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      1 // SGI's rope class implementation -*- C++ -*-
      2 
      3 // Copyright (C) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
      4 // Free Software Foundation, Inc.
      5 //
      6 // This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library.  This library is free
      7 // software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
      8 // terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
      9 // Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
     10 // any later version.
     11 
     12 // This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
     13 // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
     14 // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
     15 // GNU General Public License for more details.
     16 
     17 // Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional
     18 // permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version
     19 // 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
     20 
     21 // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and
     22 // a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;
     23 // see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively.  If not, see
     24 // <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
     25 
     26 /*
     27  * Copyright (c) 1997
     28  * Silicon Graphics Computer Systems, Inc.
     29  *
     30  * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute and sell this software
     31  * and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
     32  * provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
     33  * that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear
     34  * in supporting documentation.  Silicon Graphics makes no
     35  * representations about the suitability of this software for any
     36  * purpose.  It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.
     37  */
     38 
     39 /** @file ropeimpl.h
     40  *  This is an internal header file, included by other library headers.
     41  *  You should not attempt to use it directly.
     42  */
     43 
     44 #include <cstdio>
     45 #include <ostream>
     46 #include <bits/functexcept.h>
     47 
     48 #include <ext/algorithm> // For copy_n and lexicographical_compare_3way
     49 #include <ext/memory> // For uninitialized_copy_n
     50 #include <ext/numeric> // For power
     51 
     52 _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(__gnu_cxx)
     53 
     54   using std::size_t;
     55   using std::printf;
     56   using std::basic_ostream;
     57   using std::__throw_length_error;
     58   using std::_Destroy;
     59   using std::uninitialized_fill_n;
     60 
     61   // Set buf_start, buf_end, and buf_ptr appropriately, filling tmp_buf
     62   // if necessary.  Assumes _M_path_end[leaf_index] and leaf_pos are correct.
     63   // Results in a valid buf_ptr if the iterator can be legitimately
     64   // dereferenced.
     65   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
     66     void
     67     _Rope_iterator_base<_CharT, _Alloc>::
     68     _S_setbuf(_Rope_iterator_base<_CharT, _Alloc>& __x)
     69     {
     70       const _RopeRep* __leaf = __x._M_path_end[__x._M_leaf_index];
     71       size_t __leaf_pos = __x._M_leaf_pos;
     72       size_t __pos = __x._M_current_pos;
     73 
     74       switch(__leaf->_M_tag)
     75 	{
     76 	case __detail::_S_leaf:
     77 	  __x._M_buf_start = ((_Rope_RopeLeaf<_CharT, _Alloc>*)__leaf)->_M_data;
     78 	  __x._M_buf_ptr = __x._M_buf_start + (__pos - __leaf_pos);
     79 	  __x._M_buf_end = __x._M_buf_start + __leaf->_M_size;
     80 	  break;
     81 	case __detail::_S_function:
     82 	case __detail::_S_substringfn:
     83 	  {
     84 	    size_t __len = _S_iterator_buf_len;
     85 	    size_t __buf_start_pos = __leaf_pos;
     86 	    size_t __leaf_end = __leaf_pos + __leaf->_M_size;
     87 	    char_producer<_CharT>* __fn = ((_Rope_RopeFunction<_CharT,
     88 					    _Alloc>*)__leaf)->_M_fn;
     89 	    if (__buf_start_pos + __len <= __pos)
     90 	      {
     91 		__buf_start_pos = __pos - __len / 4;
     92 		if (__buf_start_pos + __len > __leaf_end)
     93 		  __buf_start_pos = __leaf_end - __len;
     94 	      }
     95 	    if (__buf_start_pos + __len > __leaf_end)
     96 	      __len = __leaf_end - __buf_start_pos;
     97 	    (*__fn)(__buf_start_pos - __leaf_pos, __len, __x._M_tmp_buf);
     98 	    __x._M_buf_ptr = __x._M_tmp_buf + (__pos - __buf_start_pos);
     99 	    __x._M_buf_start = __x._M_tmp_buf;
    100 	    __x._M_buf_end = __x._M_tmp_buf + __len;
    101 	  }
    102 	  break;
    103 	default:
    104 	  break;
    105 	}
    106     }
    107 
    108   // Set path and buffer inside a rope iterator.  We assume that
    109   // pos and root are already set.
    110   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    111     void
    112     _Rope_iterator_base<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    113     _S_setcache(_Rope_iterator_base<_CharT, _Alloc>& __x)
    114     {
    115       const _RopeRep* __path[int(__detail::_S_max_rope_depth) + 1];
    116       const _RopeRep* __curr_rope;
    117       int __curr_depth = -1;  /* index into path    */
    118       size_t __curr_start_pos = 0;
    119       size_t __pos = __x._M_current_pos;
    120       unsigned char __dirns = 0; // Bit vector marking right turns in the path
    121 
    122       if (__pos >= __x._M_root->_M_size)
    123 	{
    124 	  __x._M_buf_ptr = 0;
    125 	  return;
    126 	}
    127       __curr_rope = __x._M_root;
    128       if (0 != __curr_rope->_M_c_string)
    129 	{
    130 	  /* Treat the root as a leaf. */
    131 	  __x._M_buf_start = __curr_rope->_M_c_string;
    132 	  __x._M_buf_end = __curr_rope->_M_c_string + __curr_rope->_M_size;
    133 	  __x._M_buf_ptr = __curr_rope->_M_c_string + __pos;
    134 	  __x._M_path_end[0] = __curr_rope;
    135 	  __x._M_leaf_index = 0;
    136 	  __x._M_leaf_pos = 0;
    137 	  return;
    138 	}
    139       for(;;)
    140 	{
    141 	  ++__curr_depth;
    142 	  __path[__curr_depth] = __curr_rope;
    143 	  switch(__curr_rope->_M_tag)
    144 	    {
    145 	    case __detail::_S_leaf:
    146 	    case __detail::_S_function:
    147 	    case __detail::_S_substringfn:
    148 	      __x._M_leaf_pos = __curr_start_pos;
    149 	      goto done;
    150 	    case __detail::_S_concat:
    151 	      {
    152 		_Rope_RopeConcatenation<_CharT, _Alloc>* __c =
    153 		  (_Rope_RopeConcatenation<_CharT, _Alloc>*)__curr_rope;
    154 		_RopeRep* __left = __c->_M_left;
    155 		size_t __left_len = __left->_M_size;
    156 
    157 		__dirns <<= 1;
    158 		if (__pos >= __curr_start_pos + __left_len)
    159 		  {
    160 		    __dirns |= 1;
    161 		    __curr_rope = __c->_M_right;
    162 		    __curr_start_pos += __left_len;
    163 		  }
    164 		else
    165 		  __curr_rope = __left;
    166 	      }
    167 	      break;
    168 	    }
    169 	}
    170     done:
    171       // Copy last section of path into _M_path_end.
    172       {
    173 	int __i = -1;
    174 	int __j = __curr_depth + 1 - int(_S_path_cache_len);
    175 
    176 	if (__j < 0) __j = 0;
    177 	while (__j <= __curr_depth)
    178 	  __x._M_path_end[++__i] = __path[__j++];
    179 	__x._M_leaf_index = __i;
    180       }
    181       __x._M_path_directions = __dirns;
    182       _S_setbuf(__x);
    183     }
    184 
    185   // Specialized version of the above.  Assumes that
    186   // the path cache is valid for the previous position.
    187   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    188     void
    189     _Rope_iterator_base<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    190     _S_setcache_for_incr(_Rope_iterator_base<_CharT, _Alloc>& __x)
    191     {
    192       int __current_index = __x._M_leaf_index;
    193       const _RopeRep* __current_node = __x._M_path_end[__current_index];
    194       size_t __len = __current_node->_M_size;
    195       size_t __node_start_pos = __x._M_leaf_pos;
    196       unsigned char __dirns = __x._M_path_directions;
    197       _Rope_RopeConcatenation<_CharT, _Alloc>* __c;
    198 
    199       if (__x._M_current_pos - __node_start_pos < __len)
    200 	{
    201 	  /* More stuff in this leaf, we just didn't cache it. */
    202 	  _S_setbuf(__x);
    203 	  return;
    204 	}
    205       //  node_start_pos is starting position of last_node.
    206       while (--__current_index >= 0)
    207 	{
    208 	  if (!(__dirns & 1) /* Path turned left */)
    209 	    break;
    210 	  __current_node = __x._M_path_end[__current_index];
    211 	  __c = (_Rope_RopeConcatenation<_CharT, _Alloc>*)__current_node;
    212 	  // Otherwise we were in the right child.  Thus we should pop
    213 	  // the concatenation node.
