1 //===-- asan_test.cc ------------------------------------------------------===// 2 // 3 // The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure 4 // 5 // This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source 6 // License. See LICENSE.TXT for details. 7 // 8 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// 9 // 10 // This file is a part of AddressSanitizer, an address sanity checker. 11 // 12 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// 13 #include "asan_test_utils.h" 14 15 NOINLINE void *malloc_fff(size_t size) { 16 void *res = malloc/**/(size); break_optimization(0); return res;} 17 NOINLINE void *malloc_eee(size_t size) { 18 void *res = malloc_fff(size); break_optimization(0); return res;} 19 NOINLINE void *malloc_ddd(size_t size) { 20 void *res = malloc_eee(size); break_optimization(0); return res;} 21 NOINLINE void *malloc_ccc(size_t size) { 22 void *res = malloc_ddd(size); break_optimization(0); return res;} 23 NOINLINE void *malloc_bbb(size_t size) { 24 void *res = malloc_ccc(size); break_optimization(0); return res;} 25 NOINLINE void *malloc_aaa(size_t size) { 26 void *res = malloc_bbb(size); break_optimization(0); return res;} 27 28 #ifndef __APPLE__ 29 NOINLINE void *memalign_fff(size_t alignment, size_t size) { 30 void *res = memalign/**/(alignment, size); break_optimization(0); return res;} 31 NOINLINE void *memalign_eee(size_t alignment, size_t size) { 32 void *res = memalign_fff(alignment, size); break_optimization(0); return res;} 33 NOINLINE void *memalign_ddd(size_t alignment, size_t size) { 34 void *res = memalign_eee(alignment, size); break_optimization(0); return res;} 35 NOINLINE void *memalign_ccc(size_t alignment, size_t size) { 36 void *res = memalign_ddd(alignment, size); break_optimization(0); return res;} 37 NOINLINE void *memalign_bbb(size_t alignment, size_t size) { 38 void *res = memalign_ccc(alignment, size); break_optimization(0); return res;} 39 NOINLINE void *memalign_aaa(size_t alignment, size_t size) { 40 void *res = memalign_bbb(alignment, size); break_optimization(0); return res;} 41 #endif // __APPLE__ 42 43 44 NOINLINE void free_ccc(void *p) { free(p); break_optimization(0);} 45 NOINLINE void free_bbb(void *p) { free_ccc(p); break_optimization(0);} 46 NOINLINE void free_aaa(void *p) { free_bbb(p); break_optimization(0);} 47 48 49 template<typename T> 50 NOINLINE void uaf_test(int size, int off) { 51 char *p = (char *)malloc_aaa(size); 52 free_aaa(p); 53 for (int i = 1; i < 100; i++) 54 free_aaa(malloc_aaa(i)); 55 fprintf(stderr, "writing %ld byte(s) at %p with offset %d\n", 56 (long)sizeof(T), p, off); 57 asan_write((T*)(p + off)); 58 } 59 60 TEST(AddressSanitizer, HasFeatureAddressSanitizerTest) { 61 #if defined(__has_feature) && __has_feature(address_sanitizer) 62 bool asan = 1; 63 #elif defined(__SANITIZE_ADDRESS__) 64 bool asan = 1; 65 #else 66 bool asan = 0; 67 #endif 68 EXPECT_EQ(true, asan); 69 } 70 71 TEST(AddressSanitizer, SimpleDeathTest) { 72 EXPECT_DEATH(exit(1), ""); 73 } 74 75 TEST(AddressSanitizer, VariousMallocsTest) { 76 int *a = (int*)malloc(100 * sizeof(int)); 77 a[50] = 0; 78 free(a); 79 80 int *r = (int*)malloc(10); 81 r = (int*)realloc(r, 2000 * sizeof(int)); 82 r[1000] = 0; 83 free(r); 84 85 int *b = new int[100]; 86 b[50] = 0; 87 delete [] b; 88 89 int *c = new int; 90 *c = 0; 91 delete c; 92 93 #if !defined(__APPLE__) && !defined(ANDROID) && !defined(__ANDROID__) 94 int *pm; 95 int pm_res = posix_memalign((void**)&pm, kPageSize, kPageSize); 96 EXPECT_EQ(0, pm_res); 97 free(pm); 98 #endif 99 100 #if !defined(__APPLE__) 101 int *ma = (int*)memalign(kPageSize, kPageSize); 102 EXPECT_EQ(0U, (uintptr_t)ma % kPageSize); 103 ma[123] = 0; 104 free(ma); 105 #endif // __APPLE__ 106 } 107 108 TEST(AddressSanitizer, CallocTest) { 109 int *a = (int*)calloc(100, sizeof(int)); 110 EXPECT_EQ(0, a[10]); 111 free(a); 112 } 113 114 TEST(AddressSanitizer, VallocTest) { 115 void *a = valloc(100); 116 EXPECT_EQ(0U, (uintptr_t)a % kPageSize); 117 free(a); 118 } 119 120 #ifndef __APPLE__ 121 TEST(AddressSanitizer, PvallocTest) { 122 char *a = (char*)pvalloc(kPageSize + 100); 123 EXPECT_EQ(0U, (uintptr_t)a % kPageSize); 124 a[kPageSize + 101] = 1; // we should not report an error here. 125 free(a); 126 127 a = (char*)pvalloc(0); // pvalloc(0) should allocate at least one page. 128 EXPECT_EQ(0U, (uintptr_t)a % kPageSize); 129 a[101] = 1; // we should not report an error here. 130 free(a); 131 } 132 #endif // __APPLE__ 133 134 void *TSDWorker(void *test_key) { 135 if (test_key) { 136 pthread_setspecific(*(pthread_key_t*)test_key, (void*)0xfeedface); 137 } 138 return NULL; 139 } 140 141 void TSDDestructor(void *tsd) { 142 // Spawning a thread will check that the current thread id is not -1. 