpr->getSourceRange() << ControllingExpr->getType()
      << (unsigned) CompatIndices.size();
    for (SmallVector<unsigned, 1>::iterator I = CompatIndices.begin(),
         E = CompatIndices.end(); I != E; ++I) {
      Diag(Types[*I]->getTypeLoc().getBeginLoc(),
           diag::note_compat_assoc)
        << Types[*I]->getTypeLoc().getSourceRange()
        << Types[*I]->getType();
    }
    return ExprError();
  }

  // C11 6.5.1.1p2 "If a generic selection has no default generic association,
  // its controlling expression shall have type compatible with exactly one of
  // the types named in its generic association list."
  if (DefaultIndex == -1U && CompatIndices.size() == 0) {
    // We strip parens here because the controlling expression is typically
    // parenthesized in macro definitions.
    ControllingExpr = ControllingExpr->IgnoreParens();
    Diag(ControllingExpr->getLocStart(), diag::err_generic_sel_no_match)
      << ControllingExpr->getSourceRange() << ControllingExpr->getType();
    return ExprError();
  }

  // C11 6.5.1.1p3 "If a generic selection has a generic association with a
  // type name that is compatible with the type of the controlling expression,
  // then the result expression of the generic selection is the expression
  // in that generic association. Otherwise, the result expression of the
  // generic selection is the expression in the default generic association."
  unsigned ResultIndex =
    CompatIndices.size() ? CompatIndices[0] : DefaultIndex;

  return Owned(new (Context) GenericSelectionExpr(
                 Context, KeyLoc, ControllingExpr,
                 llvm::makeArrayRef(Types, NumAssocs),
                 llvm::makeArrayRef(Exprs, NumAssocs),
                 DefaultLoc, RParenLoc, ContainsUnexpandedParameterPack,
                 ResultIndex));
}

/// getUDSuffixLoc - Create a SourceLocation for a ud-suffix, given the
/// location of the token and the offset of the ud-suffix within it.
static SourceLocation getUDSuffixLoc(Sema &S, SourceLocation TokLoc,
                                     unsigned Offset) {
  return Lexer::AdvanceToTokenCharacter(TokLoc, Offset, S.getSourceManager(),
                                        S.getLangOpts());
}

/// BuildCookedLiteralOperatorCall - A user-defined literal was found. Look up
/// the corresponding cooked (non-raw) literal operator, and build a call to it.
static ExprResult BuildCookedLiteralOperatorCall(Sema &S, Scope *Scope,
                                                 IdentifierInfo *UDSuffix,
                                                 SourceLocation UDSuffixLoc,
                                                 ArrayRef<Expr*> Args,
                                                 SourceLocation LitEndLoc) {
  assert(Args.size() <= 2 && "too many arguments for literal operator");

  QualType ArgTy[2];
  for (unsigned ArgIdx = 0; ArgIdx != Args.size(); ++ArgIdx) {
    ArgTy[ArgIdx] = Args[ArgIdx]->getType();
    if (ArgTy[ArgIdx]->isArrayType())
      ArgTy[ArgIdx] = S.Context.getArrayDecayedType(ArgTy[ArgIdx]);
  }

  DeclarationName OpName =
    S.Context.DeclarationNames.getCXXLiteralOperatorName(UDSuffix);
  DeclarationNameInfo OpNameInfo(OpName, UDSuffixLoc);
  OpNameInfo.setCXXLiteralOperatorNameLoc(UDSuffixLoc);

  LookupResult R(S, OpName, UDSuffixLoc, Sema::LookupOrdinaryName);
  if (S.LookupLiteralOperator(Scope, R, llvm::makeArrayRef(ArgTy, Args.size()),
                              /*AllowRawAndTemplate*/false) == Sema::LOLR_Error)
    return ExprError();

  return S.BuildLiteralOperatorCall(R, OpNameInfo, Args, LitEndLoc);
}

/// ActOnStringLiteral - The specified tokens were lexed as pasted string
/// fragments (e.g. "foo" "bar" L"baz").  The result string has to handle string
/// concatenation ([C99 5.1.1.2, translation phase #6]), so it may come from
/// multiple tokens.  However, the common case is that StringToks points to one
/// string.
///
ExprResult
Sema::ActOnStringLiteral(const Token *StringToks, unsigned NumStringToks,
                         Scope *UDLScope) {
  assert(NumStringToks && "Must have at least one string!");

  StringLiteralParser Literal(StringToks, NumStringToks, PP);
  if (Literal.hadError)
    return ExprError();

  SmallVector<SourceLocation, 4> StringTokLocs;
  for (unsigned i = 0; i != NumStringToks; ++i)
    StringTokLocs.push_back(StringToks[i].getLocation());

  QualType StrTy = Context.CharTy;
  if (Literal.isWide())
    StrTy = Context.getWCharType();
  else if (Literal.isUTF16())
    StrTy = Context.Char16Ty;
  else if (Literal.isUTF32())
    StrTy = Context.Char32Ty;
  else if (Literal.isPascal())
    StrTy = Context.UnsignedCharTy;

  StringLiteral::StringKind Kind = StringLiteral::Ascii;
  if (Literal.isWide())
    Kind = StringLiteral::Wide;
  else if (Literal.isUTF8())
    Kind = StringLiteral::UTF8;
  else if (Literal.isUTF16())
    Kind = StringLiteral::UTF16;
  else if (Literal.isUTF32())
    Kind = StringLiteral::UTF32;

  // A C++ string literal has a const-qualified element type (C++ 2.13.4p1).
  if (getLangOpts().CPlusPlus || getLangOpts().ConstStrings)
    StrTy.addConst();

  // Get an array type for the string, according to C99 6.4.5.  This includes
  // the nul terminator character as well as the string length for pascal
  // strings.
  StrTy = Context.getConstantArrayType(StrTy,
                                 llvm::APInt(32, Literal.GetNumStringChars()+1),
                                       ArrayType::Normal, 0);

  // Pass &StringTokLocs[0], StringTokLocs.size() to factory!
  StringLiteral *Lit = StringLiteral::Create(Context, Literal.GetString(),
                                             Kind, Literal.Pascal, StrTy,
                                             &StringTokLocs[0],
                                             StringTokLocs.size());
  if (Literal.getUDSuffix().empty())
    return Owned(Lit);

  // We're building a user-defined literal.
  IdentifierInfo *UDSuffix = &Context.Idents.get(Literal.getUDSuffix());
  SourceLocation UDSuffixLoc =
    getUDSuffixLoc(*this, StringTokLocs[Literal.getUDSuffixToken()],
                   Literal.getUDSuffixOffset());

  // Make sure we're allowed user-defined literals here.
  if (!UDLScope)
    return ExprError(Diag(UDSuffixLoc, diag::err_invalid_string_udl));

  // C++11 [lex.ext]p5: The literal L is treated as a call of the form
  //   operator "" X (str, len)
  QualType SizeType = Context.getSizeType();
  llvm::APInt Len(Context.getIntWidth(SizeType), Literal.GetNumStringChars());
  IntegerLiteral *LenArg = IntegerLiteral::Create(Context, Len, SizeType,
                                                  StringTokLocs[0]);
  Expr *Args[] = { Lit, LenArg };
  return BuildCookedLiteralOperatorCall(*this, UDLScope, UDSuffix, UDSuffixLoc,
                                        Args, StringTokLocs.back());
}

ExprResult
Sema::BuildDeclRefExpr(ValueDecl *D, QualType Ty, ExprValueKind VK,
                       SourceLocation Loc,
                       const CXXScopeSpec *SS) {
  DeclarationNameInfo NameInfo(D->getDeclName(), Loc);
  return BuildDeclRefExpr(D, Ty, VK, NameInfo, SS);
}

/// BuildDeclRefExpr - Build an expression that references a
/// declaration that does not require a closure capture.
ExprResult
Sema::BuildDeclRefExpr(ValueDecl *D, QualType Ty, ExprValueKind VK,
                       const DeclarationNameInfo &NameInfo,
                       const CXXScopeSpec *SS) {
  if (getLangOpts().CUDA)
    if (const FunctionDecl *Caller = dyn_cast<FunctionDecl>(CurContext))
      if (const FunctionDecl *Callee = dyn_cast<FunctionDecl>(D)) {
        CUDAFunctionTarget CallerTarget = IdentifyCUDATarget(Caller),
                           CalleeTarget = IdentifyCUDATarget(Callee);
        if (CheckCUDATarget(CallerTarget, CalleeTarget)) {
          Diag(NameInfo.getLoc(), diag::err_ref_bad_target)
            << CalleeTarget << D->getIdentifier() << CallerTarget;
          Diag(D->getLocation(), diag::note_previous_decl)
            << D->getIdentifier();
          return ExprError();
        }
      }

  bool refersToEnclosingScope =
    (CurContext != D->getDeclContext() &&
     D->getDeclContext()->isFunctionOrMethod());

  DeclRefExpr *E = DeclRefExpr::Create(Context,
                                       SS ? SS->getWithLocInContext(Context)
                                              : NestedNameSpecifierLoc(),
                                       SourceLocation(),
                                       D, refersToEnclosingScope,
                                       NameInfo, Ty, VK);

  MarkDeclRefReferenced(E);

  if (getLangOpts().ObjCARCWeak && isa<VarDecl>(D) &&
      Ty.getObjCLifetime() == Qualifiers::OCL_Weak) {
    DiagnosticsEngine::Level Level =
      Diags.getDiagnosticLevel(diag::warn_arc_repeated_use_of_weak,
                               E->getLocStart());
    if (Level != DiagnosticsEngine::Ignored)
      getCurFunction()->recordUseOfWeak(E);
  }

  // Just in case we're building an illegal pointer-to-member.
  FieldDecl *FD = dyn_cast<FieldDecl>(D);
  if (FD && FD->isBitField())
    E->setObjectKind(OK_BitField);

  return Owned(E);
}

/// Decomposes the given name into a DeclarationNameInfo, its location, and
/// possibly a list of template arguments.
///
/// If this produces template arguments, it is permitted to call
/// DecomposeTemplateName.
///
/// This actually loses a lot of source location information for
/// non-standard name kinds; we should consider preserving that in
/// some way.
void
Sema::DecomposeUnqualifiedId(const UnqualifiedId &Id,
                             TemplateArgumentListInfo &Buffer,
                             DeclarationNameInfo &NameInfo,
                             const TemplateArgumentListInfo *&TemplateArgs) {
  if (Id.getKind() == UnqualifiedId::IK_TemplateId) {
    Buffer.setLAngleLoc(Id.TemplateId->LAngleLoc);
    Buffer.setRAngleLoc(Id.TemplateId->RAngleLoc);

    ASTTemplateArgsPtr TemplateArgsPtr(Id.TemplateId->getTemplateArgs(),
                                       Id.TemplateId->NumArgs);
    translateTemplateArguments(TemplateArgsPtr, Buffer);

    TemplateName TName = Id.TemplateId->Template.get();
    SourceLocation TNameLoc = Id.TemplateId->TemplateNameLoc;
    NameInfo = Context.getNameForTemplate(TName, TNameLoc);
    TemplateArgs = &Buffer;
  } else {
    NameInfo = GetNameFromUnqualifiedId(Id);
    TemplateArgs = 0;
  }
}

/// Diagnose an empty lookup.
///
/// \return false if new lookup candidates were found
bool Sema::DiagnoseEmptyLookup(Scope *S, CXXScopeSpec &SS, LookupResult &R,
                               CorrectionCandidateCallback &CCC,
                               TemplateArgumentListInfo *ExplicitTemplateArgs,
                               llvm::ArrayRef<Expr *> Args) {
  DeclarationName Name = R.getLookupName();

  unsigned diagnostic = diag::err_undeclared_var_use;
  unsigned diagnostic_suggest = diag::err_undeclared_var_use_suggest;
  if (Name.getNameKind() == DeclarationName::CXXOperatorName ||
      Name.getNameKind() == DeclarationName::CXXLiteralOperatorName ||
      Name.getNameKind() == DeclarationName::CXXConversionFunctionName) {
    diagnostic = diag::err_undeclared_use;
    diagnostic_suggest = diag::err_undeclared_use_suggest;
  }

  // If the original lookup was an unqualified lookup, fake an
  // unqualified lookup.  This is useful when (for example) the
  // original lookup would not have found something because it was a
  // dependent name.
  DeclContext *DC = (SS.isEmpty() && !CallsUndergoingInstantiation.empty())
    ? CurContext : 0;
  while (DC) {
    if (isa<CXXRecordDecl>(DC)) {
      LookupQualifiedName(R, DC);

      if (!R.empty()) {
        // Don't give errors about ambiguities in this lookup.
        R.suppressDiagnostics();

        // During a default argument instantiation the CurContext points
        // to a CXXMethodDecl; but we can't apply a this-> fixit inside a
        // function parameter list, hence add an explicit check.
        bool isDefaultArgument = !ActiveTemplateInstantiations.empty() &&
                              ActiveTemplateInstantiations.back().Kind ==
            ActiveTemplateInstantiation::DefaultFunctionArgumentInstantiation;
        CXXMethodDecl *CurMethod = dyn_cast<CXXMethodDecl>(CurContext);
        bool isInstance = CurMethod &&
                          CurMethod->isInstance() &&
                          DC == CurMethod->getParent() && !isDefaultArgument;