    214 	  __node_start_pos -= __c->_M_left->_M_size;
    215 	  __dirns >>= 1;
    216 	}
    217       if (__current_index < 0)
    218 	{
    219 	  // We underflowed the cache. Punt.
    220 	  _S_setcache(__x);
    221 	  return;
    222 	}
    223       __current_node = __x._M_path_end[__current_index];
    224       __c = (_Rope_RopeConcatenation<_CharT, _Alloc>*)__current_node;
    225       // current_node is a concatenation node.  We are positioned on the first
    226       // character in its right child.
    227       // node_start_pos is starting position of current_node.
    228       __node_start_pos += __c->_M_left->_M_size;
    229       __current_node = __c->_M_right;
    230       __x._M_path_end[++__current_index] = __current_node;
    231       __dirns |= 1;
    232       while (__detail::_S_concat == __current_node->_M_tag)
    233 	{
    234 	  ++__current_index;
    235 	  if (int(_S_path_cache_len) == __current_index)
    236 	    {
    237 	      int __i;
    238 	      for (__i = 0; __i < int(_S_path_cache_len) - 1; __i++)
    239 		__x._M_path_end[__i] = __x._M_path_end[__i+1];
    240 	      --__current_index;
    241 	    }
    242 	  __current_node =
    243 	    ((_Rope_RopeConcatenation<_CharT, _Alloc>*)__current_node)->_M_left;
    244 	  __x._M_path_end[__current_index] = __current_node;
    245 	  __dirns <<= 1;
    246 	  // node_start_pos is unchanged.
    247 	}
    248       __x._M_leaf_index = __current_index;
    249       __x._M_leaf_pos = __node_start_pos;
    250       __x._M_path_directions = __dirns;
    251       _S_setbuf(__x);
    252     }
    253 
    254   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    255     void
    256     _Rope_iterator_base<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    257     _M_incr(size_t __n)
    258     {
    259       _M_current_pos += __n;
    260       if (0 != _M_buf_ptr)
    261 	{
    262 	  size_t __chars_left = _M_buf_end - _M_buf_ptr;
    263 	  if (__chars_left > __n)
    264 	    _M_buf_ptr += __n;
    265 	  else if (__chars_left == __n)
    266 	    {
    267 	      _M_buf_ptr += __n;
    268 	      _S_setcache_for_incr(*this);
    269 	    }
    270 	  else
    271 	    _M_buf_ptr = 0;
    272 	}
    273     }
    274 
    275   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    276     void
    277     _Rope_iterator_base<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    278     _M_decr(size_t __n)
    279     {
    280       if (0 != _M_buf_ptr)
    281 	{
    282 	  size_t __chars_left = _M_buf_ptr - _M_buf_start;
    283 	  if (__chars_left >= __n)
    284 	    _M_buf_ptr -= __n;
    285 	  else
    286 	    _M_buf_ptr = 0;
    287 	}
    288       _M_current_pos -= __n;
    289     }
    290 
    291   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    292     void
    293     _Rope_iterator<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    294     _M_check()
    295     {
    296       if (_M_root_rope->_M_tree_ptr != this->_M_root)
    297 	{
    298 	  // _Rope was modified.  Get things fixed up.
    299 	  _RopeRep::_S_unref(this->_M_root);
    300 	  this->_M_root = _M_root_rope->_M_tree_ptr;
    301 	  _RopeRep::_S_ref(this->_M_root);
    302 	  this->_M_buf_ptr = 0;
    303 	}
    304     }
    305 
    306   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    307     inline
    308     _Rope_const_iterator<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    309     _Rope_const_iterator(const _Rope_iterator<_CharT, _Alloc>& __x)
    310     : _Rope_iterator_base<_CharT, _Alloc>(__x)
    311     { }
    312 
    313   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    314     inline
    315     _Rope_iterator<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    316     _Rope_iterator(rope<_CharT, _Alloc>& __r, size_t __pos)
    317     : _Rope_iterator_base<_CharT,_Alloc>(__r._M_tree_ptr, __pos),
    318       _M_root_rope(&__r)
    319     { _RopeRep::_S_ref(this->_M_root); }
    320 
    321   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    322     inline size_t
    323     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    324     _S_char_ptr_len(const _CharT* __s)
    325     {
    326       const _CharT* __p = __s;
    327 
    328       while (!_S_is0(*__p))
    329 	++__p;
    330       return (__p - __s);
    331     }
    332 
    333 
    334 #ifndef __GC
    335 
    336   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    337     inline void
    338     _Rope_RopeRep<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    339     _M_free_c_string()
    340     {
    341       _CharT* __cstr = _M_c_string;
    342       if (0 != __cstr)
    343 	{
    344 	  size_t __size = this->_M_size + 1;
    345 	  _Destroy(__cstr, __cstr + __size, _M_get_allocator());
    346 	  this->_Data_deallocate(__cstr, __size);
    347 	}
    348     }
    349 
    350   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    351     inline void
    352     _Rope_RopeRep<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    353     _S_free_string(_CharT* __s, size_t __n, allocator_type& __a)
    354     {
    355       if (!_S_is_basic_char_type((_CharT*)0))
    356 	_Destroy(__s, __s + __n, __a);
    357 
    358       //  This has to be a static member, so this gets a bit messy
    359       __a.deallocate(__s,
    360 		     _Rope_RopeLeaf<_CharT, _Alloc>::_S_rounded_up_size(__n));
    361     }
    362 
    363   //  There are several reasons for not doing this with virtual destructors
    364   //  and a class specific delete operator:
    365   //  - A class specific delete operator can't easily get access to
    366   //    allocator instances if we need them.
    367   //  - Any virtual function would need a 4 or byte vtable pointer;
    368   //    this only requires a one byte tag per object.
    369   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    370     void
    371     _Rope_RopeRep<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    372     _M_free_tree()
    373     {
    374       switch(_M_tag)
    375 	{
    376 	case __detail::_S_leaf:
    377 	  {
    378 	    _Rope_RopeLeaf<_CharT, _Alloc>* __l
    379 	      = (_Rope_RopeLeaf<_CharT, _Alloc>*)this;
    380 	    __l->_Rope_RopeLeaf<_CharT, _Alloc>::~_Rope_RopeLeaf();
    381 	    _L_deallocate(__l, 1);
    382 	    break;
    383 	  }
    384 	case __detail::_S_concat:
    385 	  {
    386 	    _Rope_RopeConcatenation<_CharT,_Alloc>* __c
    387 	      = (_Rope_RopeConcatenation<_CharT, _Alloc>*)this;
    388 	    __c->_Rope_RopeConcatenation<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    389 	      ~_Rope_RopeConcatenation();
    390 	    _C_deallocate(__c, 1);
    391 	    break;
    392 	  }
    393 	case __detail::_S_function:
    394 	  {
    395 	    _Rope_RopeFunction<_CharT, _Alloc>* __f
    396 	      = (_Rope_RopeFunction<_CharT, _Alloc>*)this;
    397 	    __f->_Rope_RopeFunction<_CharT, _Alloc>::~_Rope_RopeFunction();
    398 	    _F_deallocate(__f, 1);
    399 	    break;
    400 	  }
    401 	case __detail::_S_substringfn:
    402 	  {
    403 	    _Rope_RopeSubstring<_CharT, _Alloc>* __ss =
    404 	      (_Rope_RopeSubstring<_CharT, _Alloc>*)this;
    405 	    __ss->_Rope_RopeSubstring<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    406 	      ~_Rope_RopeSubstring();
    407 	    _S_deallocate(__ss, 1);
    408 	    break;
    409 	  }
    410 	}
    411     }
    412 #else
    413 
    414   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    415     inline void
    416     _Rope_RopeRep<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    417     _S_free_string(const _CharT*, size_t, allocator_type)
    418     { }
    419 
    420 #endif
    421 
    422   // Concatenate a C string onto a leaf rope by copying the rope data.
    423   // Used for short ropes.
    424   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    425     typename rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::_RopeLeaf*
    426     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    427     _S_leaf_concat_char_iter(_RopeLeaf* __r, const _CharT* __iter, size_t __len)
    428     {
    429       size_t __old_len = __r->_M_size;
    430       _CharT* __new_data = (_CharT*)
    431 	_Data_allocate(_S_rounded_up_size(__old_len + __len));
    432       _RopeLeaf* __result;
    433 
    434       uninitialized_copy_n(__r->_M_data, __old_len, __new_data);
    435       uninitialized_copy_n(__iter, __len, __new_data + __old_len);
    436       _S_cond_store_eos(__new_data[__old_len + __len]);
    437       __try
    438 	{
    439 	  __result = _S_new_RopeLeaf(__new_data, __old_len + __len,
    440 				     __r->_M_get_allocator());
    441 	}
    442       __catch(...)