143 pthread_t th; 144 PTHREAD_CREATE(&th, NULL, TSDWorker, NULL); 145 PTHREAD_JOIN(th, NULL); 146 } 147 148 // This tests triggers the thread-specific data destruction fiasco which occurs 149 // if we don't manage the TSD destructors ourselves. We create a new pthread 150 // key with a non-NULL destructor which is likely to be put after the destructor 151 // of AsanThread in the list of destructors. 152 // In this case the TSD for AsanThread will be destroyed before TSDDestructor 153 // is called for the child thread, and a CHECK will fail when we call 154 // pthread_create() to spawn the grandchild. 155 TEST(AddressSanitizer, DISABLED_TSDTest) { 156 pthread_t th; 157 pthread_key_t test_key; 158 pthread_key_create(&test_key, TSDDestructor); 159 PTHREAD_CREATE(&th, NULL, TSDWorker, &test_key); 160 PTHREAD_JOIN(th, NULL); 161 pthread_key_delete(test_key); 162 } 163 164 TEST(AddressSanitizer, UAF_char) { 165 const char *uaf_string = "AddressSanitizer:.*heap-use-after-free"; 166 EXPECT_DEATH(uaf_test<U1>(1, 0), uaf_string); 167 EXPECT_DEATH(uaf_test<U1>(10, 0), uaf_string); 168 EXPECT_DEATH(uaf_test<U1>(10, 10), uaf_string); 169 EXPECT_DEATH(uaf_test<U1>(kLargeMalloc, 0), uaf_string); 170 EXPECT_DEATH(uaf_test<U1>(kLargeMalloc, kLargeMalloc / 2), uaf_string); 171 } 172 173 TEST(AddressSanitizer, UAF_long_double) { 174 if (sizeof(long double) == sizeof(double)) return; 175 long double *p = Ident(new long double[10]); 176 EXPECT_DEATH(Ident(p)[12] = 0, "WRITE of size 1[06]"); 177 EXPECT_DEATH(Ident(p)[0] = Ident(p)[12], "READ of size 1[06]"); 178 delete [] Ident(p); 179 } 180 181 struct Packed5 { 182 int x; 183 char c; 184 } __attribute__((packed)); 185 186 187 TEST(AddressSanitizer, UAF_Packed5) { 188 Packed5 *p = Ident(new Packed5[2]); 189 EXPECT_DEATH(p[0] = p[3], "READ of size 5"); 190 EXPECT_DEATH(p[3] = p[0], "WRITE of size 5"); 191 delete [] Ident(p); 192 } 193 194 #if ASAN_HAS_BLACKLIST 195 TEST(AddressSanitizer, IgnoreTest) { 196 int *x = Ident(new int); 197 delete Ident(x); 198 *x = 0; 199 } 200 #endif // ASAN_HAS_BLACKLIST 201 202 struct StructWithBitField { 203 int bf1:1; 204 int bf2:1; 205 int bf3:1; 206 int bf4:29; 207 }; 208 209 TEST(AddressSanitizer, BitFieldPositiveTest) { 210 StructWithBitField *x = new StructWithBitField; 211 delete Ident(x); 212 EXPECT_DEATH(x->bf1 = 0, "use-after-free"); 213 EXPECT_DEATH(x->bf2 = 0, "use-after-free"); 214 EXPECT_DEATH(x->bf3 = 0, "use-after-free"); 215 EXPECT_DEATH(x->bf4 = 0, "use-after-free"); 216 } 217 218 struct StructWithBitFields_8_24 { 219 int a:8; 220 int b:24; 221 }; 222 223 TEST(AddressSanitizer, BitFieldNegativeTest) { 224 StructWithBitFields_8_24 *x = Ident(new StructWithBitFields_8_24); 225 x->a = 0; 226 x->b = 0; 227 delete Ident(x); 228 } 229 230 static size_t kOOMAllocationSize = 231 SANITIZER_WORDSIZE == 64 ? (size_t)(1ULL << 48) : (0xf0000000); 232 233 TEST(AddressSanitizer, OutOfMemoryTest) { 234 EXPECT_EQ(0, realloc(0, kOOMAllocationSize)); 235 EXPECT_EQ(0, realloc(0, ~Ident(0))); 236 EXPECT_EQ(0, malloc(kOOMAllocationSize)); 237 EXPECT_EQ(0, malloc(~Ident(0))); 238 EXPECT_EQ(0, calloc(1, kOOMAllocationSize)); 239 EXPECT_EQ(0, calloc(1, ~Ident(0))); 240 } 241 242 TEST(AddressSanitizer, BadReallocTest) { 243 int *a = (int*)Ident(malloc(100)); 244 a[0] = 42; 245 EXPECT_EQ(0, realloc(a, kOOMAllocationSize)); 246 EXPECT_EQ(42, a[0]); 247 free(a); 248 } 249 250 #if ASAN_NEEDS_SEGV 251 namespace { 252 253 const char kUnknownCrash[] = "AddressSanitizer: SEGV on unknown address"; 254 const char kOverriddenHandler[] = "ASan signal handler has been overridden\n"; 255 256 TEST(AddressSanitizer, WildAddressTest) { 257 char *c = (char*)0x123; 258 EXPECT_DEATH(*c = 0, kUnknownCrash); 259 } 260 261 void my_sigaction_sighandler(int, siginfo_t*, void*) { 262 fprintf(stderr, kOverriddenHandler); 263 exit(1); 264 } 265 266 void my_signal_sighandler(int signum) { 267 fprintf(stderr, kOverriddenHandler); 268 exit(1); 269 } 270 271 TEST(AddressSanitizer, SignalTest) { 272 struct sigaction sigact; 273 memset(&sigact, 0, sizeof(sigact)); 274 sigact.sa_sigaction = my_sigaction_sighandler; 275 sigact.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO; 276 // ASan should silently ignore sigaction()... 277 EXPECT_EQ(0, sigaction(SIGSEGV, &sigact, 0)); 278 #ifdef __APPLE__ 279 EXPECT_EQ(0, sigaction(SIGBUS, &sigact, 0)); 280 #endif 281 char *c = (char*)0x123; 282 EXPECT_DEATH(*c = 0, kUnknownCrash); 283 // ... and signal(). 