        // Give a code modification hint to insert 'this->'.
        // TODO: fixit for inserting 'Base<T>::' in the other cases.
        // Actually quite difficult!
        if (getLangOpts().MicrosoftMode)
          diagnostic = diag::warn_found_via_dependent_bases_lookup;
        if (isInstance) {
          Diag(R.getNameLoc(), diagnostic) << Name
            << FixItHint::CreateInsertion(R.getNameLoc(), "this->");
          UnresolvedLookupExpr *ULE = cast<UnresolvedLookupExpr>(
              CallsUndergoingInstantiation.back()->getCallee());


          CXXMethodDecl *DepMethod;
          if (CurMethod->getTemplatedKind() ==
              FunctionDecl::TK_FunctionTemplateSpecialization)
            DepMethod = cast<CXXMethodDecl>(CurMethod->getPrimaryTemplate()->
                getInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate()->getTemplatedDecl());
          else
            DepMethod = cast<CXXMethodDecl>(
                CurMethod->getInstantiatedFromMemberFunction());
          assert(DepMethod && "No template pattern found");

          QualType DepThisType = DepMethod->getThisType(Context);
          CheckCXXThisCapture(R.getNameLoc());
          CXXThisExpr *DepThis = new (Context) CXXThisExpr(
                                     R.getNameLoc(), DepThisType, false);
          TemplateArgumentListInfo TList;
          if (ULE->hasExplicitTemplateArgs())
            ULE->copyTemplateArgumentsInto(TList);

          CXXScopeSpec SS;
          SS.Adopt(ULE->getQualifierLoc());
          CXXDependentScopeMemberExpr *DepExpr =
              CXXDependentScopeMemberExpr::Create(
                  Context, DepThis, DepThisType, true, SourceLocation(),
                  SS.getWithLocInContext(Context),
                  ULE->getTemplateKeywordLoc(), 0,
                  R.getLookupNameInfo(),
                  ULE->hasExplicitTemplateArgs() ? &TList : 0);
          CallsUndergoingInstantiation.back()->setCallee(DepExpr);
        } else {
          Diag(R.getNameLoc(), diagnostic) << Name;
        }

        // Do we really want to note all of these?
        for (LookupResult::iterator I = R.begin(), E = R.end(); I != E; ++I)
          Diag((*I)->getLocation(), diag::note_dependent_var_use);

        // Return true if we are inside a default argument instantiation
        // and the found name refers to an instance member function, otherwise
        // the function calling DiagnoseEmptyLookup will try to create an
        // implicit member call and this is wrong for default argument.
        if (isDefaultArgument && ((*R.begin())->isCXXInstanceMember())) {
          Diag(R.getNameLoc(), diag::err_member_call_without_object);
          return true;
        }

        // Tell the callee to try to recover.
        return false;
      }

      R.clear();
    }

    // In Microsoft mode, if we are performing lookup from within a friend
    // function definition declared at class scope then we must set
    // DC to the lexical parent to be able to search into the parent
    // class.
    if (getLangOpts().MicrosoftMode && isa<FunctionDecl>(DC) &&
        cast<FunctionDecl>(DC)->getFriendObjectKind() &&
        DC->getLexicalParent()->isRecord())
      DC = DC->getLexicalParent();
    else
      DC = DC->getParent();
  }

  // We didn't find anything, so try to correct for a typo.
  TypoCorrection Corrected;
  if (S && (Corrected = CorrectTypo(R.getLookupNameInfo(), R.getLookupKind(),
                                    S, &SS, CCC))) {
    std::string CorrectedStr(Corrected.getAsString(getLangOpts()));
    std::string CorrectedQuotedStr(Corrected.getQuoted(getLangOpts()));
    R.setLookupName(Corrected.getCorrection());

    if (NamedDecl *ND = Corrected.getCorrectionDecl()) {
      if (Corrected.isOverloaded()) {
        OverloadCandidateSet OCS(R.getNameLoc());
        OverloadCandidateSet::iterator Best;
        for (TypoCorrection::decl_iterator CD = Corrected.begin(),
                                        CDEnd = Corrected.end();
             CD != CDEnd; ++CD) {
          if (FunctionTemplateDecl *FTD =
                   dyn_cast<FunctionTemplateDecl>(*CD))
            AddTemplateOverloadCandidate(
                FTD, DeclAccessPair::make(FTD, AS_none), ExplicitTemplateArgs,
                Args, OCS);
          else if (FunctionDecl *FD = dyn_cast<FunctionDecl>(*CD))
            if (!ExplicitTemplateArgs || ExplicitTemplateArgs->size() == 0)
              AddOverloadCandidate(FD, DeclAccessPair::make(FD, AS_none),
                                   Args, OCS);
        }
        switch (OCS.BestViableFunction(*this, R.getNameLoc(), Best)) {
          case OR_Success:
            ND = Best->Function;
            break;
          default:
            break;
        }
      }
      R.addDecl(ND);
      if (isa<ValueDecl>(ND) || isa<FunctionTemplateDecl>(ND)) {
        if (SS.isEmpty())
          Diag(R.getNameLoc(), diagnostic_suggest) << Name << CorrectedQuotedStr
            << FixItHint::CreateReplacement(R.getNameLoc(), CorrectedStr);
        else
          Diag(R.getNameLoc(), diag::err_no_member_suggest)
            << Name << computeDeclContext(SS, false) << CorrectedQuotedStr
            << SS.getRange()
            << FixItHint::CreateReplacement(Corrected.getCorrectionRange(),
                                            CorrectedStr);

        unsigned diag = isa<ImplicitParamDecl>(ND)
          ? diag::note_implicit_param_decl
          : diag::note_previous_decl;

        Diag(ND->getLocation(), diag)
          << CorrectedQuotedStr;

        // Tell the callee to try to recover.
        return false;
      }

      if (isa<TypeDecl>(ND) || isa<ObjCInterfaceDecl>(ND)) {
        // FIXME: If we ended up with a typo for a type name or
        // Objective-C class name, we're in trouble because the parser
        // is in the wrong place to recover. Suggest the typo
        // correction, but don't make it a fix-it since we're not going
        // to recover well anyway.
        if (SS.isEmpty())
          Diag(R.getNameLoc(), diagnostic_suggest)
            << Name << CorrectedQuotedStr;
        else
          Diag(R.getNameLoc(), diag::err_no_member_suggest)
            << Name << computeDeclContext(SS, false) << CorrectedQuotedStr
            << SS.getRange();

        // Don't try to recover; it won't work.
        return true;
      }
    } else {
      // FIXME: We found a keyword. Suggest it, but don't provide a fix-it
      // because we aren't able to recover.
      if (SS.isEmpty())
        Diag(R.getNameLoc(), diagnostic_suggest) << Name << CorrectedQuotedStr;
      else
        Diag(R.getNameLoc(), diag::err_no_member_suggest)
        << Name << computeDeclContext(SS, false) << CorrectedQuotedStr
        << SS.getRange();
      return true;
    }
  }
  R.clear();

  // Emit a special diagnostic for failed member lookups.
  // FIXME: computing the declaration context might fail here (?)
  if (!SS.isEmpty()) {
    Diag(R.getNameLoc(), diag::err_no_member)
      << Name << computeDeclContext(SS, false)
      << SS.getRange();
    return true;
  }

  // Give up, we can't recover.
  Diag(R.getNameLoc(), diagnostic) << Name;
  return true;
}

ExprResult Sema::ActOnIdExpression(Scope *S,
                                   CXXScopeSpec &SS,
                                   SourceLocation TemplateKWLoc,
                                   UnqualifiedId &Id,
                                   bool HasTrailingLParen,
                                   bool IsAddressOfOperand,
                                   CorrectionCandidateCallback *CCC) {
  assert(!(IsAddressOfOperand && HasTrailingLParen) &&
         "cannot be direct & operand and have a trailing lparen");

  if (SS.isInvalid())
    return ExprError();

  TemplateArgumentListInfo TemplateArgsBuffer;

  // Decompose the UnqualifiedId into the following data.
  DeclarationNameInfo NameInfo;
  const TemplateArgumentListInfo *TemplateArgs;
  DecomposeUnqualifiedId(Id, TemplateArgsBuffer, NameInfo, TemplateArgs);

  DeclarationName Name = NameInfo.getName();
  IdentifierInfo *II = Name.getAsIdentifierInfo();
  SourceLocation NameLoc = NameInfo.getLoc();

  // C++ [temp.dep.expr]p3:
  //   An id-expression is type-dependent if it contains:
  //     -- an identifier that was declared with a dependent type,
  //        (note: handled after lookup)
  //     -- a template-id that is dependent,
  //        (note: handled in BuildTemplateIdExpr)
  //     -- a conversion-function-id that specifies a dependent type,
  //     -- a nested-name-specifier that contains a class-name that
  //        names a dependent type.
  // Determine whether this is a member of an unknown specialization;
  // we need to handle these differently.
  bool DependentID = false;
  if (Name.getNameKind() == DeclarationName::CXXConversionFunctionName &&
      Name.getCXXNameType()->isDependentType()) {
    DependentID = true;
  } else if (SS.isSet()) {
    if (DeclContext *DC = computeDeclContext(SS, false)) {
      if (RequireCompleteDeclContext(SS, DC))
        return ExprError();
    } else {
      DependentID = true;
    }
  }

  if (DependentID)
    return ActOnDependentIdExpression(SS, TemplateKWLoc, NameInfo,
                                      IsAddressOfOperand, TemplateArgs);

  // Perform the required lookup.
  LookupResult R(*this, NameInfo,
                 (Id.getKind() == UnqualifiedId::IK_ImplicitSelfParam)
                  ? LookupObjCImplicitSelfParam : LookupOrdinaryName);
  if (TemplateArgs) {
    // Lookup the template name again to correctly establish the context in
    // which it was found. This is really unfortunate as we already did the
    // lookup to determine that it was a template name in the first place. If
    // this becomes a performance hit, we can work harder to preserve those
    // results until we get here but it's likely not worth it.
    bool MemberOfUnknownSpecialization;
    LookupTemplateName(R, S, SS, QualType(), /*EnteringContext=*/false,
                       MemberOfUnknownSpecialization);

    if (MemberOfUnknownSpecialization ||
        (R.getResultKind() == LookupResult::NotFoundInCurrentInstantiation))
      return ActOnDependentIdExpression(SS, TemplateKWLoc, NameInfo,
                                        IsAddressOfOperand, TemplateArgs);
  } else {
    bool IvarLookupFollowUp = II && !SS.isSet() && getCurMethodDecl();
    LookupParsedName(R, S, &SS, !IvarLookupFollowUp);

    // If the result might be in a dependent base class, this is a dependent
    // id-expression.
    if (R.getResultKind() == LookupResult::NotFoundInCurrentInstantiation)
      return ActOnDependentIdExpression(SS, TemplateKWLoc, NameInfo,
                                        IsAddressOfOperand, TemplateArgs);

    // If this reference is in an Objective-C method, then we need to do
    // some special Objective-C lookup, too.
    if (IvarLookupFollowUp) {
      ExprResult E(LookupInObjCMethod(R, S, II, true));
      if (E.isInvalid())
        return ExprError();

      if (Expr *Ex = E.takeAs<Expr>())
        return Owned(Ex);
    }
  }

  if (R.isAmbiguous())
    return ExprError();

  // Determine whether this name might be a candidate for
  // argument-dependent lookup.
  bool ADL = UseArgumentDependentLookup(SS, R, HasTrailingLParen);

  if (R.empty() && !ADL) {
    // Otherwise, this could be an implicitly declared function reference (legal
    // in C90, extension in C99, forbidden in C++).
    if (HasTrailingLParen && II && !getLangOpts().CPlusPlus) {
      NamedDecl *D = ImplicitlyDefineFunction(NameLoc, *II, S);
      if (D) R.addDecl(D);
    }

    // If this name wasn't predeclared and if this is not a function
    // call, diagnose the problem.
    if (R.empty()) {

      // In Microsoft mode, if we are inside a template class member function
      // and we can't resolve an identifier then assume the identifier is type
      // dependent. The goal is to postpone name lookup to instantiation time
      // to be able to search into type dependent base classes.
      if (getLangOpts().MicrosoftMode && CurContext->isDependentContext() &&
          isa<CXXMethodDecl>(CurContext))
        return ActOnDependentIdExpression(SS, TemplateKWLoc, NameInfo,
                                          IsAddressOfOperand, TemplateArgs);

      CorrectionCandidateCallback DefaultValidator;
      if (DiagnoseEmptyLookup(S, SS, R, CCC ? *CCC : DefaultValidator))
        return ExprError();

      assert(!R.empty() &&
             "DiagnoseEmptyLookup returned false but added no results");

      // If we found an Objective-C instance variable, let
      // LookupInObjCMethod build the appropriate expression to
      // reference the ivar.
      if (ObjCIvarDecl *Ivar = R.getAsSingle<ObjCIvarDecl>()) {
        R.clear();
        ExprResult E(LookupInObjCMethod(R, S, Ivar->getIdentifier()));
        // In a hopelessly buggy code, Objective-C instance variable
        // lookup fails and no expression will be built to reference it.
        if (!E.isInvalid() && !E.get())
          return ExprError();
        return E;
      }
    }
  }

  // This is guaranteed from this point on.
  assert(!R.empty() || ADL);

