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      1 /*
      2  * Copyright (C) 2013 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
      3  *
      4  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
      5  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
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      9  * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
     10  *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
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     12  * in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
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     16  * this software without specific prior written permission.
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     28  * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
     29  */
     30 
     31 #include "config.h"
     32 #include "modules/websockets/WebSocketPerMessageDeflate.h"
     33 
     34 #include "wtf/Vector.h"
     35 #include "wtf/text/StringHash.h"
     36 
     37 #include <algorithm>
     38 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
     39 #include <iterator>
     40 
     41 using namespace WebCore;
     42 
     43 namespace {
     44 
     45 TEST(WebSocketPerMessageDeflateTest, TestDeflateHelloTakeOver)
     46 {
     47     WebSocketPerMessageDeflate c;
     48     c.enable(8, WebSocketDeflater::TakeOverContext);
     49     WebSocketFrame::OpCode opcode = WebSocketFrame::OpCodeText;
     50     WebSocketFrame f1(opcode, "Hello", 5, WebSocketFrame::Final);
     51     WebSocketFrame f2(opcode, "Hello", 5, WebSocketFrame::Final);
     52 
     53     ASSERT_TRUE(c.deflate(f1));
     54     EXPECT_EQ(7u, f1.payloadLength);
     55     EXPECT_EQ(0, memcmp("\xf2\x48\xcd\xc9\xc9\x07\x00", f1.payload, f1.payloadLength));
     56     EXPECT_TRUE(f1.compress);
     57     EXPECT_TRUE(f1.final);
     58 
     59     c.resetDeflateBuffer();
     60     ASSERT_TRUE(c.deflate(f2));
     61     EXPECT_EQ(5u, f2.payloadLength);
     62     EXPECT_EQ(0, memcmp("\xf2\x00\x11\x00\x00", f2.payload, f2.payloadLength));
     63     EXPECT_TRUE(f2.compress);
     64     EXPECT_TRUE(f2.final);
     65 }
     66 
     67 TEST(WebSocketPerMessageTest, TestDeflateHelloNoTakeOver)
     68 {
     69     WebSocketPerMessageDeflate c;
     70     c.enable(8, WebSocketDeflater::DoNotTakeOverContext);
     71     WebSocketFrame::OpCode opcode = WebSocketFrame::OpCodeText;
     72     WebSocketFrame f1(opcode, "Hello", 5, WebSocketFrame::Final);
     73     WebSocketFrame f2(opcode, "Hello", 5, WebSocketFrame::Final);
     74 
     75     ASSERT_TRUE(c.deflate(f1));
     76     EXPECT_EQ(7u, f1.payloadLength);
     77     EXPECT_EQ(0, memcmp("\xf2\x48\xcd\xc9\xc9\x07\x00", f1.payload, f1.payloadLength));
     78     EXPECT_TRUE(f1.compress);
     79     EXPECT_TRUE(f1.final);
     80 
     81     c.resetDeflateBuffer();
     82     ASSERT_TRUE(c.deflate(f2));
     83     EXPECT_EQ(7u, f2.payloadLength);
     84     EXPECT_EQ(0, memcmp("\xf2\x48\xcd\xc9\xc9\x07\x00", f2.payload, f2.payloadLength));
     85     EXPECT_TRUE(f2.compress);
     86     EXPECT_TRUE(f2.final);
     87 }
     88 
     89 TEST(WebSocketPerMessageDeflateTest, TestDeflateInflateMultipleFrame)
     90 {
     91     WebSocketPerMessageDeflate c;
     92     WebSocketFrame::OpCode text = WebSocketFrame::OpCodeText;
     93     c.enable(8, WebSocketDeflater::DoNotTakeOverContext);
     94     size_t length = 64 * 1024;
     95     std::string payload;
     96     std::string expected;
     97     std::string actual;
     98     std::string inflated;
     99     // Generate string by a linear congruential generator.