    443 	{
    444 	  _RopeRep::__STL_FREE_STRING(__new_data, __old_len + __len,
    445 				      __r->_M_get_allocator());
    446 	  __throw_exception_again;
    447 	}
    448       return __result;
    449     }
    450 
    451 #ifndef __GC
    452   // As above, but it's OK to clobber original if refcount is 1
    453   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    454     typename rope<_CharT,_Alloc>::_RopeLeaf*
    455     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    456     _S_destr_leaf_concat_char_iter(_RopeLeaf* __r, const _CharT* __iter,
    457 				   size_t __len)
    458     {
    459       if (__r->_M_ref_count > 1)
    460 	return _S_leaf_concat_char_iter(__r, __iter, __len);
    461       size_t __old_len = __r->_M_size;
    462       if (_S_allocated_capacity(__old_len) >= __old_len + __len)
    463 	{
    464 	  // The space has been partially initialized for the standard
    465 	  // character types.  But that doesn't matter for those types.
    466 	  uninitialized_copy_n(__iter, __len, __r->_M_data + __old_len);
    467 	  if (_S_is_basic_char_type((_CharT*)0))
    468 	    _S_cond_store_eos(__r->_M_data[__old_len + __len]);
    469 	  else if (__r->_M_c_string != __r->_M_data && 0 != __r->_M_c_string)
    470 	    {
    471 	      __r->_M_free_c_string();
    472 	      __r->_M_c_string = 0;
    473 	    }
    474 	  __r->_M_size = __old_len + __len;
    475 	  __r->_M_ref_count = 2;
    476 	  return __r;
    477 	}
    478       else
    479 	{
    480 	  _RopeLeaf* __result = _S_leaf_concat_char_iter(__r, __iter, __len);
    481 	  return __result;
    482 	}
    483     }
    484 #endif
    485 
    486   // Assumes left and right are not 0.
    487   // Does not increment (nor decrement on exception) child reference counts.
    488   // Result has ref count 1.
    489   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    490     typename rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::_RopeRep*
    491     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    492     _S_tree_concat(_RopeRep* __left, _RopeRep* __right)
    493     {
    494       _RopeConcatenation* __result = _S_new_RopeConcatenation(__left, __right,
    495 							      __left->
    496 							      _M_get_allocator());
    497       size_t __depth = __result->_M_depth;
    498 
    499       if (__depth > 20
    500 	  && (__result->_M_size < 1000
    501 	      || __depth > size_t(__detail::_S_max_rope_depth)))
    502 	{
    503 	  _RopeRep* __balanced;
    504 
    505 	  __try
    506 	    {
    507 	      __balanced = _S_balance(__result);
    508 	      __result->_M_unref_nonnil();
    509 	    }
    510 	  __catch(...)
    511 	    {
    512 	      _C_deallocate(__result,1);
    513 	      __throw_exception_again;
    514 	    }
    515 	  // In case of exception, we need to deallocate
    516 	  // otherwise dangling result node.  But caller
    517 	  // still owns its children.  Thus unref is
    518 	  // inappropriate.
    519 	  return __balanced;
    520 	}
    521       else
    522 	return __result;
    523     }
    524 
    525   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    526     typename rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::_RopeRep*
    527     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    528     _S_concat_char_iter(_RopeRep* __r, const _CharT*__s, size_t __slen)
    529     {
    530       _RopeRep* __result;
    531       if (0 == __slen)
    532 	{
    533 	  _S_ref(__r);
    534 	  return __r;
    535 	}
    536       if (0 == __r)
    537 	return __STL_ROPE_FROM_UNOWNED_CHAR_PTR(__s, __slen,
    538 						__r->_M_get_allocator());
    539       if (__r->_M_tag == __detail::_S_leaf
    540 	  && __r->_M_size + __slen <= size_t(_S_copy_max))
    541 	{
    542 	  __result = _S_leaf_concat_char_iter((_RopeLeaf*)__r, __s, __slen);
    543 	  return __result;
    544 	}
    545       if (__detail::_S_concat == __r->_M_tag
    546 	  && __detail::_S_leaf == ((_RopeConcatenation*) __r)->_M_right->_M_tag)
    547 	{
    548 	  _RopeLeaf* __right =
    549 	    (_RopeLeaf* )(((_RopeConcatenation* )__r)->_M_right);
    550 	  if (__right->_M_size + __slen <= size_t(_S_copy_max))
    551 	    {
    552 	      _RopeRep* __left = ((_RopeConcatenation*)__r)->_M_left;
    553 	      _RopeRep* __nright =
    554 		_S_leaf_concat_char_iter((_RopeLeaf*)__right, __s, __slen);
    555 	      __left->_M_ref_nonnil();
    556 	      __try
    557 		{ __result = _S_tree_concat(__left, __nright); }
    558 	      __catch(...)
    559 		{
    560 		  _S_unref(__left);
    561 		  _S_unref(__nright);
    562 		  __throw_exception_again;
    563 		}
    564 	      return __result;
    565 	    }
    566 	}
    567       _RopeRep* __nright =
    568 	__STL_ROPE_FROM_UNOWNED_CHAR_PTR(__s, __slen, __r->_M_get_allocator());
    569       __try
    570 	{
    571 	  __r->_M_ref_nonnil();
    572 	  __result = _S_tree_concat(__r, __nright);
    573 	}
    574       __catch(...)
    575 	{
    576 	  _S_unref(__r);
    577 	  _S_unref(__nright);
    578 	  __throw_exception_again;
    579 	}
    580       return __result;
    581     }
    582 
    583 #ifndef __GC
    584   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    585     typename rope<_CharT,_Alloc>::_RopeRep*
    586     rope<_CharT,_Alloc>::
    587     _S_destr_concat_char_iter(_RopeRep* __r, const _CharT* __s, size_t __slen)
    588     {
    589       _RopeRep* __result;
    590       if (0 == __r)
    591 	return __STL_ROPE_FROM_UNOWNED_CHAR_PTR(__s, __slen,
    592 						__r->_M_get_allocator());
    593       size_t __count = __r->_M_ref_count;
    594       size_t __orig_size = __r->_M_size;
    595       if (__count > 1)
    596 	return _S_concat_char_iter(__r, __s, __slen);
    597       if (0 == __slen)
    598 	{
    599 	  __r->_M_ref_count = 2;      // One more than before
    600 	  return __r;
    601 	}
    602       if (__orig_size + __slen <= size_t(_S_copy_max)
    603 	  && __detail::_S_leaf == __r->_M_tag)
    604 	{
    605 	  __result = _S_destr_leaf_concat_char_iter((_RopeLeaf*)__r, __s,
    606 						    __slen);
    607 	  return __result;
    608 	}
    609       if (__detail::_S_concat == __r->_M_tag)
    610 	{
    611 	  _RopeLeaf* __right = (_RopeLeaf*)(((_RopeConcatenation*)
    612 					     __r)->_M_right);
    613 	  if (__detail::_S_leaf == __right->_M_tag
    614 	      && __right->_M_size + __slen <= size_t(_S_copy_max))
    615 	    {
    616 	      _RopeRep* __new_right =
    617 		_S_destr_leaf_concat_char_iter(__right, __s, __slen);
    618 	      if (__right == __new_right)
    619 		__new_right->_M_ref_count = 1;
    620 	      else
    621 		__right->_M_unref_nonnil();
    622 	      __r->_M_ref_count = 2;    // One more than before.
    623 	      ((_RopeConcatenation*)__r)->_M_right = __new_right;
    624 	      __r->_M_size = __orig_size + __slen;
    625 	      if (0 != __r->_M_c_string)
    626 		{
    627 		  __r->_M_free_c_string();
    628 		  __r->_M_c_string = 0;
    629 		}
    630 	      return __r;
    631 	    }
    632 	}
    633       _RopeRep* __right =
    634 	__STL_ROPE_FROM_UNOWNED_CHAR_PTR(__s, __slen, __r->_M_get_allocator());
    635       __r->_M_ref_nonnil();
    636       __try
    637 	{ __result = _S_tree_concat(__r, __right); }
    638       __catch(...)