  // Check whether this might be a C++ implicit instance member access.
  // C++ [class.mfct.non-static]p3:
  //   When an id-expression that is not part of a class member access
  //   syntax and not used to form a pointer to member is used in the
  //   body of a non-static member function of class X, if name lookup
  //   resolves the name in the id-expression to a non-static non-type
  //   member of some class C, the id-expression is transformed into a
  //   class member access expression using (*this) as the
  //   postfix-expression to the left of the . operator.
  //
  // But we don't actually need to do this for '&' operands if R
  // resolved to a function or overloaded function set, because the
  // expression is ill-formed if it actually works out to be a
  // non-static member function:
  //
  // C++ [expr.ref]p4:
  //   Otherwise, if E1.E2 refers to a non-static member function. . .
  //   [t]he expression can be used only as the left-hand operand of a
  //   member function call.
  //
  // There are other safeguards against such uses, but it's important
  // to get this right here so that we don't end up making a
  // spuriously dependent expression if we're inside a dependent
  // instance method.
  if (!R.empty() && (*R.begin())->isCXXClassMember()) {
    bool MightBeImplicitMember;
    if (!IsAddressOfOperand)
      MightBeImplicitMember = true;
    else if (!SS.isEmpty())
      MightBeImplicitMember = false;
    else if (R.isOverloadedResult())
      MightBeImplicitMember = false;
    else if (R.isUnresolvableResult())
      MightBeImplicitMember = true;
    else
      MightBeImplicitMember = isa<FieldDecl>(R.getFoundDecl()) ||
                              isa<IndirectFieldDecl>(R.getFoundDecl());

    if (MightBeImplicitMember)
      return BuildPossibleImplicitMemberExpr(SS, TemplateKWLoc,
                                             R, TemplateArgs);
  }

  if (TemplateArgs || TemplateKWLoc.isValid())
    return BuildTemplateIdExpr(SS, TemplateKWLoc, R, ADL, TemplateArgs);

  return BuildDeclarationNameExpr(SS, R, ADL);
}

/// BuildQualifiedDeclarationNameExpr - Build a C++ qualified
/// declaration name, generally during template instantiation.
/// There's a large number of things which don't need to be done along
/// this path.
ExprResult
Sema::BuildQualifiedDeclarationNameExpr(CXXScopeSpec &SS,
                                        const DeclarationNameInfo &NameInfo,
                                        bool IsAddressOfOperand) {
  DeclContext *DC = computeDeclContext(SS, false);
  if (!DC)
    return BuildDependentDeclRefExpr(SS, /*TemplateKWLoc=*/SourceLocation(),
                                     NameInfo, /*TemplateArgs=*/0);

  if (RequireCompleteDeclContext(SS, DC))
    return ExprError();

  LookupResult R(*this, NameInfo, LookupOrdinaryName);
  LookupQualifiedName(R, DC);

  if (R.isAmbiguous())
    return ExprError();

  if (R.getResultKind() == LookupResult::NotFoundInCurrentInstantiation)
    return BuildDependentDeclRefExpr(SS, /*TemplateKWLoc=*/SourceLocation(),
                                     NameInfo, /*TemplateArgs=*/0);

  if (R.empty()) {
    Diag(NameInfo.getLoc(), diag::err_no_member)
      << NameInfo.getName() << DC << SS.getRange();
    return ExprError();
  }

  // Defend against this resolving to an implicit member access. We usually
  // won't get here if this might be a legitimate a class member (we end up in
  // BuildMemberReferenceExpr instead), but this can be valid if we're forming
  // a pointer-to-member or in an unevaluated context in C++11.
  if (!R.empty() && (*R.begin())->isCXXClassMember() && !IsAddressOfOperand)
    return BuildPossibleImplicitMemberExpr(SS,
                                           /*TemplateKWLoc=*/SourceLocation(),
                                           R, /*TemplateArgs=*/0);

  return BuildDeclarationNameExpr(SS, R, /* ADL */ false);
}

/// LookupInObjCMethod - The parser has read a name in, and Sema has
/// detected that we're currently inside an ObjC method.  Perform some
/// additional lookup.
///
/// Ideally, most of this would be done by lookup, but there's
/// actually quite a lot of extra work involved.
///
/// Returns a null sentinel to indicate trivial success.
ExprResult
Sema::LookupInObjCMethod(LookupResult &Lookup, Scope *S,
                         IdentifierInfo *II, bool AllowBuiltinCreation) {
  SourceLocation Loc = Lookup.getNameLoc();
  ObjCMethodDecl *CurMethod = getCurMethodDecl();

  // Check for error condition which is already reported.
  if (!CurMethod)
    return ExprError();

  // There are two cases to handle here.  1) scoped lookup could have failed,
  // in which case we should look for an ivar.  2) scoped lookup could have
  // found a decl, but that decl is outside the current instance method (i.e.
  // a global variable).  In these two cases, we do a lookup for an ivar with
  // this name, if the lookup sucedes, we replace it our current decl.

  // If we're in a class method, we don't normally want to look for
  // ivars.  But if we don't find anything else, and there's an
  // ivar, that's an error.
  bool IsClassMethod = CurMethod->isClassMethod();

  bool LookForIvars;
  if (Lookup.empty())
    LookForIvars = true;
  else if (IsClassMethod)
    LookForIvars = false;
  else
    LookForIvars = (Lookup.isSingleResult() &&
                    Lookup.getFoundDecl()->isDefinedOutsideFunctionOrMethod());
  ObjCInterfaceDecl *IFace = 0;
  if (LookForIvars) {
    IFace = CurMethod->getClassInterface();
    ObjCInterfaceDecl *ClassDeclared;
    ObjCIvarDecl *IV = 0;
    if (IFace && (IV = IFace->lookupInstanceVariable(II, ClassDeclared))) {
      // Diagnose using an ivar in a class method.
      if (IsClassMethod)
        return ExprError(Diag(Loc, diag::error_ivar_use_in_class_method)
                         << IV->getDeclName());

      // If we're referencing an invalid decl, just return this as a silent
      // error node.  The error diagnostic was already emitted on the decl.
      if (IV->isInvalidDecl())
        return ExprError();

      // Check if referencing a field with __attribute__((deprecated)).
      if (DiagnoseUseOfDecl(IV, Loc))
        return ExprError();

      // Diagnose the use of an ivar outside of the declaring class.
      if (IV->getAccessControl() == ObjCIvarDecl::Private &&
          !declaresSameEntity(ClassDeclared, IFace) &&
          !getLangOpts().DebuggerSupport)
        Diag(Loc, diag::error_private_ivar_access) << IV->getDeclName();

      // FIXME: This should use a new expr for a direct reference, don't
      // turn this into Self->ivar, just return a BareIVarExpr or something.
      IdentifierInfo &II = Context.Idents.get("self");
      UnqualifiedId SelfName;
      SelfName.setIdentifier(&II, SourceLocation());
      SelfName.setKind(UnqualifiedId::IK_ImplicitSelfParam);
      CXXScopeSpec SelfScopeSpec;
      SourceLocation TemplateKWLoc;
      ExprResult SelfExpr = ActOnIdExpression(S, SelfScopeSpec, TemplateKWLoc,
                                              SelfName, false, false);
      if (SelfExpr.isInvalid())
        return ExprError();

      SelfExpr = DefaultLvalueConversion(SelfExpr.take());
      if (SelfExpr.isInvalid())
        return ExprError();

      MarkAnyDeclReferenced(Loc, IV, true);

      ObjCMethodFamily MF = CurMethod->getMethodFamily();
      if (MF != OMF_init && MF != OMF_dealloc && MF != OMF_finalize &&
          !IvarBacksCurrentMethodAccessor(IFace, CurMethod, IV))
        Diag(Loc, diag::warn_direct_ivar_access) << IV->getDeclName();

      ObjCIvarRefExpr *Result = new (Context) ObjCIvarRefExpr(IV, IV->getType(),
                                                              Loc,
                                                              SelfExpr.take(),
                                                              true, true);

      if (getLangOpts().ObjCAutoRefCount) {
        if (IV->getType().getObjCLifetime() == Qualifiers::OCL_Weak) {
          DiagnosticsEngine::Level Level =
            Diags.getDiagnosticLevel(diag::warn_arc_repeated_use_of_weak, Loc);
          if (Level != DiagnosticsEngine::Ignored)
            getCurFunction()->recordUseOfWeak(Result);
        }
        if (CurContext->isClosure())
          Diag(Loc, diag::warn_implicitly_retains_self)
            << FixItHint::CreateInsertion(Loc, "self->");
      }

      return Owned(Result);
    }
  } else if (CurMethod->isInstanceMethod()) {
    // We should warn if a local variable hides an ivar.
    if (ObjCInterfaceDecl *IFace = CurMethod->getClassInterface()) {
      ObjCInterfaceDecl *ClassDeclared;
      if (ObjCIvarDecl *IV = IFace->lookupInstanceVariable(II, ClassDeclared)) {
        if (IV->getAccessControl() != ObjCIvarDecl::Private ||
            declaresSameEntity(IFace, ClassDeclared))
          Diag(Loc, diag::warn_ivar_use_hidden) << IV->getDeclName();
      }
    }
  } else if (Lookup.isSingleResult() &&
             Lookup.getFoundDecl()->isDefinedOutsideFunctionOrMethod()) {
    // If accessing a stand-alone ivar in a class method, this is an error.
    if (const ObjCIvarDecl *IV = dyn_cast<ObjCIvarDecl>(Lookup.getFoundDecl()))
      return ExprError(Diag(Loc, diag::error_ivar_use_in_class_method)
                       << IV->getDeclName());
  }

  if (Lookup.empty() && II && AllowBuiltinCreation) {
    // FIXME. Consolidate this with similar code in LookupName.
    if (unsigned BuiltinID = II->getBuiltinID()) {
      if (!(getLangOpts().CPlusPlus &&
            Context.BuiltinInfo.isPredefinedLibFunction(BuiltinID))) {
        NamedDecl *D = LazilyCreateBuiltin((IdentifierInfo *)II, BuiltinID,
                                           S, Lookup.isForRedeclaration(),
                                           Lookup.getNameLoc());
        if (D) Lookup.addDecl(D);
      }
    }
  }
  // Sentinel value saying that we didn't do anything special.
  return Owned((Expr*) 0);
}

/// \brief Cast a base object to a member's actual type.
///
/// Logically this happens in three phases:
///
/// * First we cast from the base type to the naming class.
///   The naming class is the class into which we were looking
///   when we found the member;  it's the qualifier type if a
///   qualifier was provided, and otherwise it's the base type.
///
/// * Next we cast from the naming class to the declaring class.
///   If the member we found was brought into a class's scope by
///   a using declaration, this is that class;  otherwise it's
///   the class declaring the member.
///
/// * Finally we cast from the declaring class to the "true"
///   declaring class of the member.  This conversion does not
///   obey access control.
ExprResult
Sema::PerformObjectMemberConversion(Expr *From,
                                    NestedNameSpecifier *Qualifier,
                                    NamedDecl *FoundDecl,
                                    NamedDecl *Member) {
  CXXRecordDecl *RD = dyn_cast<CXXRecordDecl>(Member->getDeclContext());
  if (!RD)
    return Owned(From);

  QualType DestRecordType;
  QualType DestType;
  QualType FromRecordType;
  QualType FromType = From->getType();
  bool PointerConversions = false;
  if (isa<FieldDecl>(Member)) {
    DestRecordType = Context.getCanonicalType(Context.getTypeDeclType(RD));

    if (FromType->getAs<PointerType>()) {
      DestType = Context.getPointerType(DestRecordType);
      FromRecordType = FromType->getPointeeType();
      PointerConversions = true;
    } else {
      DestType = DestRecordType;
      FromRecordType = FromType;
    }
  } else if (CXXMethodDecl *Method = dyn_cast<CXXMethodDecl>(Member)) {
    if (Method->isStatic())
      return Owned(From);

    DestType = Method->getThisType(Context);
    DestRecordType = DestType->getPointeeType();

    if (FromType->getAs<PointerType>()) {
      FromRecordType = FromType->getPointeeType();
      PointerConversions = true;
    } else {
      FromRecordType = FromType;
      DestType = DestRecordType;
    }
  } else {
    // No conversion necessary.
    return Owned(From);
  }

  if (DestType->isDependentType() || FromType->isDependentType())
    return Owned(From);

  // If the unqualified types are the same, no conversion is necessary.
  if (Context.hasSameUnqualifiedType(FromRecordType, DestRecordType))
    return Owned(From);

  SourceRange FromRange = From->getSourceRange();
  SourceLocation FromLoc = FromRange.getBegin();

  ExprValueKind VK = From->getValueKind();

  // C++ [class.member.lookup]p8:
  //   [...] Ambiguities can often be resolved by qualifying a name with its
  //   class name.
  //
  // If the member was a qualified name and the qualified referred to a
  // specific base subobject type, we'll cast to that intermediate type
  // first and then to the object in which the member is declared. That allows
  // one to resolve ambiguities in, e.g., a diamond-shaped hierarchy such as:
  //
  //   class Base { public: int x; };
  //   class Derived1 : public Base { };
  //   class Derived2 : public Base { };
  //   class VeryDerived : public Derived1, public Derived2 { void f(); };
  //
  //   void VeryDerived::f() {
  //     x = 17; // error: ambiguous base subobjects
  //     Derived1::x = 17; // okay, pick the Base subobject of Derived1
  //   }
  if (Qualifier) {
    QualType QType = QualType(Qualifier->getAsType(), 0);
    assert(!QType.isNull() && "lookup done with dependent qualifier?");
    assert(QType->isRecordType() && "lookup done with non-record type");