    100     uint64_t r = 0;
    101     for (size_t i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
    102         payload += 'a' + (r % 25);
    103         r = (r * 12345 + 1103515245) % (static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << 31);
    104     }
    105 
    106     WebSocketFrame frame(text, &payload[0], payload.size(), WebSocketFrame::Final);
    107     ASSERT_TRUE(c.deflate(frame));
    108     ASSERT_TRUE(frame.final);
    109     ASSERT_TRUE(frame.compress);
    110     expected = std::string(frame.payload, frame.payloadLength);
    111     for (size_t i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
    112         WebSocketFrame::OpCode opcode = !i ? text : WebSocketFrame::OpCodeContinuation;
    113         c.resetDeflateBuffer();
    114         WebSocketFrame frame(opcode, &payload[i], 1);
    115         frame.final = (i == length - 1);
    116 
    117         ASSERT_TRUE(c.deflate(frame));
    118         ASSERT_EQ(i == length - 1, frame.final);
    119         ASSERT_EQ(!i, frame.compress);
    120         actual += std::string(frame.payload, frame.payloadLength);
    121     }
    122     EXPECT_EQ(expected, actual);
    123 
    124     for (size_t i = 0; i < actual.size(); ++i) {
    125         WebSocketFrame::OpCode opcode = !i ? text : WebSocketFrame::OpCodeContinuation;
    126         c.resetInflateBuffer();
    127         WebSocketFrame frame(opcode, &actual[i], 1);
    128         frame.final = (i == actual.size() - 1);
    129         frame.compress = !i;
    130 
    131         ASSERT_TRUE(c.inflate(frame));
    132         ASSERT_EQ(i == actual.size() - 1, frame.final);
    133         ASSERT_FALSE(frame.compress);
    134         inflated += std::string(frame.payload, frame.payloadLength);
    135     }
    136     EXPECT_EQ(payload, inflated);
    137 }
    138 
    139 TEST(WebSocketPerMessageDeflateTest, TestDeflateBinary)
    140 {
    141     WebSocketPerMessageDeflate c;
    142     c.enable(8, WebSocketDeflater::TakeOverContext);
    143     WebSocketFrame::OpCode opcode = WebSocketFrame::OpCodeBinary;
    144     WebSocketFrame f1(opcode, "Hello", 5, WebSocketFrame::Final);
    145 
    146     ASSERT_TRUE(c.deflate(f1));
    147     EXPECT_EQ(7u, f1.payloadLength);
    148     EXPECT_EQ(0, memcmp("\xf2\x48\xcd\xc9\xc9\x07\x00", f1.payload, f1.payloadLength));
    149     EXPECT_EQ(opcode, f1.opCode);
    150     EXPECT_TRUE(f1.compress);
    151     EXPECT_TRUE(f1.final);
    152 }
    153 
    154 TEST(WebSocketPerMessageDeflateTest, TestDeflateEmptyFrame)
    155 {
    156     WebSocketPerMessageDeflate c;
    157     c.enable(8, WebSocketDeflater::TakeOverContext);
    158     WebSocketFrame f1(WebSocketFrame::OpCodeText, "Hello", 5);
    159     WebSocketFrame f2(WebSocketFrame::OpCodeContinuation, "", 0, WebSocketFrame::Final);
    160 
    161     ASSERT_TRUE(c.deflate(f1));
    162     EXPECT_EQ(0u, f1.payloadLength);
    163     EXPECT_FALSE(f1.final);
    164     EXPECT_TRUE(f1.compress);
    165 
    166     c.resetDeflateBuffer();
    167     ASSERT_TRUE(c.deflate(f2));
    168     EXPECT_EQ(7u, f2.payloadLength);
    169     EXPECT_EQ(0, memcmp("\xf2\x48\xcd\xc9\xc9\x07\x00", f2.payload, f2.payloadLength));
    170     EXPECT_TRUE(f2.final);
    171     EXPECT_FALSE(f2.compress);
    172 }
    173 
    174 TEST(WebSocketPerMessageDeflateTest, TestDeflateEmptyMessages)
    175 {
    176     WebSocketPerMessageDeflate c;
    177     c.enable(8, WebSocketDeflater::TakeOverContext);
    178     WebSocketFrame f1(WebSocketFrame::OpCodeText, "", 0);
    179     WebSocketFrame f2(WebSocketFrame::OpCodeContinuation, "", 0, WebSocketFrame::Final);
    180     WebSocketFrame f3(WebSocketFrame::OpCodeText, "", 0, WebSocketFrame::Final);
    181     WebSocketFrame f4(WebSocketFrame::OpCodeText, "", 0, WebSocketFrame::Final);
    182     WebSocketFrame f5(WebSocketFrame::OpCodeText, "Hello", 5, WebSocketFrame::Final);
    183 
    184     ASSERT_TRUE(c.deflate(f1));