    639 	{
    640 	  _S_unref(__r);
    641 	  _S_unref(__right);
    642 	  __throw_exception_again;
    643 	}
    644       return __result;
    645     }
    646 #endif /* !__GC */
    647 
    648   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    649     typename rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::_RopeRep*
    650     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    651     _S_concat(_RopeRep* __left, _RopeRep* __right)
    652     {
    653       if (0 == __left)
    654 	{
    655 	  _S_ref(__right);
    656 	  return __right;
    657 	}
    658       if (0 == __right)
    659 	{
    660 	  __left->_M_ref_nonnil();
    661 	  return __left;
    662 	}
    663       if (__detail::_S_leaf == __right->_M_tag)
    664 	{
    665 	  if (__detail::_S_leaf == __left->_M_tag)
    666 	    {
    667 	      if (__right->_M_size + __left->_M_size <= size_t(_S_copy_max))
    668 		return _S_leaf_concat_char_iter((_RopeLeaf*)__left,
    669 						((_RopeLeaf*)__right)->_M_data,
    670 						__right->_M_size);
    671 	    }
    672 	  else if (__detail::_S_concat == __left->_M_tag
    673 		   && __detail::_S_leaf == ((_RopeConcatenation*)
    674 						   __left)->_M_right->_M_tag)
    675 	    {
    676 	      _RopeLeaf* __leftright =
    677 		(_RopeLeaf*)(((_RopeConcatenation*)__left)->_M_right);
    678 	      if (__leftright->_M_size
    679 		  + __right->_M_size <= size_t(_S_copy_max))
    680 		{
    681 		  _RopeRep* __leftleft = ((_RopeConcatenation*)__left)->_M_left;
    682 		  _RopeRep* __rest = _S_leaf_concat_char_iter(__leftright,
    683 							      ((_RopeLeaf*)
    684 							       __right)->
    685 							      _M_data,
    686 							      __right->_M_size);
    687 		  __leftleft->_M_ref_nonnil();
    688 		  __try
    689 		    { return(_S_tree_concat(__leftleft, __rest)); }
    690 		  __catch(...)
    691 		    {
    692 		      _S_unref(__leftleft);
    693 		      _S_unref(__rest);
    694 		      __throw_exception_again;
    695 		    }
    696 		}
    697 	    }
    698 	}
    699       __left->_M_ref_nonnil();
    700       __right->_M_ref_nonnil();
    701       __try
    702 	{ return(_S_tree_concat(__left, __right)); }
    703       __catch(...)
    704 	{
    705 	  _S_unref(__left);
    706 	  _S_unref(__right);
    707 	  __throw_exception_again;
    708 	}
    709     }
    710 
    711   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    712     typename rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::_RopeRep*
    713     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    714     _S_substring(_RopeRep* __base, size_t __start, size_t __endp1)
    715     {
    716       if (0 == __base)
    717 	return 0;
    718       size_t __len = __base->_M_size;
    719       size_t __adj_endp1;
    720       const size_t __lazy_threshold = 128;
    721 
    722       if (__endp1 >= __len)
    723 	{
    724 	  if (0 == __start)
    725 	    {
    726 	      __base->_M_ref_nonnil();
    727 	      return __base;
    728 	    }
    729 	  else
    730 	    __adj_endp1 = __len;
    731 
    732 	}
    733       else
    734 	__adj_endp1 = __endp1;
    735 
    736       switch(__base->_M_tag)
    737 	{
    738 	case __detail::_S_concat:
    739 	    {
    740 	      _RopeConcatenation* __c = (_RopeConcatenation*)__base;
    741 	      _RopeRep* __left = __c->_M_left;
    742 	      _RopeRep* __right = __c->_M_right;
    743 	      size_t __left_len = __left->_M_size;
    744 	      _RopeRep* __result;
    745 
    746 	      if (__adj_endp1 <= __left_len)
    747 		return _S_substring(__left, __start, __endp1);
    748 	      else if (__start >= __left_len)
    749 		return _S_substring(__right, __start - __left_len,
    750 				    __adj_endp1 - __left_len);
    751 	      _Self_destruct_ptr __left_result(_S_substring(__left,
    752 							    __start,
    753 							    __left_len));
    754 	      _Self_destruct_ptr __right_result(_S_substring(__right, 0,
    755 							     __endp1
    756 							     - __left_len));
    757 	      __result = _S_concat(__left_result, __right_result);
    758 	      return __result;
    759 	    }
    760 	case __detail::_S_leaf:
    761 	  {
    762 	    _RopeLeaf* __l = (_RopeLeaf*)__base;
    763 	    _RopeLeaf* __result;
    764 	    size_t __result_len;
    765 	    if (__start >= __adj_endp1)
    766 	      return 0;
    767 	    __result_len = __adj_endp1 - __start;
    768 	    if (__result_len > __lazy_threshold)
    769 	      goto lazy;
    770 #ifdef __GC
    771 	    const _CharT* __section = __l->_M_data + __start;
    772 	    __result = _S_new_RopeLeaf(__section, __result_len,
    773 				       __base->_M_get_allocator());
    774 	    __result->_M_c_string = 0;  // Not eos terminated.
    775 #else
    776 	    // We should sometimes create substring node instead.
    777 	    __result = __STL_ROPE_FROM_UNOWNED_CHAR_PTR(__l->_M_data + __start,
    778 							__result_len,
    779 							__base->
    780 							_M_get_allocator());
    781 #endif
    782 	    return __result;
    783 	  }
    784 	case __detail::_S_substringfn:
    785 	  // Avoid introducing multiple layers of substring nodes.
    786 	  {
    787 	    _RopeSubstring* __old = (_RopeSubstring*)__base;
    788 	    size_t __result_len;
    789 	    if (__start >= __adj_endp1)
    790 	      return 0;
    791 	    __result_len = __adj_endp1 - __start;
    792 	    if (__result_len > __lazy_threshold)
    793 	      {
    794 		_RopeSubstring* __result =
    795 		  _S_new_RopeSubstring(__old->_M_base,
    796 				       __start + __old->_M_start,
    797 				       __adj_endp1 - __start,
    798 				       __base->_M_get_allocator());
    799 		return __result;
    800 
    801 	      } // *** else fall through: ***
    802 	  }
    803 	case __detail::_S_function:
    804 	  {
    805 	    _RopeFunction* __f = (_RopeFunction*)__base;
    806 	    _CharT* __section;
    807 	    size_t __result_len;
    808 	    if (__start >= __adj_endp1)
    809 	      return 0;
    810 	    __result_len = __adj_endp1 - __start;
    811 
    812 	    if (__result_len > __lazy_threshold)
    813 	      goto lazy;
    814 	    __section = (_CharT*)
    815 	      _Data_allocate(_S_rounded_up_size(__result_len));
    816 	    __try
    817 	      {	(*(__f->_M_fn))(__start, __result_len, __section); }
    818 	    __catch(...)
    819 	      {
    820 		_RopeRep::__STL_FREE_STRING(__section, __result_len,
    821 					    __base->_M_get_allocator());
    822 		__throw_exception_again;
    823 	      }
    824 	    _S_cond_store_eos(__section[__result_len]);
    825 	    return _S_new_RopeLeaf(__section, __result_len,
    826 				   __base->_M_get_allocator());
    827 	  }
    828 	}
    829     lazy:
    830       {
    831 	// Create substring node.
    832 	return _S_new_RopeSubstring(__base, __start, __adj_endp1 - __start,
    833 				    __base->_M_get_allocator());
    834       }
    835     }
    836 
    837   template<class _CharT>
    838     class _Rope_flatten_char_consumer
    839     : public _Rope_char_consumer<_CharT>
    840     {
    841     private:
    842       _CharT* _M_buf_ptr;
    843     public:
    844 
    845       _Rope_flatten_char_consumer(_CharT* __buffer)
    846       { _M_buf_ptr = __buffer; };
    847 
    848       ~_Rope_flatten_char_consumer() {}
    849 
    850       bool
    851       operator()(const _CharT* __leaf, size_t __n)
    852       {
    853 	uninitialized_copy_n(__leaf, __n, _M_buf_ptr);
    854 	_M_buf_ptr += __n;
    855 	return true;
    856       }
    857     };
    858 
    859   template<class _CharT>
    860     class _Rope_find_char_char_consumer
    861     : public _Rope_char_consumer<_CharT>
    862     {
    863     private:
    864       _CharT _M_pattern;
    865     public:
    866       size_t _M_count;  // Number of nonmatching characters
    867 
    868       _Rope_find_char_char_consumer(_CharT __p)
    869       : _M_pattern(__p), _M_count(0) {}
    870 
    871       ~_Rope_find_char_char_consumer() {}
    872 
    873       bool
    874       operator()(const _CharT* __leaf, size_t __n)
    875       {
    876 	size_t __i;
    877 	for (__i = 0; __i < __n; __i++)
    878 	  {
    879 	    if (__leaf[__i] == _M_pattern)
    880 	      {
    881 		_M_count += __i;
    882 		return false;
    883 	      }
    884 	  }
    885 	_M_count += __n; return true;
    886       }
    887     };
    888 
    889   template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
    890   // Here _CharT is both the stream and rope character type.