    QualType QRecordType = QualType(QType->getAs<RecordType>(), 0);

    // In C++98, the qualifier type doesn't actually have to be a base
    // type of the object type, in which case we just ignore it.
    // Otherwise build the appropriate casts.
    if (IsDerivedFrom(FromRecordType, QRecordType)) {
      CXXCastPath BasePath;
      if (CheckDerivedToBaseConversion(FromRecordType, QRecordType,
                                       FromLoc, FromRange, &BasePath))
        return ExprError();

      if (PointerConversions)
        QType = Context.getPointerType(QType);
      From = ImpCastExprToType(From, QType, CK_UncheckedDerivedToBase,
                               VK, &BasePath).take();

      FromType = QType;
      FromRecordType = QRecordType;

      // If the qualifier type was the same as the destination type,
      // we're done.
      if (Context.hasSameUnqualifiedType(FromRecordType, DestRecordType))
        return Owned(From);
    }
  }

  bool IgnoreAccess = false;

  // If we actually found the member through a using declaration, cast
  // down to the using declaration's type.
  //
  // Pointer equality is fine here because only one declaration of a
  // class ever has member declarations.
  if (FoundDecl->getDeclContext() != Member->getDeclContext()) {
    assert(isa<UsingShadowDecl>(FoundDecl));
    QualType URecordType = Context.getTypeDeclType(
                           cast<CXXRecordDecl>(FoundDecl->getDeclContext()));

    // We only need to do this if the naming-class to declaring-class
    // conversion is non-trivial.
    if (!Context.hasSameUnqualifiedType(FromRecordType, URecordType)) {
      assert(IsDerivedFrom(FromRecordType, URecordType));
      CXXCastPath BasePath;
      if (CheckDerivedToBaseConversion(FromRecordType, URecordType,
                                       FromLoc, FromRange, &BasePath))
        return ExprError();

      QualType UType = URecordType;
      if (PointerConversions)
        UType = Context.getPointerType(UType);
      From = ImpCastExprToType(From, UType, CK_UncheckedDerivedToBase,
                               VK, &BasePath).take();
      FromType = UType;
      FromRecordType = URecordType;
    }

    // We don't do access control for the conversion from the
    // declaring class to the true declaring class.
    IgnoreAccess = true;
  }

  CXXCastPath BasePath;
  if (CheckDerivedToBaseConversion(FromRecordType, DestRecordType,
                                   FromLoc, FromRange, &BasePath,
                                   IgnoreAccess))
    return ExprError();

  return ImpCastExprToType(From, DestType, CK_UncheckedDerivedToBase,
                           VK, &BasePath);
}

bool Sema::UseArgumentDependentLookup(const CXXScopeSpec &SS,
                                      const LookupResult &R,
                                      bool HasTrailingLParen) {
  // Only when used directly as the postfix-expression of a call.
  if (!HasTrailingLParen)
    return false;

  // Never if a scope specifier was provided.
  if (SS.isSet())
    return false;

  // Only in C++ or ObjC++.
  if (!getLangOpts().CPlusPlus)
    return false;

  // Turn off ADL when we find certain kinds of declarations during
  // normal lookup:
  for (LookupResult::iterator I = R.begin(), E = R.end(); I != E; ++I) {
    NamedDecl *D = *I;

    // C++0x [basic.lookup.argdep]p3:
    //     -- a declaration of a class member
    // Since using decls preserve this property, we check this on the
    // original decl.
    if (D->isCXXClassMember())
      return false;

    // C++0x [basic.lookup.argdep]p3:
    //     -- a block-scope function declaration that is not a
    //        using-declaration
    // NOTE: we also trigger this for function templates (in fact, we
    // don't check the decl type at all, since all other decl types
    // turn off ADL anyway).
    if (isa<UsingShadowDecl>(D))
      D = cast<UsingShadowDecl>(D)->getTargetDecl();
    else if (D->getDeclContext()->isFunctionOrMethod())
      return false;

    // C++0x [basic.lookup.argdep]p3:
    //     -- a declaration that is neither a function or a function
    //        template
    // And also for builtin functions.
    if (isa<FunctionDecl>(D)) {
      FunctionDecl *FDecl = cast<FunctionDecl>(D);

      // But also builtin functions.
      if (FDecl->getBuiltinID() && FDecl->isImplicit())
        return false;
    } else if (!isa<FunctionTemplateDecl>(D))
      return false;
  }

  return true;
}


/// Diagnoses obvious problems with the use of the given declaration
/// as an expression.  This is only actually called for lookups that
/// were not overloaded, and it doesn't promise that the declaration
/// will in fact be used.
static bool CheckDeclInExpr(Sema &S, SourceLocation Loc, NamedDecl *D) {
  if (isa<TypedefNameDecl>(D)) {
    S.Diag(Loc, diag::err_unexpected_typedef) << D->getDeclName();
    return true;
  }

  if (isa<ObjCInterfaceDecl>(D)) {
    S.Diag(Loc, diag::err_unexpected_interface) << D->getDeclName();
    return true;
  }

  if (isa<NamespaceDecl>(D)) {
    S.Diag(Loc, diag::err_unexpected_namespace) << D->getDeclName();
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

ExprResult
Sema::BuildDeclarationNameExpr(const CXXScopeSpec &SS,
                               LookupResult &R,
                               bool NeedsADL) {
  // If this is a single, fully-resolved result and we don't need ADL,
  // just build an ordinary singleton decl ref.
  if (!NeedsADL && R.isSingleResult() && !R.getAsSingle<FunctionTemplateDecl>())
    return BuildDeclarationNameExpr(SS, R.getLookupNameInfo(),
                                    R.getFoundDecl());

  // We only need to check the declaration if there's exactly one
  // result, because in the overloaded case the results can only be
  // functions and function templates.
  if (R.isSingleResult() &&
      CheckDeclInExpr(*this, R.getNameLoc(), R.getFoundDecl()))
    return ExprError();

  // Otherwise, just build an unresolved lookup expression.  Suppress
  // any lookup-related diagnostics; we'll hash these out later, when
  // we've picked a target.
  R.suppressDiagnostics();

  UnresolvedLookupExpr *ULE
    = UnresolvedLookupExpr::Create(Context, R.getNamingClass(),
                                   SS.getWithLocInContext(Context),
                                   R.getLookupNameInfo(),
                                   NeedsADL, R.isOverloadedResult(),
                                   R.begin(), R.end());

  return Owned(ULE);
}

/// \brief Complete semantic analysis for a reference to the given declaration.
ExprResult
Sema::BuildDeclarationNameExpr(const CXXScopeSpec &SS,
                               const DeclarationNameInfo &NameInfo,
                               NamedDecl *D) {
  assert(D && "Cannot refer to a NULL declaration");
  assert(!isa<FunctionTemplateDecl>(D) &&
         "Cannot refer unambiguously to a function template");

  SourceLocation Loc = NameInfo.getLoc();
  if (CheckDeclInExpr(*this, Loc, D))
    return ExprError();

  if (TemplateDecl *Template = dyn_cast<TemplateDecl>(D)) {
    // Specifically diagnose references to class templates that are missing
    // a template argument list.
    Diag(Loc, diag::err_template_decl_ref)
      << Template << SS.getRange();
    Diag(Template->getLocation(), diag::note_template_decl_here);
    return ExprError();
  }

  // Make sure that we're referring to a value.
  ValueDecl *VD = dyn_cast<ValueDecl>(D);
  if (!VD) {
    Diag(Loc, diag::err_ref_non_value)
      << D << SS.getRange();
    Diag(D->getLocation(), diag::note_declared_at);
    return ExprError();
  }

  // Check whether this declaration can be used. Note that we suppress
  // this check when we're going to perform argument-dependent lookup
  // on this function name, because this might not be the function
  // that overload resolution actually selects.
  if (DiagnoseUseOfDecl(VD, Loc))
    return ExprError();

  // Only create DeclRefExpr's for valid Decl's.
  if (VD->isInvalidDecl())
    return ExprError();

  // Handle members of anonymous structs and unions.  If we got here,
  // and the reference is to a class member indirect field, then this
  // must be the subject of a pointer-to-member expression.
  if (IndirectFieldDecl *indirectField = dyn_cast<IndirectFieldDecl>(VD))
    if (!indirectField->isCXXClassMember())
      return BuildAnonymousStructUnionMemberReference(SS, NameInfo.getLoc(),
                                                      indirectField);

  {
    QualType type = VD->getType();
    ExprValueKind valueKind = VK_RValue;

    switch (D->getKind()) {
    // Ignore all the non-ValueDecl kinds.
#define ABSTRACT_DECL(kind)
#define VALUE(type, base)
#define DECL(type, base) \
    case Decl::type:
#include "clang/AST/DeclNodes.inc"
      llvm_unreachable("invalid value decl kind");

    // These shouldn't make it here.
    case Decl::ObjCAtDefsField:
    case Decl::ObjCIvar:
      llvm_unreachable("forming non-member reference to ivar?");

    // Enum constants are always r-values and never references.
    // Unresolved using declarations are dependent.
    case Decl::EnumConstant:
    case Decl::UnresolvedUsingValue:
      valueKind = VK_RValue;
      break;

    // Fields and indirect fields that got here must be for
    // pointer-to-member expressions; we just call them l-values for
    // internal consistency, because this subexpression doesn't really
    // exist in the high-level semantics.
    case Decl::Field:
    case Decl::IndirectField:
      assert(getLangOpts().CPlusPlus &&
             "building reference to field in C?");

      // These can't have reference type in well-formed programs, but
      // for internal consistency we do this anyway.
      type = type.getNonReferenceType();
      valueKind = VK_LValue;
      break;

    // Non-type template parameters are either l-values or r-values
    // depending on the type.
    case Decl::NonTypeTemplateParm: {
      if (const ReferenceType *reftype = type->getAs<ReferenceType>()) {
        type = reftype->getPointeeType();
        valueKind = VK_LValue; // even if the parameter is an r-value reference
        break;
      }

      // For non-references, we need to strip qualifiers just in case
      // the template parameter was declared as 'const int' or whatever.
      valueKind = VK_RValue;
      type = type.getUnqualifiedType();
      break;
    }

    case Decl::Var:
      // In C, "extern void blah;" is valid and is an r-value.
      if (!getLangOpts().CPlusPlus &&
          !type.hasQualifiers() &&
          type->isVoidType()) {
        valueKind = VK_RValue;
        break;
      }
      // fallthrough

    case Decl::ImplicitParam:
    case Decl::ParmVar: {
      // These are always l-values.
      valueKind = VK_LValue;
      type = type.getNonReferenceType();

      // FIXME: Does the addition of const really only apply in
      // potentially-evaluated contexts? Since the variable isn't actually
      // captured in an unevaluated context, it seems that the answer is no.
      if (!isUnevaluatedContext()) {
        QualType CapturedType = getCapturedDeclRefType(cast<VarDecl>(VD), Loc);
        if (!CapturedType.isNull())
          type = CapturedType;
      }

      break;
    }

    case Decl::Function: {
      if (unsigned BID = cast<FunctionDecl>(VD)->getBuiltinID()) {
        if (!Context.BuiltinInfo.isPredefinedLibFunction(BID)) {
          type = Context.BuiltinFnTy;
          valueKind = VK_RValue;
          break;
        }
      }

      const FunctionType *fty = type->castAs<FunctionType>();

      // If we're referring to a function with an __unknown_anytype
      // result type, make the entire expression __unknown_anytype.
      if (fty->getResultType() == Context.UnknownAnyTy) {
        type = Context.UnknownAnyTy;
        valueKind = VK_RValue;
        break;
      }

      // Functions are l-values in C++.
      if (getLangOpts().CPlusPlus) {
        valueKind = VK_LValue;
        break;
      }

      // C99 DR 316 says that, if a function type comes from a
      // function definition (without a prototype), that type is only
      // used for checking compatibility. Therefore, when referencing
      // the function, we pretend that we don't have the full function
      // type.
      if (!cast<FunctionDecl>(VD)->hasPrototype() &&
          isa<FunctionProtoType>(fty))
        type = Context.getFunctionNoProtoType(fty->getResultType(),
                                              fty->getExtInfo());

      // Functions are r-values in C.
      valueKind = VK_RValue;
      break;
    }

    case Decl::CXXMethod:
      // If we're referring to a method with an __unknown_anytype
      // result type, make the entire expression __unknown_anytype.
      // This should only be possible with a type written directly.
      if (const FunctionProtoType *proto
            = dyn_cast<FunctionProtoType>(VD->getType()))
        if (proto->getResultType() == Context.UnknownAnyTy) {
          type = Context.UnknownAnyTy;
          valueKind = VK_RValue;
          break;
        }

      // C++ methods are l-values if static, r-values if non-static.
      if (cast<CXXMethodDecl>(VD)->isStatic()) {
        valueKind = VK_LValue;
        break;
      }
      // fallthrough

    case Decl::CXXConversion:
    case Decl::CXXDestructor:
    case Decl::CXXConstructor:
      valueKind = VK_RValue;
      break;
    }

    return BuildDeclRefExpr(VD, type, valueKind, NameInfo, &SS);
  }
}

ExprResult Sema::ActOnPredefinedExpr(SourceLocation Loc, tok::TokenKind Kind) {
  PredefinedExpr::IdentType IT;

  switch (Kind) {
  default: llvm_unreachable("Unknown simple primary expr!");
  case tok::kw___func__: IT = PredefinedExpr::Func; break; // [C99 6.4.2.2]
  case tok::kw___FUNCTION__: IT = PredefinedExpr::Function; break;
  case tok::kw_L__FUNCTION__: IT = PredefinedExpr::LFunction; break;
  case tok::kw___PRETTY_FUNCTION__: IT = PredefinedExpr::PrettyFunction; break;
  }

  // Pre-defined identifiers are of type char[x], where x is the length of the
  // string.