    185     EXPECT_EQ(0u, f1.payloadLength);
    186     EXPECT_FALSE(f1.final);
    187     EXPECT_TRUE(f1.compress);
    188 
    189     c.resetDeflateBuffer();
    190     ASSERT_TRUE(c.deflate(f2));
    191     EXPECT_EQ(1u, f2.payloadLength);
    192     EXPECT_EQ(0, memcmp("\x00", f2.payload, f2.payloadLength));
    193     EXPECT_TRUE(f2.final);
    194     EXPECT_FALSE(f2.compress);
    195 
    196     c.resetDeflateBuffer();
    197     ASSERT_TRUE(c.deflate(f3));
    198     EXPECT_EQ(0u, f3.payloadLength);
    199     EXPECT_TRUE(f3.final);
    200     EXPECT_FALSE(f3.compress);
    201 
    202     c.resetDeflateBuffer();
    203     ASSERT_TRUE(c.deflate(f4));
    204     EXPECT_EQ(0u, f4.payloadLength);
    205     EXPECT_TRUE(f4.final);
    206     EXPECT_FALSE(f4.compress);
    207 
    208     c.resetDeflateBuffer();
    209     ASSERT_TRUE(c.deflate(f5));
    210     EXPECT_EQ(7u, f5.payloadLength);
    211     EXPECT_EQ(0, memcmp("\xf2\x48\xcd\xc9\xc9\x07\x00", f5.payload, f5.payloadLength));
    212     EXPECT_TRUE(f5.final);
    213     EXPECT_TRUE(f5.compress);
    214 }
    215 
    216 TEST(WebSocketPerMessageDeflateTest, TestControlMessage)
    217 {
    218     WebSocketPerMessageDeflate c;
    219     c.enable(8, WebSocketDeflater::TakeOverContext);
    220     WebSocketFrame::OpCode opcode = WebSocketFrame::OpCodeClose;
    221     WebSocketFrame f1(opcode, "Hello", 5, WebSocketFrame::Final);
    222 
    223     ASSERT_TRUE(c.deflate(f1));
    224     EXPECT_TRUE(f1.final);
    225     EXPECT_FALSE(f1.compress);
    226     EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Hello"), std::string(f1.payload, f1.payloadLength));
    227 }
    228 
    229 TEST(WebSocketPerMessageDeflateTest, TestDeflateControlMessageBetweenTextFrames)
    230 {
    231     WebSocketPerMessageDeflate c;
    232     c.enable(8, WebSocketDeflater::TakeOverContext);
    233     WebSocketFrame::OpCode close = WebSocketFrame::OpCodeClose;
    234     WebSocketFrame::OpCode text = WebSocketFrame::OpCodeText;
    235     WebSocketFrame::OpCode continuation = WebSocketFrame::OpCodeContinuation;
    236     WebSocketFrame f1(text, "Hello", 5);
    237     WebSocketFrame f2(close, "close", 5, WebSocketFrame::Final);
    238     WebSocketFrame f3(continuation, "", 0, WebSocketFrame::Final);
    239 
    240     std::vector<char> compressed;
    241     ASSERT_TRUE(c.deflate(f1));
    242     EXPECT_FALSE(f1.final);
    243     EXPECT_TRUE(f1.compress);
    244     std::copy(&f1.payload[0], &f1.payload[f1.payloadLength], std::inserter(compressed, compressed.end()));
    245 
    246     c.resetDeflateBuffer();
    247     ASSERT_TRUE(c.deflate(f2));
    248     EXPECT_TRUE(f2.final);
    249     EXPECT_FALSE(f2.compress);
    250     EXPECT_EQ(std::string("close"), std::string(f2.payload, f2.payloadLength));
    251 
    252     c.resetDeflateBuffer();
    253     ASSERT_TRUE(c.deflate(f3));
    254     EXPECT_TRUE(f3.final);
    255     EXPECT_FALSE(f3.compress);
    256     std::copy(&f3.payload[0], &f3.payload[f3.payloadLength], std::inserter(compressed, compressed.end()));
    257 
    258     EXPECT_EQ(7u, compressed.size());
    259     EXPECT_EQ(0, memcmp("\xf2\x48\xcd\xc9\xc9\x07\x00", &compressed[0], compressed.size()));
    260 }
    261 
    262 TEST(WebSocketPerMessageDeflateTest, TestInflate)
    263 {
    264     WebSocketPerMessageDeflate c;
    265     c.enable(8, WebSocketDeflater::TakeOverContext);
    266     WebSocketFrame::OpCode opcode = WebSocketFrame::OpCodeText;
    267     WebSocketFrame::OpCode continuation = WebSocketFrame::OpCodeContinuation;
    268     std::string expected = "HelloHi!Hello";
    269     std::string actual;
    270     WebSocketFrame f1(opcode, "\xf2\x48\xcd\xc9\xc9\x07\x00", 7, WebSocketFrame::Final | WebSocketFrame::Compress);
    271     WebSocketFrame f2(continuation, "Hi!", 3, WebSocketFrame::Final);
    272     WebSocketFrame f3(opcode, "\xf2\x00\x11\x00\x00", 5, WebSocketFrame::Final | WebSocketFrame::Compress);
    273 