    891     class _Rope_insert_char_consumer
    892     : public _Rope_char_consumer<_CharT>
    893     {
    894     private:
    895       typedef basic_ostream<_CharT,_Traits> _Insert_ostream;
    896       _Insert_ostream& _M_o;
    897     public:
    898       _Rope_insert_char_consumer(_Insert_ostream& __writer)
    899 	: _M_o(__writer) {};
    900       ~_Rope_insert_char_consumer() { };
    901       // Caller is presumed to own the ostream
    902       bool operator() (const _CharT* __leaf, size_t __n);
    903       // Returns true to continue traversal.
    904     };
    905 
    906   template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
    907     bool
    908     _Rope_insert_char_consumer<_CharT, _Traits>::
    909     operator()(const _CharT* __leaf, size_t __n)
    910     {
    911       size_t __i;
    912       //  We assume that formatting is set up correctly for each element.
    913       for (__i = 0; __i < __n; __i++)
    914 	_M_o.put(__leaf[__i]);
    915       return true;
    916     }
    917 
    918   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    919     bool
    920     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
    921     _S_apply_to_pieces(_Rope_char_consumer<_CharT>& __c,
    922 		       const _RopeRep* __r, size_t __begin, size_t __end)
    923     {
    924       if (0 == __r)
    925 	return true;
    926       switch(__r->_M_tag)
    927 	{
    928 	case __detail::_S_concat:
    929 	  {
    930 	    _RopeConcatenation* __conc = (_RopeConcatenation*)__r;
    931 	    _RopeRep* __left =  __conc->_M_left;
    932 	    size_t __left_len = __left->_M_size;
    933 	    if (__begin < __left_len)
    934 	      {
    935 		size_t __left_end = std::min(__left_len, __end);
    936 		if (!_S_apply_to_pieces(__c, __left, __begin, __left_end))
    937 		  return false;
    938 	      }
    939 	    if (__end > __left_len)
    940 	      {
    941 		_RopeRep* __right =  __conc->_M_right;
    942 		size_t __right_start = std::max(__left_len, __begin);
    943 		if (!_S_apply_to_pieces(__c, __right,
    944 					__right_start - __left_len,
    945 					__end - __left_len))
    946 		  return false;
    947 	      }
    948 	  }
    949 	  return true;
    950 	case __detail::_S_leaf:
    951 	  {
    952 	    _RopeLeaf* __l = (_RopeLeaf*)__r;
    953 	    return __c(__l->_M_data + __begin, __end - __begin);
    954 	  }
    955 	case __detail::_S_function:
    956 	case __detail::_S_substringfn:
    957 	    {
    958 	      _RopeFunction* __f = (_RopeFunction*)__r;
    959 	      size_t __len = __end - __begin;
    960 	      bool __result;
    961 	      _CharT* __buffer =
    962 		(_CharT*)_Alloc().allocate(__len * sizeof(_CharT));
    963 	      __try
    964 		{
    965 		  (*(__f->_M_fn))(__begin, __len, __buffer);
    966 		  __result = __c(__buffer, __len);
    967                   _Alloc().deallocate(__buffer, __len * sizeof(_CharT));
    968                 }
    969 	      __catch(...)
    970 		{
    971 		  _Alloc().deallocate(__buffer, __len * sizeof(_CharT));
    972 		  __throw_exception_again;
    973 		}
    974 	      return __result;
    975 	    }
    976 	default:
    977 	  return false;
    978 	}
    979     }
    980 
    981   template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
    982     inline void
    983     _Rope_fill(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __o, size_t __n)
    984     {
    985       char __f = __o.fill();
    986       size_t __i;
    987 
    988       for (__i = 0; __i < __n; __i++)
    989 	__o.put(__f);
    990     }
    991 
    992 
    993   template <class _CharT>
    994     inline bool
    995     _Rope_is_simple(_CharT*)
    996     { return false; }
    997 
    998   inline bool
    999   _Rope_is_simple(char*)
   1000   { return true; }
   1001 
   1002   inline bool
   1003   _Rope_is_simple(wchar_t*)
   1004   { return true; }
   1005 
   1006   template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Alloc>
   1007     basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
   1008     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __o,
   1009 	       const rope<_CharT, _Alloc>& __r)
   1010     {
   1011       size_t __w = __o.width();
   1012       bool __left = bool(__o.flags() & std::ios::left);
   1013       size_t __pad_len;
   1014       size_t __rope_len = __r.size();
   1015       _Rope_insert_char_consumer<_CharT, _Traits> __c(__o);
   1016       bool __is_simple = _Rope_is_simple((_CharT*)0);
   1017 
   1018       if (__rope_len < __w)
   1019 	__pad_len = __w - __rope_len;
   1020       else
   1021 	__pad_len = 0;
   1022 
   1023       if (!__is_simple)
   1024 	__o.width(__w / __rope_len);
   1025       __try
   1026 	{
   1027 	  if (__is_simple && !__left && __pad_len > 0)
   1028 	    _Rope_fill(__o, __pad_len);
   1029 	  __r.apply_to_pieces(0, __r.size(), __c);
   1030 	  if (__is_simple && __left && __pad_len > 0)
   1031 	    _Rope_fill(__o, __pad_len);
   1032 	  if (!__is_simple)
   1033 	    __o.width(__w);
   1034 	}
   1035       __catch(...)
   1036 	{
   1037 	  if (!__is_simple)
   1038 	    __o.width(__w);
   1039 	  __throw_exception_again;
   1040 	}
   1041       return __o;
   1042     }
   1043 
   1044   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
   1045     _CharT*
   1046     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
   1047     _S_flatten(_RopeRep* __r, size_t __start, size_t __len,
   1048 	       _CharT* __buffer)
   1049     {
   1050       _Rope_flatten_char_consumer<_CharT> __c(__buffer);
   1051       _S_apply_to_pieces(__c, __r, __start, __start + __len);
   1052       return(__buffer + __len);
   1053     }
   1054 
   1055   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
   1056     size_t
   1057     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
   1058     find(_CharT __pattern, size_t __start) const
   1059     {
   1060       _Rope_find_char_char_consumer<_CharT> __c(__pattern);
   1061       _S_apply_to_pieces(__c, this->_M_tree_ptr, __start, size());
   1062       size_type __result_pos = __start + __c._M_count;
   1063 #ifndef __STL_OLD_ROPE_SEMANTICS
   1064       if (__result_pos == size())
   1065 	__result_pos = npos;
   1066 #endif
   1067       return __result_pos;
   1068     }
   1069 
   1070   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
   1071     _CharT*
   1072     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
   1073     _S_flatten(_RopeRep* __r, _CharT* __buffer)
   1074     {
   1075       if (0 == __r)
   1076 	return __buffer;
   1077       switch(__r->_M_tag)
   1078 	{
   1079 	case __detail::_S_concat:
   1080 	  {
   1081 	    _RopeConcatenation* __c = (_RopeConcatenation*)__r;
   1082 	    _RopeRep* __left = __c->_M_left;
   1083 	    _RopeRep* __right = __c->_M_right;
   1084 	    _CharT* __rest = _S_flatten(__left, __buffer);
   1085 	    return _S_flatten(__right, __rest);
   1086 	  }
   1087 	case __detail::_S_leaf:
   1088 	  {
   1089 	    _RopeLeaf* __l = (_RopeLeaf*)__r;
   1090 	    return copy_n(__l->_M_data, __l->_M_size, __buffer).second;
   1091 	  }
   1092 	case __detail::_S_function:
   1093 	case __detail::_S_substringfn:
   1094 	  // We don't yet do anything with substring nodes.
   1095 	  // This needs to be fixed before ropefiles will work well.