  Decl *currentDecl = getCurFunctionOrMethodDecl();
  // Blocks and lambdas can occur at global scope. Don't emit a warning.
  if (!currentDecl) {
    if (const BlockScopeInfo *BSI = getCurBlock())
      currentDecl = BSI->TheDecl;
    else if (const LambdaScopeInfo *LSI = getCurLambda())
      currentDecl = LSI->CallOperator;
  }

  if (!currentDecl) {
    Diag(Loc, diag::ext_predef_outside_function);
    currentDecl = Context.getTranslationUnitDecl();
  }

  QualType ResTy;
  if (cast<DeclContext>(currentDecl)->isDependentContext()) {
    ResTy = Context.DependentTy;
  } else {
    unsigned Length = PredefinedExpr::ComputeName(IT, currentDecl).length();

    llvm::APInt LengthI(32, Length + 1);
    if (IT == PredefinedExpr::LFunction)
      ResTy = Context.WCharTy.withConst();
    else
      ResTy = Context.CharTy.withConst();
    ResTy = Context.getConstantArrayType(ResTy, LengthI, ArrayType::Normal, 0);
  }
  return Owned(new (Context) PredefinedExpr(Loc, ResTy, IT));
}

ExprResult Sema::ActOnCharacterConstant(const Token &Tok, Scope *UDLScope) {
  SmallString<16> CharBuffer;
  bool Invalid = false;
  StringRef ThisTok = PP.getSpelling(Tok, CharBuffer, &Invalid);
  if (Invalid)
    return ExprError();

  CharLiteralParser Literal(ThisTok.begin(), ThisTok.end(), Tok.getLocation(),
                            PP, Tok.getKind());
  if (Literal.hadError())
    return ExprError();

  QualType Ty;
  if (Literal.isWide())
    Ty = Context.WCharTy; // L'x' -> wchar_t in C and C++.
  else if (Literal.isUTF16())
    Ty = Context.Char16Ty; // u'x' -> char16_t in C11 and C++11.
  else if (Literal.isUTF32())
    Ty = Context.Char32Ty; // U'x' -> char32_t in C11 and C++11.
  else if (!getLangOpts().CPlusPlus || Literal.isMultiChar())
    Ty = Context.IntTy;   // 'x' -> int in C, 'wxyz' -> int in C++.
  else
    Ty = Context.CharTy;  // 'x' -> char in C++

  CharacterLiteral::CharacterKind Kind = CharacterLiteral::Ascii;
  if (Literal.isWide())
    Kind = CharacterLiteral::Wide;
  else if (Literal.isUTF16())
    Kind = CharacterLiteral::UTF16;
  else if (Literal.isUTF32())
    Kind = CharacterLiteral::UTF32;

  Expr *Lit = new (Context) CharacterLiteral(Literal.getValue(), Kind, Ty,
                                             Tok.getLocation());

  if (Literal.getUDSuffix().empty())
    return Owned(Lit);

  // We're building a user-defined literal.
  IdentifierInfo *UDSuffix = &Context.Idents.get(Literal.getUDSuffix());
  SourceLocation UDSuffixLoc =
    getUDSuffixLoc(*this, Tok.getLocation(), Literal.getUDSuffixOffset());

  // Make sure we're allowed user-defined literals here.
  if (!UDLScope)
    return ExprError(Diag(UDSuffixLoc, diag::err_invalid_character_udl));

  // C++11 [lex.ext]p6: The literal L is treated as a call of the form
  //   operator "" X (ch)
  return BuildCookedLiteralOperatorCall(*this, UDLScope, UDSuffix, UDSuffixLoc,
                                        llvm::makeArrayRef(&Lit, 1),
                                        Tok.getLocation());
}

ExprResult Sema::ActOnIntegerConstant(SourceLocation Loc, uint64_t Val) {
  unsigned IntSize = Context.getTargetInfo().getIntWidth();
  return Owned(IntegerLiteral::Create(Context, llvm::APInt(IntSize, Val),
                                      Context.IntTy, Loc));
}

static Expr *BuildFloatingLiteral(Sema &S, NumericLiteralParser &Literal,
                                  QualType Ty, SourceLocation Loc) {
  const llvm::fltSemantics &Format = S.Context.getFloatTypeSemantics(Ty);

  using llvm::APFloat;
  APFloat Val(Format);

  APFloat::opStatus result = Literal.GetFloatValue(Val);

  // Overflow is always an error, but underflow is only an error if
  // we underflowed to zero (APFloat reports denormals as underflow).
  if ((result & APFloat::opOverflow) ||
      ((result & APFloat::opUnderflow) && Val.isZero())) {
    unsigned diagnostic;
    SmallString<20> buffer;
    if (result & APFloat::opOverflow) {
      diagnostic = diag::warn_float_overflow;
      APFloat::getLargest(Format).toString(buffer);
    } else {
      diagnostic = diag::warn_float_underflow;
      APFloat::getSmallest(Format).toString(buffer);
    }

    S.Diag(Loc, diagnostic)
      << Ty
      << StringRef(buffer.data(), buffer.size());
  }

  bool isExact = (result == APFloat::opOK);
  return FloatingLiteral::Create(S.Context, Val, isExact, Ty, Loc);
}

ExprResult Sema::ActOnNumericConstant(const Token &Tok, Scope *UDLScope) {
  // Fast path for a single digit (which is quite common).  A single digit
  // cannot have a trigraph, escaped newline, radix prefix, or suffix.
  if (Tok.getLength() == 1) {
    const char Val = PP.getSpellingOfSingleCharacterNumericConstant(Tok);
    return ActOnIntegerConstant(Tok.getLocation(), Val-'0');
  }

  SmallString<128> SpellingBuffer;
  // NumericLiteralParser wants to overread by one character.  Add padding to
  // the buffer in case the token is copied to the buffer.  If getSpelling()
  // returns a StringRef to the memory buffer, it should have a null char at
  // the EOF, so it is also safe.
  SpellingBuffer.resize(Tok.getLength() + 1);

  // Get the spelling of the token, which eliminates trigraphs, etc.
  bool Invalid = false;
  StringRef TokSpelling = PP.getSpelling(Tok, SpellingBuffer, &Invalid);
  if (Invalid)
    return ExprError();

  NumericLiteralParser Literal(TokSpelling, Tok.getLocation(), PP);
  if (Literal.hadError)
    return ExprError();

  if (Literal.hasUDSuffix()) {
    // We're building a user-defined literal.
    IdentifierInfo *UDSuffix = &Context.Idents.get(Literal.getUDSuffix());
    SourceLocation UDSuffixLoc =
      getUDSuffixLoc(*this, Tok.getLocation(), Literal.getUDSuffixOffset());

    // Make sure we're allowed user-defined literals here.
    if (!UDLScope)
      return ExprError(Diag(UDSuffixLoc, diag::err_invalid_numeric_udl));

    QualType CookedTy;
    if (Literal.isFloatingLiteral()) {
      // C++11 [lex.ext]p4: If S contains a literal operator with parameter type
      // long double, the literal is treated as a call of the form
      //   operator "" X (f L)
      CookedTy = Context.LongDoubleTy;
    } else {
      // C++11 [lex.ext]p3: If S contains a literal operator with parameter type
      // unsigned long long, the literal is treated as a call of the form
      //   operator "" X (n ULL)
      CookedTy = Context.UnsignedLongLongTy;
    }

    DeclarationName OpName =
      Context.DeclarationNames.getCXXLiteralOperatorName(UDSuffix);
    DeclarationNameInfo OpNameInfo(OpName, UDSuffixLoc);
    OpNameInfo.setCXXLiteralOperatorNameLoc(UDSuffixLoc);

    // Perform literal operator lookup to determine if we're building a raw
    // literal or a cooked one.
    LookupResult R(*this, OpName, UDSuffixLoc, LookupOrdinaryName);
    switch (LookupLiteralOperator(UDLScope, R, llvm::makeArrayRef(&CookedTy, 1),
                                  /*AllowRawAndTemplate*/true)) {
    case LOLR_Error:
      return ExprError();

    case LOLR_Cooked: {
      Expr *Lit;
      if (Literal.isFloatingLiteral()) {
        Lit = BuildFloatingLiteral(*this, Literal, CookedTy, Tok.getLocation());
      } else {
        llvm::APInt ResultVal(Context.getTargetInfo().getLongLongWidth(), 0);
        if (Literal.GetIntegerValue(ResultVal))
          Diag(Tok.getLocation(), diag::warn_integer_too_large);
        Lit = IntegerLiteral::Create(Context, ResultVal, CookedTy,
                                     Tok.getLocation());
      }
      return BuildLiteralOperatorCall(R, OpNameInfo,
                                      llvm::makeArrayRef(&Lit, 1),
                                      Tok.getLocation());
    }

    case LOLR_Raw: {
      // C++11 [lit.ext]p3, p4: If S contains a raw literal operator, the
      // literal is treated as a call of the form
      //   operator "" X ("n")
      SourceLocation TokLoc = Tok.getLocation();
      unsigned Length = Literal.getUDSuffixOffset();
      QualType StrTy = Context.getConstantArrayType(
          Context.CharTy.withConst(), llvm::APInt(32, Length + 1),
          ArrayType::Normal, 0);
      Expr *Lit = StringLiteral::Create(
          Context, StringRef(TokSpelling.data(), Length), StringLiteral::Ascii,
          /*Pascal*/false, StrTy, &TokLoc, 1);
      return BuildLiteralOperatorCall(R, OpNameInfo,
                                      llvm::makeArrayRef(&Lit, 1), TokLoc);
    }

    case LOLR_Template:
      // C++11 [lit.ext]p3, p4: Otherwise (S contains a literal operator
      // template), L is treated as a call fo the form
      //   operator "" X <'c1', 'c2', ... 'ck'>()
      // where n is the source character sequence c1 c2 ... ck.
      TemplateArgumentListInfo ExplicitArgs;
      unsigned CharBits = Context.getIntWidth(Context.CharTy);
      bool CharIsUnsigned = Context.CharTy->isUnsignedIntegerType();
      llvm::APSInt Value(CharBits, CharIsUnsigned);
      for (unsigned I = 0, N = Literal.getUDSuffixOffset(); I != N; ++I) {
        Value = TokSpelling[I];
        TemplateArgument Arg(Context, Value, Context.CharTy);
        TemplateArgumentLocInfo ArgInfo;
        ExplicitArgs.addArgument(TemplateArgumentLoc(Arg, ArgInfo));
      }
      return BuildLiteralOperatorCall(R, OpNameInfo, ArrayRef<Expr*>(),
                                      Tok.getLocation(), &ExplicitArgs);
    }

    llvm_unreachable("unexpected literal operator lookup result");
  }

  Expr *Res;

  if (Literal.isFloatingLiteral()) {
    QualType Ty;
    if (Literal.isFloat)
      Ty = Context.FloatTy;
    else if (!Literal.isLong)
      Ty = Context.DoubleTy;
    else
      Ty = Context.LongDoubleTy;

    Res = BuildFloatingLiteral(*this, Literal, Ty, Tok.getLocation());

    if (Ty == Context.DoubleTy) {
      if (getLangOpts().SinglePrecisionConstants) {
        Res = ImpCastExprToType(Res, Context.FloatTy, CK_FloatingCast).take();
      } else if (getLangOpts().OpenCL && !getOpenCLOptions().cl_khr_fp64) {
        Diag(Tok.getLocation(), diag::warn_double_const_requires_fp64);
        Res = ImpCastExprToType(Res, Context.FloatTy, CK_FloatingCast).take();
      }
    }
  } else if (!Literal.isIntegerLiteral()) {
    return ExprError();
  } else {
    QualType Ty;

    // 'long long' is a C99 or C++11 feature.
    if (!getLangOpts().C99 && Literal.isLongLong) {
      if (getLangOpts().CPlusPlus)
        Diag(Tok.getLocation(),
             getLangOpts().CPlusPlus11 ?
             diag::warn_cxx98_compat_longlong : diag::ext_cxx11_longlong);
      else
        Diag(Tok.getLocation(), diag::ext_c99_longlong);
    }

    // Get the value in the widest-possible width.
    unsigned MaxWidth = Context.getTargetInfo().getIntMaxTWidth();
    // The microsoft literal suffix extensions support 128-bit literals, which
    // may be wider than [u]intmax_t.
    // FIXME: Actually, they don't. We seem to have accidentally invented the
    //        i128 suffix.
    if (Literal.isMicrosoftInteger && MaxWidth < 128 &&
        PP.getTargetInfo().hasInt128Type())
      MaxWidth = 128;
    llvm::APInt ResultVal(MaxWidth, 0);

    if (Literal.GetIntegerValue(ResultVal)) {
      // If this value didn't fit into uintmax_t, warn and force to ull.
      Diag(Tok.getLocation(), diag::warn_integer_too_large);
      Ty = Context.UnsignedLongLongTy;
      assert(Context.getTypeSize(Ty) == ResultVal.getBitWidth() &&
             "long long is not intmax_t?");
    } else {
      // If this value fits into a ULL, try to figure out what else it fits into
      // according to the rules of C99 6.4.4.1p5.