284 EXPECT_EQ(0, signal(SIGSEGV, my_signal_sighandler)); 285 EXPECT_DEATH(*c = 0, kUnknownCrash); 286 } 287 } // namespace 288 #endif 289 290 static void TestLargeMalloc(size_t size) { 291 char buff[1024]; 292 sprintf(buff, "is located 1 bytes to the left of %lu-byte", (long)size); 293 EXPECT_DEATH(Ident((char*)malloc(size))[-1] = 0, buff); 294 } 295 296 TEST(AddressSanitizer, LargeMallocTest) { 297 const int max_size = (SANITIZER_WORDSIZE == 32) ? 1 << 26 : 1 << 28; 298 for (int i = 113; i < max_size; i = i * 2 + 13) { 299 TestLargeMalloc(i); 300 } 301 } 302 303 TEST(AddressSanitizer, HugeMallocTest) { 304 if (SANITIZER_WORDSIZE != 64) return; 305 size_t n_megs = 4100; 306 TestLargeMalloc(n_megs << 20); 307 } 308 309 #ifndef __APPLE__ 310 void MemalignRun(size_t align, size_t size, int idx) { 311 char *p = (char *)memalign(align, size); 312 Ident(p)[idx] = 0; 313 free(p); 314 } 315 316 TEST(AddressSanitizer, memalign) { 317 for (int align = 16; align <= (1 << 23); align *= 2) { 318 size_t size = align * 5; 319 EXPECT_DEATH(MemalignRun(align, size, -1), 320 "is located 1 bytes to the left"); 321 EXPECT_DEATH(MemalignRun(align, size, size + 1), 322 "is located 1 bytes to the right"); 323 } 324 } 325 #endif 326 327 void *ManyThreadsWorker(void *a) { 328 for (int iter = 0; iter < 100; iter++) { 329 for (size_t size = 100; size < 2000; size *= 2) { 330 free(Ident(malloc(size))); 331 } 332 } 333 return 0; 334 } 335 336 TEST(AddressSanitizer, ManyThreadsTest) { 337 const size_t kNumThreads = 338 (SANITIZER_WORDSIZE == 32 || ASAN_AVOID_EXPENSIVE_TESTS) ? 30 : 1000; 339 pthread_t t[kNumThreads]; 340 for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumThreads; i++) { 341 PTHREAD_CREATE(&t[i], 0, ManyThreadsWorker, (void*)i); 342 } 343 for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumThreads; i++) { 344 PTHREAD_JOIN(t[i], 0); 345 } 346 } 347 348 TEST(AddressSanitizer, ReallocTest) { 349 const int kMinElem = 5; 350 int *ptr = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int) * kMinElem); 351 ptr[3] = 3; 352 for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) { 353 ptr = (int*)realloc(ptr, 354 (my_rand() % 1000 + kMinElem) * sizeof(int)); 355 EXPECT_EQ(3, ptr[3]); 356 } 357 free(ptr); 358 // Realloc pointer returned by malloc(0). 359 int *ptr2 = Ident((int*)malloc(0)); 360 ptr2 = Ident((int*)realloc(ptr2, sizeof(*ptr2))); 361 *ptr2 = 42; 362 EXPECT_EQ(42, *ptr2); 363 free(ptr2); 364 } 365 366 TEST(AddressSanitizer, ReallocFreedPointerTest) { 367 void *ptr = Ident(malloc(42)); 368 ASSERT_TRUE(NULL != ptr); 369 free(ptr); 370 EXPECT_DEATH(ptr = realloc(ptr, 77), "attempting double-free"); 371 } 372 373 TEST(AddressSanitizer, ReallocInvalidPointerTest) { 374 void *ptr = Ident(malloc(42)); 375 EXPECT_DEATH(ptr = realloc((int*)ptr + 1, 77), "attempting free.*not malloc"); 376 free(ptr); 377 } 378 379 TEST(AddressSanitizer, ZeroSizeMallocTest) { 380 // Test that malloc(0) and similar functions don't return NULL. 381 void *ptr = Ident(malloc(0)); 382 EXPECT_TRUE(NULL != ptr); 383 free(ptr); 384 #if !defined(__APPLE__) && !defined(ANDROID) && !defined(__ANDROID__) 385 int pm_res = posix_memalign(&ptr, 1<<20, 0); 386 EXPECT_EQ(0, pm_res); 387 EXPECT_TRUE(NULL != ptr); 388 free(ptr); 389 #endif 390 int *int_ptr = new int[0]; 391 int *int_ptr2 = new int[0]; 392 EXPECT_TRUE(NULL != int_ptr); 393 EXPECT_TRUE(NULL != int_ptr2); 394 EXPECT_NE(int_ptr, int_ptr2); 395 delete[] int_ptr; 396 delete[] int_ptr2; 397 } 398 399 #ifndef __APPLE__ 400 static const char *kMallocUsableSizeErrorMsg = 401 "AddressSanitizer: attempting to call malloc_usable_size()"; 402 403 TEST(AddressSanitizer, MallocUsableSizeTest) { 404 const size_t kArraySize = 100; 405 char *array = Ident((char*)malloc(kArraySize)); 406 int *int_ptr = Ident(new int); 407 EXPECT_EQ(0U, malloc_usable_size(NULL)); 408 EXPECT_EQ(kArraySize, malloc_usable_size(array)); 409 EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(int), malloc_usable_size(int_ptr)); 410 EXPECT_DEATH(malloc_usable_size((void*)0x123), kMallocUsableSizeErrorMsg); 411 EXPECT_DEATH(malloc_usable_size(array + kArraySize / 2), 412 kMallocUsableSizeErrorMsg); 413 free(array); 414 EXPECT_DEATH(malloc_usable_size(array), kMallocUsableSizeErrorMsg); 415 delete int_ptr; 416 } 417 #endif 418 419 void WrongFree() { 420 int *x = (int*)malloc(100 * sizeof(int)); 421 // Use the allocated memory, otherwise Clang will optimize it out. 422 Ident(x); 423 free(x + 1); 424 } 425 426 TEST(AddressSanitizer, WrongFreeTest) { 427 EXPECT_DEATH(WrongFree(), ASAN_PCRE_DOTALL 428 "ERROR: AddressSanitizer: attempting free.*not malloc" 429 ".*is located 4 bytes inside of 400-byte region" 430 ".