   1096 	  {
   1097 	    _RopeFunction* __f = (_RopeFunction*)__r;
   1098 	    (*(__f->_M_fn))(0, __f->_M_size, __buffer);
   1099 	    return __buffer + __f->_M_size;
   1100 	  }
   1101 	default:
   1102 	  return 0;
   1103 	}
   1104     }
   1105 
   1106   // This needs work for _CharT != char
   1107   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
   1108     void
   1109     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
   1110     _S_dump(_RopeRep* __r, int __indent)
   1111     {
   1112       for (int __i = 0; __i < __indent; __i++)
   1113 	putchar(' ');
   1114       if (0 == __r)
   1115 	{
   1116 	  printf("NULL\n");
   1117 	  return;
   1118 	}
   1119       if (_S_concat == __r->_M_tag)
   1120 	{
   1121 	  _RopeConcatenation* __c = (_RopeConcatenation*)__r;
   1122 	  _RopeRep* __left = __c->_M_left;
   1123 	  _RopeRep* __right = __c->_M_right;
   1124 
   1125 #ifdef __GC
   1126 	  printf("Concatenation %p (depth = %d, len = %ld, %s balanced)\n",
   1127 		 __r, __r->_M_depth, __r->_M_size,
   1128 		 __r->_M_is_balanced? "" : "not");
   1129 #else
   1130 	  printf("Concatenation %p (rc = %ld, depth = %d, "
   1131 		 "len = %ld, %s balanced)\n",
   1132 		 __r, __r->_M_ref_count, __r->_M_depth, __r->_M_size,
   1133 		 __r->_M_is_balanced? "" : "not");
   1134 #endif
   1135 	  _S_dump(__left, __indent + 2);
   1136 	  _S_dump(__right, __indent + 2);
   1137 	  return;
   1138 	}
   1139       else
   1140 	{
   1141 	  char* __kind;
   1142 
   1143 	  switch (__r->_M_tag)
   1144 	    {
   1145 	    case __detail::_S_leaf:
   1146 	      __kind = "Leaf";
   1147 	      break;
   1148 	    case __detail::_S_function:
   1149 	      __kind = "Function";
   1150 	      break;
   1151 	    case __detail::_S_substringfn:
   1152 	      __kind = "Function representing substring";
   1153 	      break;
   1154 	    default:
   1155 	      __kind = "(corrupted kind field!)";
   1156 	    }
   1157 #ifdef __GC
   1158 	  printf("%s %p (depth = %d, len = %ld) ",
   1159 		 __kind, __r, __r->_M_depth, __r->_M_size);
   1160 #else
   1161 	  printf("%s %p (rc = %ld, depth = %d, len = %ld) ",
   1162 		 __kind, __r, __r->_M_ref_count, __r->_M_depth, __r->_M_size);
   1163 #endif
   1164 	  if (_S_is_one_byte_char_type((_CharT*)0))
   1165 	    {
   1166 	      const int __max_len = 40;
   1167 	      _Self_destruct_ptr __prefix(_S_substring(__r, 0, __max_len));
   1168 	      _CharT __buffer[__max_len + 1];
   1169 	      bool __too_big = __r->_M_size > __prefix->_M_size;
   1170 
   1171 	      _S_flatten(__prefix, __buffer);
   1172 	      __buffer[__prefix->_M_size] = _S_eos((_CharT*)0);
   1173 	      printf("%s%s\n", (char*)__buffer,
   1174 		     __too_big? "...\n" : "\n");
   1175 	    }
   1176 	  else
   1177 	    printf("\n");
   1178 	}
   1179     }
   1180 
   1181   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
   1182     const unsigned long
   1183     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
   1184     _S_min_len[int(__detail::_S_max_rope_depth) + 1] = {
   1185       /* 0 */1, /* 1 */2, /* 2 */3, /* 3 */5, /* 4 */8, /* 5 */13, /* 6 */21,
   1186       /* 7 */34, /* 8 */55, /* 9 */89, /* 10 */144, /* 11 */233, /* 12 */377,
   1187       /* 13 */610, /* 14 */987, /* 15 */1597, /* 16 */2584, /* 17 */4181,
   1188       /* 18 */6765, /* 19 */10946, /* 20 */17711, /* 21 */28657, /* 22 */46368,
   1189       /* 23 */75025, /* 24 */121393, /* 25 */196418, /* 26 */317811,
   1190       /* 27 */514229, /* 28 */832040, /* 29 */1346269, /* 30 */2178309,
   1191       /* 31 */3524578, /* 32 */5702887, /* 33 */9227465, /* 34 */14930352,
   1192       /* 35 */24157817, /* 36 */39088169, /* 37 */63245986, /* 38 */102334155,
   1193       /* 39 */165580141, /* 40 */267914296, /* 41 */433494437,
   1194       /* 42 */701408733, /* 43 */1134903170, /* 44 */1836311903,
   1195       /* 45 */2971215073u };
   1196   // These are Fibonacci numbers < 2**32.
   1197 
   1198   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
   1199     typename rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::_RopeRep*
   1200     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
   1201     _S_balance(_RopeRep* __r)
   1202     {
   1203       _RopeRep* __forest[int(__detail::_S_max_rope_depth) + 1];
   1204       _RopeRep* __result = 0;
   1205       int __i;
   1206       // Invariant:
   1207       // The concatenation of forest in descending order is equal to __r.
   1208       // __forest[__i]._M_size >= _S_min_len[__i]
   1209       // __forest[__i]._M_depth = __i
   1210       // References from forest are included in refcount.
   1211 
   1212       for (__i = 0; __i <= int(__detail::_S_max_rope_depth); ++__i)
   1213 	__forest[__i] = 0;
   1214       __try
   1215 	{
   1216 	  _S_add_to_forest(__r, __forest);
   1217 	  for (__i = 0; __i <= int(__detail::_S_max_rope_depth); ++__i)
   1218 	    if (0 != __forest[__i])
   1219 	      {
   1220 #ifndef __GC
   1221 		_Self_destruct_ptr __old(__result);
   1222 #endif
   1223 		__result = _S_concat(__forest[__i], __result);
   1224 		__forest[__i]->_M_unref_nonnil();
   1225 #if !defined(__GC) && defined(__EXCEPTIONS)
   1226 		__forest[__i] = 0;
   1227 #endif
   1228 	      }
   1229 	}
   1230       __catch(...)
   1231 	{
   1232 	  for(__i = 0; __i <= int(__detail::_S_max_rope_depth); __i++)
   1233 	    _S_unref(__forest[__i]);
   1234 	  __throw_exception_again;
   1235 	}
   1236 
   1237       if (__result->_M_depth > int(__detail::_S_max_rope_depth))
   1238 	__throw_length_error(__N("rope::_S_balance"));
   1239       return(__result);
   1240     }
   1241 
   1242   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
   1243     void
   1244     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
   1245     _S_add_to_forest(_RopeRep* __r, _RopeRep** __forest)
   1246     {
   1247       if (__r->_M_is_balanced)
   1248 	{
   1249 	  _S_add_leaf_to_forest(__r, __forest);
   1250 	  return;
   1251 	}
   1252 
   1253       {
   1254 	_RopeConcatenation* __c = (_RopeConcatenation*)__r;
   1255 
   1256 	_S_add_to_forest(__c->_M_left, __forest);
   1257 	_S_add_to_forest(__c->_M_right, __forest);
   1258       }
   1259     }
   1260 
   1261 
   1262   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
   1263     void
   1264     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
   1265     _S_add_leaf_to_forest(_RopeRep* __r, _RopeRep** __forest)
   1266     {
   1267       _RopeRep* __insertee;		// included in refcount
   1268       _RopeRep* __too_tiny = 0;		// included in refcount
   1269       int __i;				// forest[0..__i-1] is empty
   1270       size_t __s = __r->_M_size;
   1271 
   1272       for (__i = 0; __s >= _S_min_len[__i+1]/* not this bucket */; ++__i)
   1273 	{
   1274 	  if (0 != __forest[__i])
   1275 	    {
   1276 #ifndef __GC
   1277 	      _Self_destruct_ptr __old(__too_tiny);
   1278 #endif
   1279 	      __too_tiny = _S_concat_and_set_balanced(__forest[__i],
   1280 						      __too_tiny);
   1281 	      __forest[__i]->_M_unref_nonnil();
   1282 	      __forest[__i] = 0;
   1283 	    }
   1284 	}
   1285       {
   1286 #ifndef __GC
   1287 	_Self_destruct_ptr __old(__too_tiny);
   1288 #endif
   1289 	__insertee = _S_concat_and_set_balanced(__too_tiny, __r);
   1290       }
   1291       // Too_tiny dead, and no longer included in refcount.
   1292       // Insertee is live and included.