      // Octal, Hexadecimal, and integers with a U suffix are allowed to
      // be an unsigned int.
      bool AllowUnsigned = Literal.isUnsigned || Literal.getRadix() != 10;

      // Check from smallest to largest, picking the smallest type we can.
      unsigned Width = 0;
      if (!Literal.isLong && !Literal.isLongLong) {
        // Are int/unsigned possibilities?
        unsigned IntSize = Context.getTargetInfo().getIntWidth();

        // Does it fit in a unsigned int?
        if (ResultVal.isIntN(IntSize)) {
          // Does it fit in a signed int?
          if (!Literal.isUnsigned && ResultVal[IntSize-1] == 0)
            Ty = Context.IntTy;
          else if (AllowUnsigned)
            Ty = Context.UnsignedIntTy;
          Width = IntSize;
        }
      }

      // Are long/unsigned long possibilities?
      if (Ty.isNull() && !Literal.isLongLong) {
        unsigned LongSize = Context.getTargetInfo().getLongWidth();

        // Does it fit in a unsigned long?
        if (ResultVal.isIntN(LongSize)) {
          // Does it fit in a signed long?
          if (!Literal.isUnsigned && ResultVal[LongSize-1] == 0)
            Ty = Context.LongTy;
          else if (AllowUnsigned)
            Ty = Context.UnsignedLongTy;
          Width = LongSize;
        }
      }

      // Check long long if needed.
      if (Ty.isNull()) {
        unsigned LongLongSize = Context.getTargetInfo().getLongLongWidth();

        // Does it fit in a unsigned long long?
        if (ResultVal.isIntN(LongLongSize)) {
          // Does it fit in a signed long long?
          // To be compatible with MSVC, hex integer literals ending with the
          // LL or i64 suffix are always signed in Microsoft mode.
          if (!Literal.isUnsigned && (ResultVal[LongLongSize-1] == 0 ||
              (getLangOpts().MicrosoftExt && Literal.isLongLong)))
            Ty = Context.LongLongTy;
          else if (AllowUnsigned)
            Ty = Context.UnsignedLongLongTy;
          Width = LongLongSize;
        }
      }

      // If it doesn't fit in unsigned long long, and we're using Microsoft
      // extensions, then its a 128-bit integer literal.
      if (Ty.isNull() && Literal.isMicrosoftInteger &&
          PP.getTargetInfo().hasInt128Type()) {
        if (Literal.isUnsigned)
          Ty = Context.UnsignedInt128Ty;
        else
          Ty = Context.Int128Ty;
        Width = 128;
      }

      // If we still couldn't decide a type, we probably have something that
      // does not fit in a signed long long, but has no U suffix.
      if (Ty.isNull()) {
        Diag(Tok.getLocation(), diag::warn_integer_too_large_for_signed);
        Ty = Context.UnsignedLongLongTy;
        Width = Context.getTargetInfo().getLongLongWidth();
      }

      if (ResultVal.getBitWidth() != Width)
        ResultVal = ResultVal.trunc(Width);
    }
    Res = IntegerLiteral::Create(Context, ResultVal, Ty, Tok.getLocation());
  }

  // If this is an imaginary literal, create the ImaginaryLiteral wrapper.
  if (Literal.isImaginary)
    Res = new (Context) ImaginaryLiteral(Res,
                                        Context.getComplexType(Res->getType()));

  return Owned(Res);
}

ExprResult Sema::ActOnParenExpr(SourceLocation L, SourceLocation R, Expr *E) {
  assert((E != 0) && "ActOnParenExpr() missing expr");
  return Owned(new (Context) ParenExpr(L, R, E));
}

static bool CheckVecStepTraitOperandType(Sema &S, QualType T,
                                         SourceLocation Loc,
                                         SourceRange ArgRange) {
  // [OpenCL 1.1 6.11.12] "The vec_step built-in function takes a built-in
  // scalar or vector data type argument..."
  // Every built-in scalar type (OpenCL 1.1 6.1.1) is either an arithmetic
  // type (C99 6.2.5p18) or void.
  if (!(T->isArithmeticType() || T->isVoidType() || T->isVectorType())) {
    S.Diag(Loc, diag::err_vecstep_non_scalar_vector_type)
      << T << ArgRange;
    return true;
  }

  assert((T->isVoidType() || !T->isIncompleteType()) &&
         "Scalar types should always be complete");
  return false;
}

static bool CheckExtensionTraitOperandType(Sema &S, QualType T,
                                           SourceLocation Loc,
                                           SourceRange ArgRange,
                                           UnaryExprOrTypeTrait TraitKind) {
  // C99 6.5.3.4p1:
  if (T->isFunctionType()) {
    // alignof(function) is allowed as an extension.
    if (TraitKind == UETT_SizeOf)
      S.Diag(Loc, diag::ext_sizeof_function_type) << ArgRange;
    return false;
  }

  // Allow sizeof(void)/alignof(void) as an extension.
  if (T->isVoidType()) {
    S.Diag(Loc, diag::ext_sizeof_void_type) << TraitKind << ArgRange;
    return false;
  }

  return true;
}

static bool CheckObjCTraitOperandConstraints(Sema &S, QualType T,
                                             SourceLocation Loc,
                                             SourceRange ArgRange,
                                             UnaryExprOrTypeTrait TraitKind) {
  // Reject sizeof(interface) and sizeof(interface<proto>) if the
  // runtime doesn't allow it.
  if (!S.LangOpts.ObjCRuntime.allowsSizeofAlignof() && T->isObjCObjectType()) {
    S.Diag(Loc, diag::err_sizeof_nonfragile_interface)
      << T << (TraitKind == UETT_SizeOf)
      << ArgRange;
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

/// \brief Check the constrains on expression operands to unary type expression
/// and type traits.
///
/// Completes any types necessary and validates the constraints on the operand
/// expression. The logic mostly mirrors the type-based overload, but may modify
/// the expression as it completes the type for that expression through template
/// instantiation, etc.
bool Sema::CheckUnaryExprOrTypeTraitOperand(Expr *E,
                                            UnaryExprOrTypeTrait ExprKind) {
  QualType ExprTy = E->getType();

  // C++ [expr.sizeof]p2: "When applied to a reference or a reference type,
  //   the result is the size of the referenced type."
  // C++ [expr.alignof]p3: "When alignof is applied to a reference type, the
  //   result shall be the alignment of the referenced type."
  if (const ReferenceType *Ref = ExprTy->getAs<ReferenceType>())
    ExprTy = Ref->getPointeeType();

  if (ExprKind == UETT_VecStep)
    return CheckVecStepTraitOperandType(*this, ExprTy, E->getExprLoc(),
                                        E->getSourceRange());

  // Whitelist some types as extensions
  if (!CheckExtensionTraitOperandType(*this, ExprTy, E->getExprLoc(),
                                      E->getSourceRange(), ExprKind))
    return false;

  if (RequireCompleteExprType(E,
                              diag::err_sizeof_alignof_incomplete_type,
                              ExprKind, E->getSourceRange()))
    return true;

  // Completeing the expression's type may have changed it.
  ExprTy = E->getType();
  if (const ReferenceType *Ref = ExprTy->getAs<ReferenceType>())
    ExprTy = Ref->getPointeeType();

  if (CheckObjCTraitOperandConstraints(*this, ExprTy, E->getExprLoc(),
                                       E->getSourceRange(), ExprKind))
    return true;

  if (ExprKind == UETT_SizeOf) {
    if (DeclRefExpr *DeclRef = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(E->IgnoreParens())) {
      if (ParmVarDecl *PVD = dyn_cast<ParmVarDecl>(DeclRef->getFoundDecl())) {
        QualType OType = PVD->getOriginalType();
        QualType Type = PVD->getType();
        if (Type->isPointerType() && OType->isArrayType()) {
          Diag(E->getExprLoc(), diag::warn_sizeof_array_param)
            << Type << OType;
          Diag(PVD->getLocation(), diag::note_declared_at);
        }
      }
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/// \brief Check the constraints on operands to unary expression and type
/// traits.
///
/// This will complete any types necessary, and validate the various constraints
/// on those operands.
///
/// The UsualUnaryConversions() function is *not* called by this routine.
/// C99 6.3.2.1p[2-4] all state:
///   Except when it is the operand of the sizeof operator ...
///
/// C++ [expr.sizeof]p4
///   The lvalue-to-rvalue, array-to-pointer, and function-to-pointer
///   standard conversions are not applied to the operand of sizeof.
///
/// This policy is followed for all of the unary trait expressions.
bool Sema::CheckUnaryExprOrTypeTraitOperand(QualType ExprType,
                                            SourceLocation OpLoc,
                                            SourceRange ExprRange,
                                            UnaryExprOrTypeTrait ExprKind) {
  if (ExprType->isDependentType())
    return false;

  // C++ [expr.sizeof]p2: "When applied to a reference or a reference type,
  //   the result is the size of the referenced type."
  // C++ [expr.alignof]p3: "When alignof is applied to a reference type, the
  //   result shall be the alignment of the referenced type."
  if (const ReferenceType *Ref = ExprType->getAs<ReferenceType>())
    ExprType = Ref->getPointeeType();

  if (ExprKind == UETT_VecStep)
    return CheckVecStepTraitOperandType(*this, ExprType, OpLoc, ExprRange);

  // Whitelist some types as extensions
  if (!CheckExtensionTraitOperandType(*this, ExprType, OpLoc, ExprRange,
                                      ExprKind))
    return false;

  if (RequireCompleteType(OpLoc, ExprType,
                          diag::err_sizeof_alignof_incomplete_type,
                          ExprKind, ExprRange))
    return true;

  if (CheckObjCTraitOperandConstraints(*this, ExprType, OpLoc, ExprRange,
                                       ExprKind))
    return true;

  return false;
}

static bool CheckAlignOfExpr(Sema &S, Expr *E) {
  E = E->IgnoreParens();

  // alignof decl is always ok.
  if (isa<DeclRefExpr>(E))
    return false;

  // Cannot know anything else if the expression is dependent.
  if (E->isTypeDependent())
    return false;

  if (E->getBitField()) {
    S.Diag(E->getExprLoc(), diag::err_sizeof_alignof_bitfield)
       << 1 << E->getSourceRange();
    return true;
  }

  // Alignment of a field access is always okay, so long as it isn't a
  // bit-field.
  if (MemberExpr *ME = dyn_cast<MemberExpr>(E))
    if (isa<FieldDecl>(ME->getMemberDecl()))
      return false;

  return S.CheckUnaryExprOrTypeTraitOperand(E, UETT_AlignOf);
}

bool Sema::CheckVecStepExpr(Expr *E) {
  E = E->IgnoreParens();

  // Cannot know anything else if the expression is dependent.
  if (E->isTypeDependent())
    return false;

  return CheckUnaryExprOrTypeTraitOperand(E, UETT_VecStep);
}

/// \brief Build a sizeof or alignof expression given a type operand.
ExprResult
Sema::CreateUnaryExprOrTypeTraitExpr(TypeSourceInfo *TInfo,
                                     SourceLocation OpLoc,
                                     UnaryExprOrTypeTrait ExprKind,
                                     SourceRange R) {
  if (!TInfo)
    return ExprError();

  QualType T = TInfo->getType();

  if (!T->isDependentType() &&
      CheckUnaryExprOrTypeTraitOperand(T, OpLoc, R, ExprKind))
    return ExprError();

  // C99 6.5.3.4p4: the type (an unsigned integer type) is size_t.
  return Owned(new (Context) UnaryExprOrTypeTraitExpr(ExprKind, TInfo,
                                                      Context.getSizeType(),
                                                      OpLoc, R.getEnd()));
}

/// \brief Build a sizeof or alignof expression given an expression
/// operand.
ExprResult
Sema::CreateUnaryExprOrTypeTraitExpr(Expr *E, SourceLocation OpLoc,
                                     UnaryExprOrTypeTrait ExprKind) {
  ExprResult PE = CheckPlaceholderExpr(E);
  if (PE.isInvalid())
    return ExprError();

  E = PE.get();

  // Verify that the operand is valid.
  bool isInvalid = false;
  if (E->isTypeDependent()) {
    // Delay type-checking for type-dependent expressions.
  } else if (ExprKind == UETT_AlignOf) {
    isInvalid = CheckAlignOfExpr(*this, E);
  } else if (ExprKind == UETT_VecStep) {
    isInvalid = CheckVecStepExpr(E);
  } else if (E->getBitField()) {  // C99 6.5.3.4p1.
    Diag(E->getExprLoc(), diag::err_sizeof_alignof_bitfield) << 0;
    isInvalid = true;
  } else {
    isInvalid = CheckUnaryExprOrTypeTraitOperand(E, UETT_SizeOf);
  }

  if (isInvalid)
    return ExprError();

  if (ExprKind == UETT_SizeOf && E->getType()->isVariableArrayType()) {
    PE = TransformToPotentiallyEvaluated(E);
    if (PE.isInvalid()) return ExprError();
    E = PE.take();
  }

  // C99 6.5.3.4p4: the type (an unsigned integer type) is size_t.
  return Owned(new (Context) UnaryExprOrTypeTraitExpr(
      ExprKind, E, Context.getSizeType(), OpLoc,
      E->getSourceRange().getEnd()));
}