*allocated by thread"); 431 } 432 433 void DoubleFree() { 434 int *x = (int*)malloc(100 * sizeof(int)); 435 fprintf(stderr, "DoubleFree: x=%p\n", x); 436 free(x); 437 free(x); 438 fprintf(stderr, "should have failed in the second free(%p)\n", x); 439 abort(); 440 } 441 442 TEST(AddressSanitizer, DoubleFreeTest) { 443 EXPECT_DEATH(DoubleFree(), ASAN_PCRE_DOTALL 444 "ERROR: AddressSanitizer: attempting double-free" 445 ".*is located 0 bytes inside of 400-byte region" 446 ".*freed by thread T0 here" 447 ".*previously allocated by thread T0 here"); 448 } 449 450 template<int kSize> 451 NOINLINE void SizedStackTest() { 452 char a[kSize]; 453 char *A = Ident((char*)&a); 454 for (size_t i = 0; i < kSize; i++) 455 A[i] = i; 456 EXPECT_DEATH(A[-1] = 0, ""); 457 EXPECT_DEATH(A[-20] = 0, ""); 458 EXPECT_DEATH(A[-31] = 0, ""); 459 EXPECT_DEATH(A[kSize] = 0, ""); 460 EXPECT_DEATH(A[kSize + 1] = 0, ""); 461 EXPECT_DEATH(A[kSize + 10] = 0, ""); 462 EXPECT_DEATH(A[kSize + 31] = 0, ""); 463 } 464 465 TEST(AddressSanitizer, SimpleStackTest) { 466 SizedStackTest<1>(); 467 SizedStackTest<2>(); 468 SizedStackTest<3>(); 469 SizedStackTest<4>(); 470 SizedStackTest<5>(); 471 SizedStackTest<6>(); 472 SizedStackTest<7>(); 473 SizedStackTest<16>(); 474 SizedStackTest<25>(); 475 SizedStackTest<34>(); 476 SizedStackTest<43>(); 477 SizedStackTest<51>(); 478 SizedStackTest<62>(); 479 SizedStackTest<64>(); 480 SizedStackTest<128>(); 481 } 482 483 TEST(AddressSanitizer, ManyStackObjectsTest) { 484 char XXX[10]; 485 char YYY[20]; 486 char ZZZ[30]; 487 Ident(XXX); 488 Ident(YYY); 489 EXPECT_DEATH(Ident(ZZZ)[-1] = 0, ASAN_PCRE_DOTALL "XXX.*YYY.*ZZZ"); 490 } 491 492 #if 0 // This test requires online symbolizer. 493 // Moved to lit_tests/stack-oob-frames.cc. 494 // Reenable here once we have online symbolizer by default. 495 NOINLINE static void Frame0(int frame, char *a, char *b, char *c) { 496 char d[4] = {0}; 497 char *D = Ident(d); 498 switch (frame) { 499 case 3: a[5]++; break; 500 case 2: b[5]++; break; 501 case 1: c[5]++; break; 502 case 0: D[5]++; break; 503 } 504 } 505 NOINLINE static void Frame1(int frame, char *a, char *b) { 506 char c[4] = {0}; Frame0(frame, a, b, c); 507 break_optimization(0); 508 } 509 NOINLINE static void Frame2(int frame, char *a) { 510 char b[4] = {0}; Frame1(frame, a, b); 511 break_optimization(0); 512 } 513 NOINLINE static void Frame3(int frame) { 514 char a[4] = {0}; Frame2(frame, a); 515 break_optimization(0); 516 } 517 518 TEST(AddressSanitizer, GuiltyStackFrame0Test) { 519 EXPECT_DEATH(Frame3(0), "located .*in frame <.*Frame0"); 520 } 521 TEST(AddressSanitizer, GuiltyStackFrame1Test) { 522 EXPECT_DEATH(Frame3(1), "located .*in frame <.*Frame1"); 523 } 524 TEST(AddressSanitizer, GuiltyStackFrame2Test) { 525 EXPECT_DEATH(Frame3(2), "located .*in frame <.*Frame2"); 526 } 527 TEST(AddressSanitizer, GuiltyStackFrame3Test) { 528 EXPECT_DEATH(Frame3(3), "located .*in frame <.*Frame3"); 529 } 530 #endif 531 532 NOINLINE void LongJmpFunc1(jmp_buf buf) { 533 // create three red zones for these two stack objects. 534 int a; 535 int b; 536 537 int *A = Ident(&a); 538 int *B = Ident(&b); 539 *A = *B; 540 longjmp(buf, 1); 541 } 542 543 NOINLINE void BuiltinLongJmpFunc1(jmp_buf buf) { 544 // create three red zones for these two stack objects. 545 int a; 546 int b; 547 548 int *A = Ident(&a); 549 int *B = Ident(&b); 550 *A = *B; 551 __builtin_longjmp((void**)buf, 1); 552 } 553 554 NOINLINE void UnderscopeLongJmpFunc1(jmp_buf buf) { 555 // create three red zones for these two stack objects. 556 int a; 557 int b; 558 559 int *A = Ident(&a); 560 int *B = Ident(&b); 561 *A = *B; 562 _longjmp(buf, 1); 563 } 564 565 NOINLINE void SigLongJmpFunc1(sigjmp_buf buf) { 566 // create three red zones for these two stack objects. 567 int a; 568 int b; 569 570 int *A = Ident(&a); 571 int *B = Ident(&b); 572 *A = *B; 573 siglongjmp(buf, 1); 574 } 575 576 577 NOINLINE void TouchStackFunc() { 578 int a[100]; // long array will intersect with redzones from LongJmpFunc1. 579 int *A = Ident(a); 580 for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) 581 A[i] = i*i; 582 } 583 584 // Test that we handle longjmp and do not report fals positives on stack. 585 TEST(AddressSanitizer, LongJmpTest) { 586 static jmp_buf buf; 587 if (!setjmp(buf)) { 588 LongJmpFunc1(buf); 589 } else { 590 TouchStackFunc(); 591 } 592 } 593 594 #if !defined(__ANDROID__) && \ 595 !defined(__powerpc64__) && !defined(__powerpc__) 596 // Does not work on Power: 597 // https://code.google.com/p/address-sanitizer/issues/detail?id=185 598 TEST(AddressSanitizer, BuiltinLongJmpTest) { 599 static jmp_buf buf; 600 if (!__builtin_setjmp((void**)buf)) { 601 BuiltinLongJmpFunc1(buf); 602 } else { 603 TouchStackFunc(); 604 } 605 } 606 #endif // not defined(__ANDROID__) 607 608 TEST(AddressSanitizer, UnderscopeLongJmpTest) { 609 static jmp_buf buf; 610 if (!