   1293       for (;; ++__i)
   1294 	{
   1295 	  if (0 != __forest[__i])
   1296 	    {
   1297 #ifndef __GC
   1298 	      _Self_destruct_ptr __old(__insertee);
   1299 #endif
   1300 	      __insertee = _S_concat_and_set_balanced(__forest[__i],
   1301 						      __insertee);
   1302 	      __forest[__i]->_M_unref_nonnil();
   1303 	      __forest[__i] = 0;
   1304 	    }
   1305 	  if (__i == int(__detail::_S_max_rope_depth)
   1306 	      || __insertee->_M_size < _S_min_len[__i+1])
   1307 	    {
   1308 	      __forest[__i] = __insertee;
   1309 	      // refcount is OK since __insertee is now dead.
   1310 	      return;
   1311 	    }
   1312 	}
   1313     }
   1314 
   1315   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
   1316     _CharT
   1317     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
   1318     _S_fetch(_RopeRep* __r, size_type __i)
   1319     {
   1320       __GC_CONST _CharT* __cstr = __r->_M_c_string;
   1321 
   1322       if (0 != __cstr)
   1323 	return __cstr[__i];
   1324       for(;;)
   1325 	{
   1326 	  switch(__r->_M_tag)
   1327 	    {
   1328 	    case __detail::_S_concat:
   1329 	      {
   1330 		_RopeConcatenation* __c = (_RopeConcatenation*)__r;
   1331 		_RopeRep* __left = __c->_M_left;
   1332 		size_t __left_len = __left->_M_size;
   1333 
   1334 		if (__i >= __left_len)
   1335 		  {
   1336 		    __i -= __left_len;
   1337 		    __r = __c->_M_right;
   1338 		  }
   1339 		else
   1340 		  __r = __left;
   1341 	      }
   1342 	      break;
   1343 	    case __detail::_S_leaf:
   1344 	      {
   1345 		_RopeLeaf* __l = (_RopeLeaf*)__r;
   1346 		return __l->_M_data[__i];
   1347 	      }
   1348 	    case __detail::_S_function:
   1349 	    case __detail::_S_substringfn:
   1350 	      {
   1351 		_RopeFunction* __f = (_RopeFunction*)__r;
   1352 		_CharT __result;
   1353 
   1354 		(*(__f->_M_fn))(__i, 1, &__result);
   1355 		return __result;
   1356 	      }
   1357 	    }
   1358 	}
   1359     }
   1360 
   1361 #ifndef __GC
   1362   // Return a uniquely referenced character slot for the given
   1363   // position, or 0 if that's not possible.
   1364   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
   1365     _CharT*
   1366     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
   1367     _S_fetch_ptr(_RopeRep* __r, size_type __i)
   1368     {
   1369       _RopeRep* __clrstack[__detail::_S_max_rope_depth];
   1370       size_t __csptr = 0;
   1371 
   1372       for(;;)
   1373 	{
   1374 	  if (__r->_M_ref_count > 1)
   1375 	    return 0;
   1376 	  switch(__r->_M_tag)
   1377 	    {
   1378 	    case __detail::_S_concat:
   1379 	      {
   1380 		_RopeConcatenation* __c = (_RopeConcatenation*)__r;
   1381 		_RopeRep* __left = __c->_M_left;
   1382 		size_t __left_len = __left->_M_size;
   1383 
   1384 		if (__c->_M_c_string != 0)
   1385 		  __clrstack[__csptr++] = __c;
   1386 		if (__i >= __left_len)
   1387 		  {
   1388 		    __i -= __left_len;
   1389 		    __r = __c->_M_right;
   1390 		  }
   1391 		else
   1392 		  __r = __left;
   1393 	      }
   1394 	      break;
   1395 	    case __detail::_S_leaf:
   1396 	      {
   1397 		_RopeLeaf* __l = (_RopeLeaf*)__r;
   1398 		if (__l->_M_c_string != __l->_M_data && __l->_M_c_string != 0)
   1399 		  __clrstack[__csptr++] = __l;
   1400 		while (__csptr > 0)
   1401 		  {
   1402 		    -- __csptr;
   1403 		    _RopeRep* __d = __clrstack[__csptr];
   1404 		    __d->_M_free_c_string();
   1405 		    __d->_M_c_string = 0;
   1406 		  }
   1407 		return __l->_M_data + __i;
   1408 	      }
   1409 	    case __detail::_S_function:
   1410 	    case __detail::_S_substringfn:
   1411 	      return 0;
   1412 	    }
   1413 	}
   1414     }
   1415 #endif /* __GC */
   1416 
   1417   // The following could be implemented trivially using
   1418   // lexicographical_compare_3way.
   1419   // We do a little more work to avoid dealing with rope iterators for
   1420   // flat strings.
   1421   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
   1422     int
   1423     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
   1424     _S_compare (const _RopeRep* __left, const _RopeRep* __right)
   1425     {
   1426       size_t __left_len;
   1427       size_t __right_len;
   1428 
   1429       if (0 == __right)
   1430 	return 0 != __left;
   1431       if (0 == __left)
   1432 	return -1;
   1433       __left_len = __left->_M_size;
   1434       __right_len = __right->_M_size;
   1435       if (__detail::_S_leaf == __left->_M_tag)
   1436 	{
   1437 	  _RopeLeaf* __l = (_RopeLeaf*) __left;
   1438 	  if (__detail::_S_leaf == __right->_M_tag)
   1439 	    {
   1440 	      _RopeLeaf* __r = (_RopeLeaf*) __right;
   1441 	      return lexicographical_compare_3way(__l->_M_data,
   1442 						  __l->_M_data + __left_len,
   1443 						  __r->_M_data, __r->_M_data
   1444 						  + __right_len);
   1445 	    }
   1446 	  else
   1447 	    {
   1448 	      const_iterator __rstart(__right, 0);
   1449 	      const_iterator __rend(__right, __right_len);
   1450 	      return lexicographical_compare_3way(__l->_M_data, __l->_M_data
   1451 						  + __left_len,
   1452 						  __rstart, __rend);
   1453 	    }
   1454 	}
   1455       else
   1456 	{
   1457 	  const_iterator __lstart(__left, 0);
   1458 	  const_iterator __lend(__left, __left_len);
   1459 	  if (__detail::_S_leaf == __right->_M_tag)
   1460 	    {
   1461 	      _RopeLeaf* __r = (_RopeLeaf*) __right;
   1462 	      return lexicographical_compare_3way(__lstart, __lend,
   1463 						  __r->_M_data, __r->_M_data
   1464 						  + __right_len);
   1465 	    }
   1466 	  else
   1467 	    {
   1468 	      const_iterator __rstart(__right, 0);
   1469 	      const_iterator __rend(__right, __right_len);
   1470 	      return lexicographical_compare_3way(__lstart, __lend,
   1471 						  __rstart, __rend);
   1472 	    }
   1473 	}
   1474     }
   1475 
   1476   // Assignment to reference proxies.
   1477   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
   1478     _Rope_char_ref_proxy<_CharT, _Alloc>&
   1479     _Rope_char_ref_proxy<_CharT, _Alloc>::
   1480     operator=(_CharT __c)
   1481     {
   1482       _RopeRep* __old = _M_root->_M_tree_ptr;
   1483 #ifndef __GC
   1484       // First check for the case in which everything is uniquely
   1485       // referenced.  In that case we can do this destructively.