    274     ASSERT_TRUE(c.inflate(f1));
    275     EXPECT_EQ(5u, f1.payloadLength);
    276     EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Hello"), std::string(f1.payload, f1.payloadLength));
    277     EXPECT_FALSE(f1.compress);
    278     EXPECT_TRUE(f1.final);
    279 
    280     c.resetInflateBuffer();
    281     ASSERT_TRUE(c.inflate(f2));
    282     EXPECT_EQ(3u, f2.payloadLength);
    283     EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Hi!"), std::string(f2.payload, f2.payloadLength));
    284     EXPECT_FALSE(f2.compress);
    285     EXPECT_TRUE(f2.final);
    286 
    287     c.resetInflateBuffer();
    288     ASSERT_TRUE(c.inflate(f3));
    289     EXPECT_EQ(5u, f3.payloadLength);
    290     EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Hello"), std::string(f3.payload, f3.payloadLength));
    291     EXPECT_FALSE(f3.compress);
    292     EXPECT_TRUE(f3.final);
    293 }
    294 
    295 TEST(WebSocketPerMessageDeflateTest, TestInflateMultipleBlocksOverMultipleFrames)
    296 {
    297     WebSocketPerMessageDeflate c;
    298     c.enable(8, WebSocketDeflater::TakeOverContext);
    299     WebSocketFrame::OpCode opcode = WebSocketFrame::OpCodeText;
    300     WebSocketFrame::OpCode continuation = WebSocketFrame::OpCodeContinuation;
    301     std::string expected = "HelloHello";
    302     std::string actual;
    303     WebSocketFrame f1(opcode, "\xf2\x48\xcd\xc9\xc9\x07\x00\x00\x00\xff\xff", 11, WebSocketFrame::Compress);
    304     WebSocketFrame f2(continuation, "\xf2\x00\x11\x00\x00", 5, WebSocketFrame::Final);
    305 
    306     ASSERT_TRUE(c.inflate(f1));
    307     EXPECT_FALSE(f1.compress);
    308     EXPECT_FALSE(f1.final);
    309     actual += std::string(f1.payload, f1.payloadLength);
    310 
    311     c.resetInflateBuffer();
    312     ASSERT_TRUE(c.inflate(f2));
    313     EXPECT_FALSE(f2.compress);
    314     EXPECT_TRUE(f2.final);
    315     actual += std::string(f2.payload, f2.payloadLength);
    316 
    317     EXPECT_EQ(expected, actual);
    318 }
    319 
    320 TEST(WebSocketPerMessageDeflateTest, TestInflateEmptyFrame)
    321 {
    322     WebSocketPerMessageDeflate c;
    323     c.enable(8, WebSocketDeflater::TakeOverContext);
    324     WebSocketFrame::OpCode opcode = WebSocketFrame::OpCodeText;
    325     WebSocketFrame::OpCode continuation = WebSocketFrame::OpCodeContinuation;
    326     WebSocketFrame f1(opcode, "", 0, WebSocketFrame::Compress);
    327     WebSocketFrame f2(continuation, "\xf2\x48\xcd\xc9\xc9\x07\x00", 7, WebSocketFrame::Final);
    328 
    329     ASSERT_TRUE(c.inflate(f1));
    330     EXPECT_EQ(0u, f1.payloadLength);
    331     EXPECT_FALSE(f1.compress);
    332     EXPECT_FALSE(f1.final);
    333 
    334     c.resetInflateBuffer();
    335     ASSERT_TRUE(c.inflate(f2));
    336     EXPECT_EQ(5u, f2.payloadLength);
    337     EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Hello"), std::string(f2.payload, f2.payloadLength));
    338     EXPECT_FALSE(f2.compress);
    339     EXPECT_TRUE(f2.final);
    340 }
    341 
    342 TEST(WebSocketPerMessageDeflateTest, TestInflateControlMessageBetweenTextFrames)
    343 {
    344     WebSocketPerMessageDeflate c;
    345     c.enable(8, WebSocketDeflater::TakeOverContext);
    346     WebSocketFrame::OpCode close = WebSocketFrame::OpCodeClose;
    347     WebSocketFrame::OpCode text = WebSocketFrame::OpCodeText;
    348     WebSocketFrame f1(text, "\xf2\x48", 2, WebSocketFrame::Compress);
    349     WebSocketFrame f2(close, "close", 5, WebSocketFrame::Final);
    350     WebSocketFrame f3(text, "\xcd\xc9\xc9\x07\x00", 5, WebSocketFrame::Final);
    351 
    352     std::vector<char> decompressed;
    353     ASSERT_TRUE(c.inflate(f1));
    354     EXPECT_FALSE(f1.final);
    355     EXPECT_FALSE(f1.compress);
    356     std::copy(&f1.payload[0], &f1.payload[f1.payloadLength], std::inserter(decompressed, decompressed.end()));
    357 
    358     c.resetInflateBuffer();