/// ActOnUnaryExprOrTypeTraitExpr - Handle @c sizeof(type) and @c sizeof @c
/// expr and the same for @c alignof and @c __alignof
/// Note that the ArgRange is invalid if isType is false.
ExprResult
Sema::ActOnUnaryExprOrTypeTraitExpr(SourceLocation OpLoc,
                                    UnaryExprOrTypeTrait ExprKind, bool IsType,
                                    void *TyOrEx, const SourceRange &ArgRange) {
  // If error parsing type, ignore.
  if (TyOrEx == 0) return ExprError();

  if (IsType) {
    TypeSourceInfo *TInfo;
    (void) GetTypeFromParser(ParsedType::getFromOpaquePtr(TyOrEx), &TInfo);
    return CreateUnaryExprOrTypeTraitExpr(TInfo, OpLoc, ExprKind, ArgRange);
  }

  Expr *ArgEx = (Expr *)TyOrEx;
  ExprResult Result = CreateUnaryExprOrTypeTraitExpr(ArgEx, OpLoc, ExprKind);
  return Result;
}

static QualType CheckRealImagOperand(Sema &S, ExprResult &V, SourceLocation Loc,
                                     bool IsReal) {
  if (V.get()->isTypeDependent())
    return S.Context.DependentTy;

  // _Real and _Imag are only l-values for normal l-values.
  if (V.get()->getObjectKind() != OK_Ordinary) {
    V = S.DefaultLvalueConversion(V.take());
    if (V.isInvalid())
      return QualType();
  }

  // These operators return the element type of a complex type.
  if (const ComplexType *CT = V.get()->getType()->getAs<ComplexType>())
    return CT->getElementType();

  // Otherwise they pass through real integer and floating point types here.
  if (V.get()->getType()->isArithmeticType())
    return V.get()->getType();

  // Test for placeholders.
  ExprResult PR = S.CheckPlaceholderExpr(V.get());
  if (PR.isInvalid()) return QualType();
  if (PR.get() != V.get()) {
    V = PR;
    return CheckRealImagOperand(S, V, Loc, IsReal);
  }

  // Reject anything else.
  S.Diag(Loc, diag::err_realimag_invalid_type) << V.get()->getType()
    << (IsReal ? "__real" : "__imag");
  return QualType();
}



ExprResult
Sema::ActOnPostfixUnaryOp(Scope *S, SourceLocation OpLoc,
                          tok::TokenKind Kind, Expr *Input) {
  UnaryOperatorKind Opc;
  switch (Kind) {
  default: llvm_unreachable("Unknown unary op!");
  case tok::plusplus:   Opc = UO_PostInc; break;
  case tok::minusminus: Opc = UO_PostDec; break;
  }

  // Since this might is a postfix expression, get rid of ParenListExprs.
  ExprResult Result = MaybeConvertParenListExprToParenExpr(S, Input);
  if (Result.isInvalid()) return ExprError();
  Input = Result.take();

  return BuildUnaryOp(S, OpLoc, Opc, Input);
}

/// \brief Diagnose if arithmetic on the given ObjC pointer is illegal.
///
/// \return true on error
static bool checkArithmeticOnObjCPointer(Sema &S,
                                         SourceLocation opLoc,
                                         Expr *op) {
  assert(op->getType()->isObjCObjectPointerType());
  if (S.LangOpts.ObjCRuntime.allowsPointerArithmetic())
    return false;

  S.Diag(opLoc, diag::err_arithmetic_nonfragile_interface)
    << op->getType()->castAs<ObjCObjectPointerType>()->getPointeeType()
    << op->getSourceRange();
  return true;
}

ExprResult
Sema::ActOnArraySubscriptExpr(Scope *S, Expr *base, SourceLocation lbLoc,
                              Expr *idx, SourceLocation rbLoc) {
  // Since this might be a postfix expression, get rid of ParenListExprs.
  if (isa<ParenListExpr>(base)) {
    ExprResult result = MaybeConvertParenListExprToParenExpr(S, base);
    if (result.isInvalid()) return ExprError();
    base = result.take();
  }

  // Handle any non-overload placeholder types in the base and index
  // expressions.  We can't handle overloads here because the other
  // operand might be an overloadable type, in which case the overload
  // resolution for the operator overload should get the first crack
  // at the overload.
  if (base->getType()->isNonOverloadPlaceholderType()) {
    ExprResult result = CheckPlaceholderExpr(base);
    if (result.isInvalid()) return ExprError();
    base = result.take();
  }
  if (idx->getType()->isNonOverloadPlaceholderType()) {
    ExprResult result = CheckPlaceholderExpr(idx);
    if (result.isInvalid()) return ExprError();
    idx = result.take();
  }

  // Build an unanalyzed expression if either operand is type-dependent.
  if (getLangOpts().CPlusPlus &&
      (base->isTypeDependent() || idx->isTypeDependent())) {
    return Owned(new (Context) ArraySubscriptExpr(base, idx,
                                                  Context.DependentTy,
                                                  VK_LValue, OK_Ordinary,
                                                  rbLoc));
  }

  // Use C++ overloaded-operator rules if either operand has record
  // type.  The spec says to do this if either type is *overloadable*,
  // but enum types can't declare subscript operators or conversion
  // operators, so there's nothing interesting for overload resolution
  // to do if there aren't any record types involved.
  //
  // ObjC pointers have their own subscripting logic that is not tied
  // to overload resolution and so should not take this path.
  if (getLangOpts().CPlusPlus &&
      (base->getType()->isRecordType() ||
       (!base->getType()->isObjCObjectPointerType() &&
        idx->getType()->isRecordType()))) {
    return CreateOverloadedArraySubscriptExpr(lbLoc, rbLoc, base, idx);
  }

  return CreateBuiltinArraySubscriptExpr(base, lbLoc, idx, rbLoc);
}

ExprResult
Sema::CreateBuiltinArraySubscriptExpr(Expr *Base, SourceLocation LLoc,
                                      Expr *Idx, SourceLocation RLoc) {
  Expr *LHSExp = Base;
  Expr *RHSExp = Idx;

  // Perform default conversions.
  if (!LHSExp->getType()->getAs<VectorType>()) {
    ExprResult Result = DefaultFunctionArrayLvalueConversion(LHSExp);
    if (Result.isInvalid())
      return ExprError();
    LHSExp = Result.take();
  }
  ExprResult Result = DefaultFunctionArrayLvalueConversion(RHSExp);
  if (Result.isInvalid())
    return ExprError();
  RHSExp = Result.take();

  QualType LHSTy = LHSExp->getType(), RHSTy = RHSExp->getType();
  ExprValueKind VK = VK_LValue;
  ExprObjectKind OK = OK_Ordinary;

  // C99 6.5.2.1p2: the expression e1[e2] is by definition precisely equivalent
  // to the expression *((e1)+(e2)). This means the array "Base" may actually be
  // in the subscript position. As a result, we need to derive the array base
  // and index from the expression types.
  Expr *BaseExpr, *IndexExpr;
  QualType ResultType;
  if (LHSTy->isDependentType() || RHSTy->isDependentType()) {
    BaseExpr = LHSExp;
    IndexExpr = RHSExp;
    ResultType = Context.DependentTy;
  } else if (const PointerType *PTy = LHSTy->getAs<PointerType>()) {
    BaseExpr = LHSExp;
    IndexExpr = RHSExp;
    ResultType = PTy->getPointeeType();
  } else if (const ObjCObjectPointerType *PTy =
               LHSTy->getAs<ObjCObjectPointerType>()) {
    BaseExpr = LHSExp;
    IndexExpr = RHSExp;

    // Use custom logic if this should be the pseudo-object subscript
    // expression.
    if (!LangOpts.ObjCRuntime.isSubscriptPointerArithmetic())
      return BuildObjCSubscriptExpression(RLoc, BaseExpr, IndexExpr, 0, 0);

    ResultType = PTy->getPointeeType();
    if (!LangOpts.ObjCRuntime.allowsPointerArithmetic()) {
      Diag(LLoc, diag::err_subscript_nonfragile_interface)
        << ResultType << BaseExpr->getSourceRange();
      return ExprError();
    }
  } else if (const PointerType *PTy = RHSTy->getAs<PointerType>()) {
     // Handle the uncommon case of "123[Ptr]".
    BaseExpr = RHSExp;
    IndexExpr = LHSExp;
    ResultType = PTy->getPointeeType();
  } else if (const ObjCObjectPointerType *PTy =
               RHSTy->getAs<ObjCObjectPointerType>()) {
     // Handle the uncommon case of "123[Ptr]".
    BaseExpr = RHSExp;
    IndexExpr = LHSExp;
    ResultType = PTy->getPointeeType();
    if (!LangOpts.ObjCRuntime.allowsPointerArithmetic()) {
      Diag(LLoc, diag::err_subscript_nonfragile_interface)
        << ResultType << BaseExpr->getSourceRange();
      return ExprError();
    }
  } else if (const VectorType *VTy = LHSTy->getAs<VectorType>()) {
    BaseExpr = LHSExp;    // vectors: V[123]
    IndexExpr = RHSExp;
    VK = LHSExp->getValueKind();
    if (VK != VK_RValue)
      OK = OK_VectorComponent;

    // FIXME: need to deal with const...
    ResultType = VTy->getElementType();
  } else if (LHSTy->isArrayType()) {
    // If we see an array that wasn't promoted by
    // DefaultFunctionArrayLvalueConversion, it must be an array that
    // wasn't promoted because of the C90 rule that doesn't
    // allow promoting non-lvalue arrays.  Warn, then
    // force the promotion here.
    Diag(LHSExp->getLocStart(), diag::ext_subscript_non_lvalue) <<
        LHSExp->getSourceRange();
    LHSExp = ImpCastExprToType(LHSExp, Context.getArrayDecayedType(LHSTy),
                               CK_ArrayToPointerDecay).take();
    LHSTy = LHSExp->getType();

    BaseExpr = LHSExp;
    IndexExpr = RHSExp;
    ResultType = LHSTy->getAs<PointerType>()->getPointeeType();
  } else if (RHSTy->isArrayType()) {
    // Same as previous, except for 123[f().a] case
    Diag(RHSExp->getLocStart(), diag::ext_subscript_non_lvalue) <<
        RHSExp->getSourceRange();
    RHSExp = ImpCastExprToType(RHSExp, Context.getArrayDecayedType(RHSTy),
                               CK_ArrayToPointerDecay).take();
    RHSTy = RHSExp->getType();

    BaseExpr = RHSExp;
    IndexExpr = LHSExp;
    ResultType = RHSTy->getAs<PointerType>()->getPointeeType();
  } else {
    return ExprError(Diag(LLoc, diag::err_typecheck_subscript_value)
       << LHSExp->getSourceRange() << RHSExp->getSourceRange());
  }
  // C99 6.5.2.1p1
  if (!IndexExpr->getType()->isIntegerType() && !IndexExpr->isTypeDependent())
    return ExprError(Diag(LLoc, diag::err_typecheck_subscript_not_integer)
                     << IndexExpr->getSourceRange());

  if ((IndexExpr->getType()->isSpecificBuiltinType(BuiltinType::Char_S) ||
       IndexExpr->getType()->isSpecificBuiltinType(BuiltinType::Char_U))
         && !IndexExpr->isTypeDependent())
    Diag(LLoc, diag::warn_subscript_is_char) << IndexExpr->getSourceRange();

  // C99 6.5.2.1p1: "shall have type "pointer to *object* type". Similarly,
  // C++ [expr.sub]p1: The type "T" shall be a completely-defined object
  // type. Note that Functions are not objects, and that (in C99 parlance)
  // incomplete types are not object types.
  if (ResultType->isFunctionType()) {
    Diag(BaseExpr->getLocStart(), diag::err_subscript_function_type)
      << ResultType << BaseExpr->getSourceRange();
    return ExprError();
  }

  if (ResultType->isVoidType() && !getLangOpts().CPlusPlus) {
    // GNU extension: subscripting on pointer to void
    Diag(LLoc, diag::ext_gnu_subscript_void_type)
      << BaseExpr->getSourceRange();

    // C forbids expressions of unqualified void type from being l-values.
    // See IsCForbiddenLValueType.
    if (!ResultType.hasQualifiers()) VK = VK_RValue;
  } else if (!ResultType->isDependentType() &&
      RequireCompleteType(LLoc, ResultType,
                          diag::err_subscript_incomplete_type, BaseExpr))
    return ExprError();

  assert(VK == VK_RValue || LangOpts.CPlusPlus ||
         !ResultType.isCForbiddenLValueType());

  return Owned(new (Context) ArraySubscriptExpr(LHSExp, RHSExp,
                                                ResultType, VK, OK, RLoc));
}

ExprResult Sema::BuildCXXDefaultArgExpr(SourceLocation CallLoc,
                                        FunctionDecl *FD,
                                        ParmVarDecl *Param) {
  if (Param->hasUnparsedDefaultArg()) {
    Diag(CallLoc,
         diag::err_use_of_default_argument_to_function_declared_later) <<
      FD << cast<CXXRecordDecl>(FD->getDeclContext())->getDeclName();
    Diag(UnparsedDefaultArgLocs[Param],
         diag::note_default_argument_declared_here);
    return ExprError();
  }

  if (Param->hasUninstantiatedDefaultArg()) {
    Expr *UninstExpr = Param->getUninstantiatedDefaultArg();

    EnterExpressionEvaluationContext EvalContext(*this, PotentiallyEvaluated,
                                                 Param);