_setjmp(buf)) { 611 UnderscopeLongJmpFunc1(buf); 612 } else { 613 TouchStackFunc(); 614 } 615 } 616 617 TEST(AddressSanitizer, SigLongJmpTest) { 618 static sigjmp_buf buf; 619 if (!sigsetjmp(buf, 1)) { 620 SigLongJmpFunc1(buf); 621 } else { 622 TouchStackFunc(); 623 } 624 } 625 626 #ifdef __EXCEPTIONS 627 NOINLINE void ThrowFunc() { 628 // create three red zones for these two stack objects. 629 int a; 630 int b; 631 632 int *A = Ident(&a); 633 int *B = Ident(&b); 634 *A = *B; 635 ASAN_THROW(1); 636 } 637 638 TEST(AddressSanitizer, CxxExceptionTest) { 639 if (ASAN_UAR) return; 640 // TODO(kcc): this test crashes on 32-bit for some reason... 641 if (SANITIZER_WORDSIZE == 32) return; 642 try { 643 ThrowFunc(); 644 } catch(...) {} 645 TouchStackFunc(); 646 } 647 #endif 648 649 void *ThreadStackReuseFunc1(void *unused) { 650 // create three red zones for these two stack objects. 651 int a; 652 int b; 653 654 int *A = Ident(&a); 655 int *B = Ident(&b); 656 *A = *B; 657 pthread_exit(0); 658 return 0; 659 } 660 661 void *ThreadStackReuseFunc2(void *unused) { 662 TouchStackFunc(); 663 return 0; 664 } 665 666 TEST(AddressSanitizer, ThreadStackReuseTest) { 667 pthread_t t; 668 PTHREAD_CREATE(&t, 0, ThreadStackReuseFunc1, 0); 669 PTHREAD_JOIN(t, 0); 670 PTHREAD_CREATE(&t, 0, ThreadStackReuseFunc2, 0); 671 PTHREAD_JOIN(t, 0); 672 } 673 674 #if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__) 675 TEST(AddressSanitizer, Store128Test) { 676 char *a = Ident((char*)malloc(Ident(12))); 677 char *p = a; 678 if (((uintptr_t)a % 16) != 0) 679 p = a + 8; 680 assert(((uintptr_t)p % 16) == 0); 681 __m128i value_wide = _mm_set1_epi16(0x1234); 682 EXPECT_DEATH(_mm_store_si128((__m128i*)p, value_wide), 683 "AddressSanitizer: heap-buffer-overflow"); 684 EXPECT_DEATH(_mm_store_si128((__m128i*)p, value_wide), 685 "WRITE of size 16"); 686 EXPECT_DEATH(_mm_store_si128((__m128i*)p, value_wide), 687 "located 0 bytes to the right of 12-byte"); 688 free(a); 689 } 690 #endif 691 692 string RightOOBErrorMessage(int oob_distance, bool is_write) { 693 assert(oob_distance >= 0); 694 char expected_str[100]; 695 sprintf(expected_str, ASAN_PCRE_DOTALL 696 "buffer-overflow.*%s.*located %d bytes to the right", 697 is_write ? "WRITE" : "READ", oob_distance); 698 return string(expected_str); 699 } 700 701 string RightOOBWriteMessage(int oob_distance) { 702 return RightOOBErrorMessage(oob_distance, /*is_write*/true); 703 } 704 705 string RightOOBReadMessage(int oob_distance) { 706 return RightOOBErrorMessage(oob_distance, /*is_write*/false); 707 } 708 709 string LeftOOBErrorMessage(int oob_distance, bool is_write) { 710 assert(oob_distance > 0); 711 char expected_str[100]; 712 sprintf(expected_str, ASAN_PCRE_DOTALL "%s.*located %d bytes to the left", 713 is_write ? "WRITE" : "READ", oob_distance); 714 return string(expected_str); 715 } 716 717 string LeftOOBWriteMessage(int oob_distance) { 718 return LeftOOBErrorMessage(oob_distance, /*is_write*/true); 719 } 720 721 string LeftOOBReadMessage(int oob_distance) { 722 return LeftOOBErrorMessage(oob_distance, /*is_write*/false); 723 } 724 725 string LeftOOBAccessMessage(int oob_distance) { 726 assert(oob_distance > 0); 727 char expected_str[100]; 728 sprintf(expected_str, "located %d bytes to the left", oob_distance); 729 return string(expected_str); 730 } 731 732 char* MallocAndMemsetString(size_t size, char ch) { 733 char *s = Ident((char*)malloc(size)); 734 memset(s, ch, size); 735 return s; 736 } 737 738 char* MallocAndMemsetString(size_t size) { 739 return MallocAndMemsetString(size, 'z'); 740 } 741 742 #if defined(__linux__) && !defined(ANDROID) && !defined(__ANDROID__) 743 #define READ_TEST(READ_N_BYTES) \ 744 char *x = new char[10]; \ 745 int fd = open("/proc/self/stat", O_RDONLY); \ 746 ASSERT_GT(fd, 0); \ 747 EXPECT_DEATH(READ_N_BYTES, \ 748 ASAN_PCRE_DOTALL \ 749 "AddressSanitizer: heap-buffer-overflow" \ 750 ".* is located 0 bytes to the right of 10-byte region"); \ 751 close(fd); \ 752 delete [] x; \ 753 754 TEST(AddressSanitizer, pread) { 755 READ_TEST(pread(fd, x, 15, 0)); 756 } 757 758 TEST(AddressSanitizer, pread64) { 759 READ_TEST(pread64(fd, x, 15, 0)); 760 } 761 762 TEST(AddressSanitizer, read) { 763 READ_TEST(read(fd, x, 15)); 764 } 765 #endif // defined(__linux__) && !defined(ANDROID) && !defined(__ANDROID__) 766 767 // This test case fails 768 // Clang optimizes memcpy/memset calls which lead to unaligned access 769 TEST(AddressSanitizer, DISABLED_MemIntrinsicUnalignedAccessTest) { 770 int size = Ident(4096); 771 char *s = Ident((char*)malloc(size)); 772 EXPECT_DEATH(memset(s + size - 1, 0, 2), RightOOBWriteMessage(0)); 773 free(s); 774 } 775 776 // TODO(samsonov): Add a test with malloc(0) 777 // TODO(samsonov): Add tests for str* and mem* functions. 