   1486       _CharT* __ptr = _My_rope::_S_fetch_ptr(__old, _M_pos);
   1487       if (0 != __ptr)
   1488 	{
   1489 	  *__ptr = __c;
   1490 	  return *this;
   1491 	}
   1492 #endif
   1493       _Self_destruct_ptr __left(_My_rope::_S_substring(__old, 0, _M_pos));
   1494       _Self_destruct_ptr __right(_My_rope::_S_substring(__old, _M_pos + 1,
   1495 							__old->_M_size));
   1496       _Self_destruct_ptr __result_left(_My_rope::
   1497 				       _S_destr_concat_char_iter(__left,
   1498 								 &__c, 1));
   1499 
   1500       _RopeRep* __result = _My_rope::_S_concat(__result_left, __right);
   1501 #ifndef __GC
   1502       _RopeRep::_S_unref(__old);
   1503 #endif
   1504       _M_root->_M_tree_ptr = __result;
   1505       return *this;
   1506     }
   1507 
   1508   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
   1509     inline _Rope_char_ref_proxy<_CharT, _Alloc>::
   1510     operator _CharT() const
   1511     {
   1512       if (_M_current_valid)
   1513 	return _M_current;
   1514       else
   1515 	return _My_rope::_S_fetch(_M_root->_M_tree_ptr, _M_pos);
   1516     }
   1517 
   1518   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
   1519     _Rope_char_ptr_proxy<_CharT, _Alloc>
   1520     _Rope_char_ref_proxy<_CharT, _Alloc>::
   1521     operator&() const
   1522     { return _Rope_char_ptr_proxy<_CharT, _Alloc>(*this); }
   1523 
   1524   template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
   1525     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
   1526     rope(size_t __n, _CharT __c, const allocator_type& __a)
   1527     : _Base(__a)
   1528     {
   1529       rope<_CharT,_Alloc> __result;
   1530       const size_t __exponentiate_threshold = 32;
   1531       size_t __exponent;
   1532       size_t __rest;
   1533       _CharT* __rest_buffer;
   1534       _RopeRep* __remainder;
   1535       rope<_CharT, _Alloc> __remainder_rope;
   1536 
   1537       if (0 == __n)
   1538 	return;
   1539 
   1540       __exponent = __n / __exponentiate_threshold;
   1541       __rest = __n % __exponentiate_threshold;
   1542       if (0 == __rest)
   1543 	__remainder = 0;
   1544       else
   1545 	{
   1546 	  __rest_buffer = this->_Data_allocate(_S_rounded_up_size(__rest));
   1547 	  __uninitialized_fill_n_a(__rest_buffer, __rest, __c,
   1548 				   _M_get_allocator());
   1549 	  _S_cond_store_eos(__rest_buffer[__rest]);
   1550 	  __try
   1551 	    { __remainder = _S_new_RopeLeaf(__rest_buffer, __rest,
   1552 					    _M_get_allocator()); }
   1553 	  __catch(...)
   1554 	    {
   1555 	      _RopeRep::__STL_FREE_STRING(__rest_buffer, __rest,
   1556 					  _M_get_allocator());
   1557 	      __throw_exception_again;
   1558 	    }
   1559 	}
   1560       __remainder_rope._M_tree_ptr = __remainder;
   1561       if (__exponent != 0)
   1562 	{
   1563 	  _CharT* __base_buffer =
   1564 	    this->_Data_allocate(_S_rounded_up_size(__exponentiate_threshold));
   1565 	  _RopeLeaf* __base_leaf;
   1566 	  rope __base_rope;
   1567 	  __uninitialized_fill_n_a(__base_buffer, __exponentiate_threshold, __c,
   1568 				   _M_get_allocator());
   1569 	  _S_cond_store_eos(__base_buffer[__exponentiate_threshold]);
   1570 	  __try
   1571 	    {
   1572 	      __base_leaf = _S_new_RopeLeaf(__base_buffer,
   1573 					    __exponentiate_threshold,
   1574 					    _M_get_allocator());
   1575 	    }
   1576 	  __catch(...)
   1577 	    {
   1578 	      _RopeRep::__STL_FREE_STRING(__base_buffer,
   1579 					  __exponentiate_threshold,
   1580 					  _M_get_allocator());
   1581 	      __throw_exception_again;
   1582 	    }
   1583 	  __base_rope._M_tree_ptr = __base_leaf;
   1584 	  if (1 == __exponent)
   1585 	    __result = __base_rope;
   1586 	  else
   1587 	    __result = power(__base_rope, __exponent,
   1588 			     _Rope_Concat_fn<_CharT, _Alloc>());
   1589 
   1590 	  if (0 != __remainder)
   1591 	    __result += __remainder_rope;
   1592 	}
   1593       else
   1594 	__result = __remainder_rope;
   1595 
   1596       this->_M_tree_ptr = __result._M_tree_ptr;
   1597       this->_M_tree_ptr->_M_ref_nonnil();
   1598     }
   1599 
   1600   template<class _CharT, class _Alloc>
   1601     _CharT
   1602     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::_S_empty_c_str[1];
   1603 
   1604   template<class _CharT, class _Alloc>
   1605     const _CharT*
   1606     rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
   1607     c_str() const
   1608     {
   1609       if (0 == this->_M_tree_ptr)
   1610 	{
   1611 	  _S_empty_c_str[0] = _S_eos((_CharT*)0);  // Possibly redundant,
   1612 	                                           // but probably fast.
   1613 	  return _S_empty_c_str;
   1614 	}
   1615       __gthread_mutex_lock (&this->_M_tree_ptr->_M_c_string_lock);
   1616       __GC_CONST _CharT* __result = this->_M_tree_ptr->_M_c_string;
   1617       if (0 == __result)
   1618 	{
   1619 	  size_t __s = size();
   1620 	  __result = this->_Data_allocate(__s + 1);
   1621 	  _S_flatten(this->_M_tree_ptr, __result);
   1622 	  __result[__s] = _S_eos((_CharT*)0);
   1623 	  this->_M_tree_ptr->_M_c_string = __result;
   1624 	}
   1625       __gthread_mutex_unlock (&this->_M_tree_ptr->_M_c_string_lock);
   1626       return(__result);
   1627     }
   1628 
   1629   template<class _CharT, class _Alloc>
   1630     const _CharT* rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::
   1631     replace_with_c_str()
   1632     {
   1633       if (0 == this->_M_tree_ptr)
   1634 	{
   1635 	  _S_empty_c_str[0] = _S_eos((_CharT*)0);
   1636 	  return _S_empty_c_str;
   1637 	}
   1638       __GC_CONST _CharT* __old_c_string = this->_M_tree_ptr->_M_c_string;
   1639       if (__detail::_S_leaf == this->_M_tree_ptr->_M_tag
   1640 	  && 0 != __old_c_string)
   1641 	return(__old_c_string);
   1642       size_t __s = size();
   1643       _CharT* __result = this->_Data_allocate(_S_rounded_up_size(__s));
   1644       _S_flatten(this->_M_tree_ptr, __result);
   1645       __result[__s] = _S_eos((_CharT*)0);
   1646       this->_M_tree_ptr->_M_unref_nonnil();
   1647       this->_M_tree_ptr = _S_new_RopeLeaf(__result, __s,
   1648 					  this->_M_get_allocator());
   1649       return(__result);
   1650     }
   1651 
   1652   // Algorithm specializations.  More should be added.
   1653 
   1654   template<class _Rope_iterator>  // was templated on CharT and Alloc
   1655     void		          // VC++ workaround
   1656     _Rope_rotate(_Rope_iterator __first,
   1657 		 _Rope_iterator __middle,
   1658 		 _Rope_iterator __last)
   1659     {
   1660       typedef typename _Rope_iterator::value_type _CharT;
   1661       typedef typename _Rope_iterator::_allocator_type _Alloc;
   1662 
   1663       rope<_CharT, _Alloc>& __r(__first.container());
   1664       rope<_CharT, _Alloc> __prefix = __r.substr(0, __first.index());
   1665       rope<_CharT, _Alloc> __suffix =
   1666 	__r.substr(__last.index(), __r.size() - __last.index());
   1667       rope<_CharT, _Alloc> __part1 =
   1668 	__r.substr(__middle.index(), __last.index() - __middle.index());
   1669       rope<_CharT, _Alloc> __part2 =
   1670 	__r.substr(__first.index(), __middle.index() - __first.index());
   1671       __r = __prefix;
   1672       __r += __part1;
   1673       __r += __part2;
   1674       __r += __suffix;
   1675     }
   1676 
   1677 #if !defined(__GNUC__)
   1678   // Appears to confuse g++
   1679   inline void
   1680   rotate(_Rope_iterator<char, __STL_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR(char)> __first,
   1681 	 _Rope_iterator<char, __STL_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR(char)> __middle,
   1682 	 _Rope_iterator<char, __STL_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR(char)> __last)
   1683   { _Rope_rotate(__first, __middle, __last); }
   1684 #endif
   1685 
   1686 # if 0
   1687   // Probably not useful for several reasons:
   1688   // - for SGIs 7.1 compiler and probably some others,
   1689   //   this forces lots of rope<wchar_t, ...> instantiations, creating a
   1690   //   code bloat and compile time problem.  (Fixed in 7.2.)
   1691   // - wchar_t is 4 bytes wide on most UNIX platforms, making it
   1692   //   unattractive for unicode strings.  Unsigned short may be a better
   1693   //   character type.
   1694   inline void
   1695   rotate(_Rope_iterator<wchar_t, __STL_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR(char)> __first,
   1696 	 _Rope_iterator<wchar_t, __STL_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR(char)> __middle,
   1697 	 _Rope_iterator<wchar_t, __STL_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR(char)> __last)
   1698   { _Rope_rotate(__first, __middle, __last); }
   1699 # endif
   1700 
   1701 _GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE
   1702