    // Instantiate the expression.
    MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList ArgList
      = getTemplateInstantiationArgs(FD, 0, /*RelativeToPrimary=*/true);

    std::pair<const TemplateArgument *, unsigned> Innermost
      = ArgList.getInnermost();
    InstantiatingTemplate Inst(*this, CallLoc, Param,
                               ArrayRef<TemplateArgument>(Innermost.first,
                                                          Innermost.second));
    if (Inst)
      return ExprError();

    ExprResult Result;
    {
      // C++ [dcl.fct.default]p5:
      //   The names in the [default argument] expression are bound, and
      //   the semantic constraints are checked, at the point where the
      //   default argument expression appears.
      ContextRAII SavedContext(*this, FD);
      LocalInstantiationScope Local(*this);
      Result = SubstExpr(UninstExpr, ArgList);
    }
    if (Result.isInvalid())
      return ExprError();

    // Check the expression as an initializer for the parameter.
    InitializedEntity Entity
      = InitializedEntity::InitializeParameter(Context, Param);
    InitializationKind Kind
      = InitializationKind::CreateCopy(Param->getLocation(),
             /*FIXME:EqualLoc*/UninstExpr->getLocStart());
    Expr *ResultE = Result.takeAs<Expr>();

    InitializationSequence InitSeq(*this, Entity, Kind, &ResultE, 1);
    Result = InitSeq.Perform(*this, Entity, Kind, ResultE);
    if (Result.isInvalid())
      return ExprError();

    Expr *Arg = Result.takeAs<Expr>();
    CheckCompletedExpr(Arg, Param->getOuterLocStart());
    // Build the default argument expression.
    return Owned(CXXDefaultArgExpr::Create(Context, CallLoc, Param, Arg));
  }

  // If the default expression creates temporaries, we need to
  // push them to the current stack of expression temporaries so they'll
  // be properly destroyed.
  // FIXME: We should really be rebuilding the default argument with new
  // bound temporaries; see the comment in PR5810.
  // We don't need to do that with block decls, though, because
  // blocks in default argument expression can never capture anything.
  if (isa<ExprWithCleanups>(Param->getInit())) {
    // Set the "needs cleanups" bit regardless of whether there are
    // any explicit objects.
    ExprNeedsCleanups = true;

    // Append all the objects to the cleanup list.  Right now, this
    // should always be a no-op, because blocks in default argument
    // expressions should never be able to capture anything.
    assert(!cast<ExprWithCleanups>(Param->getInit())->getNumObjects() &&
           "default argument expression has capturing blocks?");
  }

  // We already type-checked the argument, so we know it works.
  // Just mark all of the declarations in this potentially-evaluated expression
  // as being "referenced".
  MarkDeclarationsReferencedInExpr(Param->getDefaultArg(),
                                   /*SkipLocalVariables=*/true);
  return Owned(CXXDefaultArgExpr::Create(Context, CallLoc, Param));
}


Sema::VariadicCallType
Sema::getVariadicCallType(FunctionDecl *FDecl, const FunctionProtoType *Proto,
                          Expr *Fn) {
  if (Proto && Proto->isVariadic()) {
    if (dyn_cast_or_null<CXXConstructorDecl>(FDecl))
      return VariadicConstructor;
    else if (Fn && Fn->getType()->isBlockPointerType())
      return VariadicBlock;
    else if (FDecl) {
      if (CXXMethodDecl *Method = dyn_cast_or_null<CXXMethodDecl>(FDecl))
        if (Method->isInstance())
          return VariadicMethod;
    }
    return VariadicFunction;
  }
  return VariadicDoesNotApply;
}

/// ConvertArgumentsForCall - Converts the arguments specified in
/// Args/NumArgs to the parameter types of the function FDecl with
/// function prototype Proto. Call is the call expression itself, and
/// Fn is the function expression. For a C++ member function, this
/// routine does not attempt to convert the object argument. Returns
/// true if the call is ill-formed.
bool
Sema::ConvertArgumentsForCall(CallExpr *Call, Expr *Fn,
                              FunctionDecl *FDecl,
                              const FunctionProtoType *Proto,
                              Expr **Args, unsigned NumArgs,
                              SourceLocation RParenLoc,
                              bool IsExecConfig) {
  // Bail out early if calling a builtin with custom typechecking.
  // We don't need to do this in the
  if (FDecl)
    if (unsigned ID = FDecl->getBuiltinID())
      if (Context.BuiltinInfo.hasCustomTypechecking(ID))
        return false;

  // C99 6.5.2.2p7 - the arguments are implicitly converted, as if by
  // assignment, to the types of the corresponding parameter, ...
  unsigned NumArgsInProto = Proto->getNumArgs();
  bool Invalid = false;
  unsigned MinArgs = FDecl ? FDecl->getMinRequiredArguments() : NumArgsInProto;
  unsigned FnKind = Fn->getType()->isBlockPointerType()
                       ? 1 /* block */
                       : (IsExecConfig ? 3 /* kernel function (exec config) */
                                       : 0 /* function */);

  // If too few arguments are available (and we don't have default
  // arguments for the remaining parameters), don't make the call.
  if (NumArgs < NumArgsInProto) {
    if (NumArgs < MinArgs) {
      if (MinArgs == 1 && FDecl && FDecl->getParamDecl(0)->getDeclName())
        Diag(RParenLoc, MinArgs == NumArgsInProto && !Proto->isVariadic()
                          ? diag::err_typecheck_call_too_few_args_one
                          : diag::err_typecheck_call_too_few_args_at_least_one)
          << FnKind
          << FDecl->getParamDecl(0) << Fn->getSourceRange();
      else
        Diag(RParenLoc, MinArgs == NumArgsInProto && !Proto->isVariadic()
                          ? diag::err_typecheck_call_too_few_args
                          : diag::err_typecheck_call_too_few_args_at_least)
          << FnKind
          << MinArgs << NumArgs << Fn->getSourceRange();

      // Emit the location of the prototype.
      if (FDecl && !FDecl->getBuiltinID() && !IsExecConfig)
        Diag(FDecl->getLocStart(), diag::note_callee_decl)
          << FDecl;

      return true;
    }
    Call->setNumArgs(Context, NumArgsInProto);
  }

  // If too many are passed and not variadic, error on the extras and drop
  // them.
  if (NumArgs > NumArgsInProto) {
    if (!Proto->isVariadic()) {
      if (NumArgsInProto == 1 && FDecl && FDecl->getParamDecl(0)->getDeclName())
        Diag(Args[NumArgsInProto]->getLocStart(),
             MinArgs == NumArgsInProto
               ? diag::err_typecheck_call_too_many_args_one
               : diag::err_typecheck_call_too_many_args_at_most_one)
          << FnKind
          << FDecl->getParamDecl(0) << NumArgs << Fn->getSourceRange()
          << SourceRange(Args[NumArgsInProto]->getLocStart(),
                         Args[NumArgs-1]->getLocEnd());
      else
        Diag(Args[NumArgsInProto]->getLocStart(),
             MinArgs == NumArgsInProto
               ? diag::err_typecheck_call_too_many_args
               : diag::err_typecheck_call_too_many_args_at_most)
          << FnKind
          << NumArgsInProto << NumArgs << Fn->getSourceRange()
          << SourceRange(Args[NumArgsInProto]->getLocStart(),
                         Args[NumArgs-1]->getLocEnd());

      // Emit the location of the prototype.
      if (FDecl && !FDecl->getBuiltinID() && !IsExecConfig)
        Diag(FDecl->getLocStart(), diag::note_callee_decl)
          << FDecl;

      // This deletes the extra arguments.
      Call->setNumArgs(Context, NumArgsInProto);
      return true;
    }
  }
  SmallVector<Expr *, 8> AllArgs;
  VariadicCallType CallType = getVariadicCallType(FDecl, Proto, Fn);

  Invalid = GatherArgumentsForCall(Call->getLocStart(), FDecl,
                                   Proto, 0, Args, NumArgs, AllArgs, CallType);
  if (Invalid)
    return true;
  unsigned TotalNumArgs = AllArgs.size();
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < TotalNumArgs; ++i)
    Call->setArg(i, AllArgs[i]);

  return false;
}

bool Sema::GatherArgumentsForCall(SourceLocation CallLoc,
                                  FunctionDecl *FDecl,
                                  const FunctionProtoType *Proto,
                                  unsigned FirstProtoArg,
                                  Expr **Args, unsigned NumArgs,
                                  SmallVector<Expr *, 8> &AllArgs,
                                  VariadicCallType CallType,
                                  bool AllowExplicit,
                                  bool IsListInitialization) {
  unsigned NumArgsInProto = Proto->getNumArgs();
  unsigned NumArgsToCheck = NumArgs;
  bool Invalid = false;
  if (NumArgs != NumArgsInProto)
    // Use default arguments for missing arguments
    NumArgsToCheck = NumArgsInProto;
  unsigned ArgIx = 0;
  // Continue to check argument types (even if we have too few/many args).
  for (unsigned i = FirstProtoArg; i != NumArgsToCheck; i++) {
    QualType ProtoArgType = Proto->getArgType(i);

    Expr *Arg;
    ParmVarDecl *Param;
    if (ArgIx < NumArgs) {
      Arg = Args[ArgIx++];

      if (RequireCompleteType(Arg->getLocStart(),
                              ProtoArgType,
                              diag::err_call_incomplete_argument, Arg))
        return true;

      // Pass the argument
      Param = 0;
      if (FDecl && i < FDecl->getNumParams())
        Param = FDecl->getParamDecl(i);

      // Strip the unbridged-cast placeholder expression off, if applicable.
      if (Arg->getType() == Context.ARCUnbridgedCastTy &&
          FDecl && FDecl->hasAttr<CFAuditedTransferAttr>() &&
          (!Param || !Param->hasAttr<CFConsumedAttr>()))
        Arg = stripARCUnbridgedCast(Arg);

      InitializedEntity Entity = Param ?
          InitializedEntity::InitializeParameter(Context, Param, ProtoArgType)
        : InitializedEntity::InitializeParameter(Context, ProtoArgType,
                                                 Proto->isArgConsumed(i));
      ExprResult ArgE = PerformCopyInitialization(Entity,
                                                  SourceLocation(),
                                                  Owned(Arg),
                                                  IsListInitialization,
                                                  AllowExplicit);
      if (ArgE.isInvalid())
        return true;

      Arg = ArgE.takeAs<Expr>();
    } else {
      assert(FDecl && "can't use default arguments without a known callee");
      Param = FDecl->getParamDecl(i);

      ExprResult ArgExpr =
        BuildCXXDefaultArgExpr(CallLoc, FDecl, Param);
      if (ArgExpr.isInvalid())
        return true;

      Arg = ArgExpr.takeAs<Expr>();
    }

    // Check for array bounds violations for each argument to the call. This
    // check only triggers warnings when the argument isn't a more complex Expr
    // with its own checking, such as a BinaryOperator.
    CheckArrayAccess(Arg);

    // Check for violations of C99 static array rules (C99 6.7.5.3p7).
    CheckStaticArrayArgument(CallLoc, Param, Arg);

    AllArgs.push_back(Arg);
  }

  // If this is a variadic call, handle args passed through "...".
  if (CallType != VariadicDoesNotApply) {
    // Assume that extern "C" functions with variadic arguments that
    // return __unknown_anytype aren't *really* variadic.
    if (Proto->getResultType() == Context.UnknownAnyTy &&
        FDecl && FDecl->isExternC()) {
      for (unsigned i = ArgIx; i != NumArgs; ++i) {
        QualType paramType; // ignored
        ExprResult arg = checkUnknownAnyArg(CallLoc, Args[i], paramType);
        Invalid |= arg.isInvalid();
        AllArgs.push_back(arg.take());
      }

    // Otherwise do argument promotion, (C99 6.5.2.2p7).
    } else {
      for (unsigned i = ArgIx; i != NumArgs; ++i) {
        ExprResult Arg = DefaultVariadicArgumentPromotion(Args[i], CallType,
                                                          FDecl);
        Invalid |= Arg.isInvalid();
        AllArgs.push_back(Arg.take());
      }
    }

    // Check for array bounds violations.
    for (unsigned i = ArgIx; i != NumArgs; ++i)
      CheckArrayAccess(Args[i]);
  }
  return Invalid;
}

static void DiagnoseCalleeStaticArrayParam(Sema &S, ParmVarDecl *PVD) {
  TypeLoc TL = PVD->getTypeSourceInfo()->getTypeLoc();
  if (ArrayTypeLoc ATL = TL.getAs<ArrayTypeLoc>())
    S.Diag(PVD->getLocation(), diag::note_callee_static_array)
      << ATL.getLocalSourceRange();
}

/// CheckStaticArrayArgument - If the given argument corresponds to a static
/// array parameter, check that it is non-null, and that if it is formed by
/// array-to-pointer decay, the underlying array is sufficiently large.
///
/// C99 6.7.5.3p7: If the keyword static also appears within the [ and ] of the
/// array type derivation, then for each call to the function, the value of the
/// corresponding actual argument shall provide access to the first element of
/// an array with at least as many elements as specified by the size expression.
void
Sema::CheckStaticArrayArgument(SourceLocation CallLoc,
                               ParmVarDecl *Param,
                               const Expr *ArgExpr) {
  // Static array parameters are not supported in C++.
  if (!Param || getLangOpts().CPlusPlus)
    return;

  QualType OrigTy = Param->getOriginalType();

  const ArrayType *AT = Context.getAsArrayType(OrigTy);
  if (!AT || AT->getSizeModifier() != ArrayType::Static)
    return;