778 779 NOINLINE static int LargeFunction(bool do_bad_access) { 780 int *x = new int[100]; 781 x[0]++; 782 x[1]++; 783 x[2]++; 784 x[3]++; 785 x[4]++; 786 x[5]++; 787 x[6]++; 788 x[7]++; 789 x[8]++; 790 x[9]++; 791 792 x[do_bad_access ? 100 : 0]++; int res = __LINE__; 793 794 x[10]++; 795 x[11]++; 796 x[12]++; 797 x[13]++; 798 x[14]++; 799 x[15]++; 800 x[16]++; 801 x[17]++; 802 x[18]++; 803 x[19]++; 804 805 delete x; 806 return res; 807 } 808 809 // Test the we have correct debug info for the failing instruction. 810 // This test requires the in-process symbolizer to be enabled by default. 811 TEST(AddressSanitizer, DISABLED_LargeFunctionSymbolizeTest) { 812 int failing_line = LargeFunction(false); 813 char expected_warning[128]; 814 sprintf(expected_warning, "LargeFunction.*asan_test.*:%d", failing_line); 815 EXPECT_DEATH(LargeFunction(true), expected_warning); 816 } 817 818 // Check that we unwind and symbolize correctly. 819 TEST(AddressSanitizer, DISABLED_MallocFreeUnwindAndSymbolizeTest) { 820 int *a = (int*)malloc_aaa(sizeof(int)); 821 *a = 1; 822 free_aaa(a); 823 EXPECT_DEATH(*a = 1, "free_ccc.*free_bbb.*free_aaa.*" 824 "malloc_fff.*malloc_eee.*malloc_ddd"); 825 } 826 827 static bool TryToSetThreadName(const char *name) { 828 #if defined(__linux__) && defined(PR_SET_NAME) 829 return 0 == prctl(PR_SET_NAME, (unsigned long)name, 0, 0, 0); 830 #else 831 return false; 832 #endif 833 } 834 835 void *ThreadedTestAlloc(void *a) { 836 EXPECT_EQ(true, TryToSetThreadName("AllocThr")); 837 int **p = (int**)a; 838 *p = new int; 839 return 0; 840 } 841 842 void *ThreadedTestFree(void *a) { 843 EXPECT_EQ(true, TryToSetThreadName("FreeThr")); 844 int **p = (int**)a; 845 delete *p; 846 return 0; 847 } 848 849 void *ThreadedTestUse(void *a) { 850 EXPECT_EQ(true, TryToSetThreadName("UseThr")); 851 int **p = (int**)a; 852 **p = 1; 853 return 0; 854 } 855 856 void ThreadedTestSpawn() { 857 pthread_t t; 858 int *x; 859 PTHREAD_CREATE(&t, 0, ThreadedTestAlloc, &x); 860 PTHREAD_JOIN(t, 0); 861 PTHREAD_CREATE(&t, 0, ThreadedTestFree, &x); 862 PTHREAD_JOIN(t, 0); 863 PTHREAD_CREATE(&t, 0, ThreadedTestUse, &x); 864 PTHREAD_JOIN(t, 0); 865 } 866 867 TEST(AddressSanitizer, ThreadedTest) { 868 EXPECT_DEATH(ThreadedTestSpawn(), 869 ASAN_PCRE_DOTALL 870 "Thread T.*created" 871 ".*Thread T.*created" 872 ".*Thread T.*created"); 873 } 874 875 void *ThreadedTestFunc(void *unused) { 876 // Check if prctl(PR_SET_NAME) is supported. Return if not. 877 if (!TryToSetThreadName("TestFunc")) 878 return 0; 879 EXPECT_DEATH(ThreadedTestSpawn(), 880 ASAN_PCRE_DOTALL 881 "WRITE .*thread T. .UseThr." 882 ".*freed by thread T. .FreeThr. here:" 883 ".*previously allocated by thread T. .AllocThr. here:" 884 ".*Thread T. .UseThr. created by T.*TestFunc" 885 ".*Thread T. .FreeThr. created by T" 886 ".*Thread T. .AllocThr. created by T" 887 ""); 888 return 0; 889 } 890 891 TEST(AddressSanitizer, ThreadNamesTest) { 892 // Run ThreadedTestFunc in a separate thread because it tries to set a 893 // thread name and we don't want to change the main thread's name. 894 pthread_t t; 895 PTHREAD_CREATE(&t, 0, ThreadedTestFunc, 0); 896 PTHREAD_JOIN(t, 0); 897 } 898 899 #if ASAN_NEEDS_SEGV 900 TEST(AddressSanitizer, ShadowGapTest) { 901 #if SANITIZER_WORDSIZE == 32 902 char *addr = (char*)0x22000000; 903 #else 904 # if defined(__powerpc64__) 905 char *addr = (char*)0x024000800000; 906 # else 907 char *addr = (char*)0x0000100000080000; 908 # endif 909 #endif 910 EXPECT_DEATH(*addr = 1, "AddressSanitizer: SEGV on unknown"); 911 } 912 #endif // ASAN_NEEDS_SEGV 913 914 extern "C" { 915 NOINLINE static void UseThenFreeThenUse() { 916 char *x = Ident((char*)malloc(8)); 917 *x = 1; 918 free_aaa(x); 919 *x = 2; 920 } 921 } 922 923 TEST(AddressSanitizer, UseThenFreeThenUseTest) { 924 EXPECT_DEATH(UseThenFreeThenUse(), "freed by thread"); 925 } 926 927 TEST(AddressSanitizer, StrDupTest) { 928 free(strdup(Ident("123"))); 929 } 930 931 // Currently we create and poison redzone at right of global variables. 932 static char static110[110]; 933 const char ConstGlob[7] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}; 934 static const char StaticConstGlob[3] = {9, 8, 7}; 935 936 TEST(AddressSanitizer, GlobalTest) { 937 static char func_static15[15]; 938 939 static char fs1[10]; 940 static char fs2[10]; 941 static char fs3[10]; 942 943 glob5[Ident(0)] = 0; 944 glob5[Ident(1)] = 0; 945 glob5[Ident(2)] = 0; 946 glob5[Ident(3)] = 0; 947 glob5[Ident(4)] = 0; 948 949 EXPECT_DEATH(glob5[Ident(5)] = 0, 950 "0 bytes to the right of global variable.*glob5.* size 5"); 951 EXPECT_DEATH(glob5[Ident(5+6)] = 0, 952 "6 bytes to the right of global variable.*glob5.* size 5"); 953 Ident(static110); // avoid optimizations 954 static110[Ident(0)] = 0; 955 static110[Ident(109)] = 0; 956 EXPECT_DEATH(static110[Ident(110)] = 0, 957 "0 bytes to the right of global variable"); 958 EXPECT_DEATH(static110[Ident(110+7)] = 0, 959 "7 bytes to the right of global variable"); 960 961 Ident(func_static15); // avoid optimizations 962 func_static15[Ident(0)] = 0; 963 EXPECT_DEATH(func_static15[Ident(15)] = 0, 964 "0 bytes to the right of global variable"); 965 EXPECT_DEATH(func_static15[Ident(15 + 9)] = 0, 966 "9 bytes to the right of global variable"); 967 968 Ident(fs1); 969 Ident(fs2); 970 Ident(fs3); 971 972 // We don't create left redzones, so this is not 100% guaranteed to fail. 973 // But most likely will. 974 EXPECT_DEATH(fs2[Ident(-1)] = 0, "is located.*of global variable"); 975 976 EXPECT_DEATH(Ident(Ident(ConstGlob)[8]), 977 "is located 1 bytes to the right of .*ConstGlob"); 978 EXPECT_DEATH(Ident(Ident(StaticConstGlob)[5]), 979 "is located 2 bytes to the right of .*StaticConstGlob"); 980 981 // call stuff from another file. 982 GlobalsTest(0); 983 } 984 985 TEST(AddressSanitizer, GlobalStringConstTest) { 986 static const char *zoo = "FOOBAR123"; 987 const char *p = Ident(zoo); 988 EXPECT_DEATH(Ident(p[15]), "is ascii string 'FOOBAR123'"); 989 } 990 991 TEST(AddressSanitizer, FileNameInGlobalReportTest) { 992 static char zoo[10]; 993 const char *p = Ident(zoo); 994 // The file name should be present in the report. 995 EXPECT_DEATH(Ident(p[15]), "zoo.*asan_test."); 996 } 997 998 int *ReturnsPointerToALocalObject() { 999 int a = 0; 1000 return Ident(&a); 1001 } 1002 1003 #if ASAN_UAR == 1 1004 TEST(AddressSanitizer, LocalReferenceReturnTest) { 1005 int *(*f)() = Ident(ReturnsPointerToALocalObject); 1006 int *p = f(); 1007 // Call 'f' a few more times, 'p' should still be poisoned. 1008 for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) 1009 f(); 1010 EXPECT_DEATH(*p = 1, "AddressSanitizer: stack-use-after-return"); 1011 EXPECT_DEATH(*p = 1, "is located.*in frame .*ReturnsPointerToALocal"); 1012 } 1013 #endif 1014 1015 template <int kSize> 1016 NOINLINE static void FuncWithStack() { 1017 char x[kSize]; 1018 Ident(x)[0] = 0; 1019 Ident(x)[kSize-1] = 0; 1020 } 1021 1022 static void LotsOfStackReuse() { 1023 int LargeStack[10000]; 1024 Ident(LargeStack)[0] = 0; 1025 for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) { 1026 FuncWithStack<128 * 1>(); 1027 FuncWithStack<128 * 2>(); 1028 FuncWithStack<128 * 4>(); 1029 FuncWithStack<128 * 8>(); 1030 FuncWithStack<128 * 16>(); 1031 FuncWithStack<128 * 32>(); 1032 FuncWithStack<128 * 64>(); 1033 FuncWithStack<128 * 128>(); 1034 FuncWithStack<128 * 256>(); 1035 FuncWithStack<128 * 512>(); 1036 Ident(LargeStack)[0] = 0; 1037 } 1038 } 1039 1040 TEST(AddressSanitizer, StressStackReuseTest) { 1041 LotsOfStackReuse(); 1042 } 1043 1044 TEST(AddressSanitizer, ThreadedStressStackReuseTest) { 1045 const int kNumThreads = 20; 1046 pthread_t t[kNumThreads]; 1047 for (int i = 0; i < kNumThreads; i++) { 1048 PTHREAD_CREATE(&t[i], 0, (void* (*)(void *x))LotsOfStackReuse, 0); 1049 } 1050 for (int i = 0; i < kNumThreads; i++) { 1051 PTHREAD_JOIN(t[i], 0); 1052 } 1053 } 1054 1055 static void *PthreadExit(void *a) { 1056 pthread_exit(0); 1057 return 0; 1058 } 1059 1060 TEST(AddressSanitizer, PthreadExitTest) { 1061 pthread_t t; 1062 for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) { 1063 PTHREAD_CREATE(&t, 0, PthreadExit, 0); 1064 PTHREAD_JOIN(t, 0); 1065 } 1066 } 1067 1068 #ifdef __EXCEPTIONS 1069 NOINLINE static void StackReuseAndException() { 1070 int large_stack[1000]; 1071 Ident(large_stack); 1072 ASAN_THROW(1); 1073 } 1074 1075 // TODO(kcc): support exceptions with use-after-return. 1076 TEST(AddressSanitizer, DISABLED_StressStackReuseAndExceptionsTest) { 1077 for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) { 1078 try { 1079 StackReuseAndException(); 1080 } catch(...) { 1081 } 1082 } 1083 } 1084 #endif 1085 1086 TEST(AddressSanitizer, MlockTest) { 1087 EXPECT_EQ(0, mlockall(MCL_CURRENT)); 1088 EXPECT_EQ(0, mlock((void*)0x12345, 0x5678)); 1089 EXPECT_EQ(0, munlockall()); 1090 EXPECT_EQ(0, munlock((void*)0x987, 0x654)); 1091 } 1092 1093 struct LargeStruct { 1094 int foo[100]; 1095 }; 1096 1097 // Test for bug http://llvm.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=11763. 1098 // Struct copy should not cause asan warning even if lhs == rhs. 1099 TEST(AddressSanitizer, LargeStructCopyTest) { 1100 LargeStruct a; 1101 *Ident(&a) = *Ident(&a); 1102 } 1103 1104 ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS 1105 static void NoAddressSafety() { 1106 char *foo = new char[10]; 1107 Ident(foo)[10] = 0; 1108 delete [] foo; 1109 } 1110 1111 TEST(AddressSanitizer, AttributeNoAddressSafetyTest) { 1112 Ident(NoAddressSafety)(); 1113 } 1114 1115 // It doesn't work on Android, as calls to new/delete go through malloc/free. 1116 // Neither it does on OS X, see 1117 // https://code.google.com/p/address-sanitizer/issues/detail?id=131. 1118 #if !defined(ANDROID) && !defined(__ANDROID__) && !defined(__APPLE__) 1119 static string MismatchStr(const string &str) { 1120 return string("AddressSanitizer: alloc-dealloc-mismatch \\(") + str; 1121 } 1122 1123 TEST(AddressSanitizer, AllocDeallocMismatch) { 1124 EXPECT_DEATH(free(Ident(new int)), 1125 MismatchStr("operator new vs free")); 1126 EXPECT_DEATH(free(Ident(new int[2])), 1127 MismatchStr("operator new \\[\\] vs free")); 1128 EXPECT_DEATH(delete (Ident(new int[2])), 1129 MismatchStr("operator new \\[\\] vs operator delete")); 1130 EXPECT_DEATH(delete (Ident((int*)malloc(2 * sizeof(int)))), 1131 MismatchStr("malloc vs operator delete")); 1132 EXPECT_DEATH(delete [] (Ident(new int)), 1133 MismatchStr("operator new vs operator delete \\[\\]")); 1134 EXPECT_DEATH(delete [] (Ident((int*)malloc(2 * sizeof(int)))), 1135 MismatchStr("malloc vs operator delete \\[\\]")); 1136 } 1137 #endif 1138 1139 // ------------------ demo tests; run each one-by-one ------------- 1140 // e.g. --gtest_filter=*DemoOOBLeftHigh --gtest_also_run_disabled_tests 1141 TEST(AddressSanitizer, DISABLED_DemoThreadedTest) { 1142 ThreadedTestSpawn(); 1143 } 1144 1145 void *SimpleBugOnSTack(void *x = 0) { 1146 char a[20]; 1147 Ident(a)[20] = 0; 1148 return 0; 1149 } 1150 1151 TEST(AddressSanitizer, DISABLED_DemoStackTest) { 1152 SimpleBugOnSTack(); 1153 } 1154 1155 TEST(AddressSanitizer, DISABLED_DemoThreadStackTest) { 1156 pthread_t t; 1157 PTHREAD_CREATE(&t, 0, SimpleBugOnSTack, 0); 1158 PTHREAD_JOIN(t, 0); 1159 } 1160 1161 TEST(AddressSanitizer, DISABLED_DemoUAFLowIn) { 1162 uaf_test<U1>(10, 0); 1163 } 1164 TEST(AddressSanitizer, DISABLED_DemoUAFLowLeft) { 1165 uaf_test<U1>(10, -2); 1166 } 1167 TEST(AddressSanitizer, DISABLED_DemoUAFLowRight) { 1168 uaf_test<U1>(10, 10); 1169 } 1170 1171 TEST(AddressSanitizer, DISABLED_DemoUAFHigh) { 1172 uaf_test<U1>(kLargeMalloc, 0); 1173 } 1174 1175 TEST(AddressSanitizer, DISABLED_DemoOOM) { 1176 size_t size = SANITIZER_WORDSIZE == 64 ? (size_t)(1ULL << 40) : (0xf0000000); 1177 printf("%p\n", malloc(size)); 1178 } 1179 1180 TEST(AddressSanitizer, DISABLED_DemoDoubleFreeTest) { 1181 DoubleFree(); 1182 } 1183 1184 TEST(AddressSanitizer, DISABLED_DemoNullDerefTest) { 1185 int *a = 0; 1186 Ident(a)[10] = 0; 1187 } 1188 1189 TEST(AddressSanitizer, DISABLED_DemoFunctionStaticTest) { 1190 static char a[100]; 1191 static char b[100]; 1192 static char c[100]; 1193 Ident(a); 1194 Ident(b); 1195 Ident(c); 1196 Ident(a)[5] = 0; 1197 Ident(b)[105] = 0; 1198 Ident(a)[5] = 0; 1199 } 1200 1201 TEST(AddressSanitizer, DISABLED_DemoTooMuchMemoryTest) { 1202 const size_t kAllocSize = (1 << 28) - 1024; 1203 size_t total_size = 0; 1204 while (true) { 1205 char *x = (char*)malloc(kAllocSize); 1206 memset(x, 0, kAllocSize); 1207 total_size += kAllocSize; 1208 fprintf(stderr, "total: %ldM %p\n", (long)total_size >> 20, x); 1209 } 1210 } 1211 1212 // http://code.google.com/p/address-sanitizer/issues/detail?id=66 1213 TEST(AddressSanitizer, BufferOverflowAfterManyFrees) { 1214 for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) { 1215 delete [] (Ident(new char [8644])); 1216 } 1217 char *x = new char[8192]; 1218 EXPECT_DEATH(x[Ident(8192)] = 0, "AddressSanitizer: heap-buffer-overflow"); 1219 delete [] Ident(x); 1220 } 1221 1222 1223 // Test that instrumentation of stack allocations takes into account 1224 // AllocSize of a type, and not its StoreSize (16 vs 10 bytes for long double). 1225 // See http://llvm.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=12047 for more details. 1226 TEST(AddressSanitizer, LongDoubleNegativeTest) { 1227 long double a, b; 1228 static long double c; 1229 memcpy(Ident(&a), Ident(&b), sizeof(long double)); 1230 memcpy(Ident(&c), Ident(&b), sizeof(long double)); 1231 } 1232 1233 TEST(AddressSanitizer, pthread_getschedparam) { 1234 int policy; 1235 struct sched_param param; 1236 EXPECT_DEATH( 1237 pthread_getschedparam(pthread_self(), &policy, Ident(¶m) + 2), 1238 "AddressSanitizer: stack-buffer-.*flow"); 1239 EXPECT_DEATH( 1240 pthread_getschedparam(pthread_self(), Ident(&policy) - 1, ¶m), 1241 "AddressSanitizer: stack-buffer-.*flow"); 1242 int res = pthread_getschedparam(pthread_self(), &policy, ¶m); 1243 ASSERT_EQ(0, res); 1244 } 1245