    359     ASSERT_TRUE(c.inflate(f2));
    360     EXPECT_TRUE(f2.final);
    361     EXPECT_FALSE(f2.compress);
    362     EXPECT_EQ(std::string("close"), std::string(f2.payload, f2.payloadLength));
    363 
    364     c.resetInflateBuffer();
    365     ASSERT_TRUE(c.inflate(f3));
    366     std::copy(&f3.payload[0], &f3.payload[f3.payloadLength], std::inserter(decompressed, decompressed.end()));
    367     EXPECT_TRUE(f3.final);
    368     EXPECT_FALSE(f3.compress);
    369 
    370     EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Hello"), std::string(&decompressed[0], decompressed.size()));
    371 }
    372 
    373 TEST(WebSocketPerMessageDeflateTest, TestNotEnabled)
    374 {
    375     WebSocketPerMessageDeflate c;
    376     WebSocketFrame::OpCode opcode = WebSocketFrame::OpCodeClose;
    377     WebSocketFrame f1(opcode, "Hello", 5, WebSocketFrame::Final | WebSocketFrame::Compress);
    378     WebSocketFrame f2(opcode, "\xf2\x48\xcd\xc9\xc9\x07\x00", 7, WebSocketFrame::Final | WebSocketFrame::Compress);
    379 
    380     // deflate and inflate return true and do nothing if it is not enabled.
    381     ASSERT_TRUE(c.deflate(f1));
    382     ASSERT_TRUE(f1.compress);
    383     ASSERT_TRUE(c.inflate(f2));
    384     ASSERT_TRUE(f2.compress);
    385 }
    386 
    387 bool processResponse(const HashMap<String, String>& serverParameters)
    388 {
    389     return WebSocketPerMessageDeflate().createExtensionProcessor()->processResponse(serverParameters);
    390 }
    391 
    392 TEST(WebSocketPerMessageDeflateTest, TestValidNegotiationResponse)
    393 {
    394     {
    395         HashMap<String, String> params;
    396         EXPECT_TRUE(processResponse(params));
    397     }
    398     {
    399         HashMap<String, String> params;
    400         params.add("client_max_window_bits", "15");
    401         EXPECT_TRUE(processResponse(params));
    402     }
    403     {
    404         HashMap<String, String> params;
    405         params.add("client_max_window_bits", "8");
    406         EXPECT_TRUE(processResponse(params));
    407     }
    408     {
    409         HashMap<String, String> params;
    410         params.add("client_max_window_bits", "15");
    411         params.add("client_no_context_takeover", String());
    412         EXPECT_TRUE(processResponse(params));
    413     }
    414     {
    415         // Unsolicited server_no_context_takeover should be ignored.
    416         HashMap<String, String> params;
    417         params.add("server_no_context_takeover", String());
    418         EXPECT_TRUE(processResponse(params));
    419     }
    420     {
    421         // Unsolicited server_max_window_bits should be ignored.
    422         HashMap<String, String> params;
    423         params.add("server_max_window_bits", "15");
    424         EXPECT_TRUE(processResponse(params));
    425     }
    426 }
    427 
    428 TEST(WebSocketPerMessageDeflateTest, TestInvalidNegotiationResponse)
    429 {
    430     {
    431         HashMap<String, String> params;
    432         params.add("method", "deflate");
    433         EXPECT_FALSE(processResponse(params));
    434     }
    435     {
    436         HashMap<String, String> params;
    437         params.add("foo", "");
    438         EXPECT_FALSE(processResponse(params));
    439     }
    440     {
    441         HashMap<String, String> params;
    442         params.add("foo", "bar");
    443         EXPECT_FALSE(processResponse(params));
    444     }
    445     {
    446         HashMap<String, String> params;
    447         params.add("client_max_window_bits", "");
    448         EXPECT_FALSE(processResponse(params));
    449     }
    450     {
    451         HashMap<String, String> params;
    452         params.add("client_max_window_bits", "16");
    453         EXPECT_FALSE(processResponse(params));
    454     }
    455     {
    456         HashMap<String, String> params;
    457         params.add("client_max_window_bits", "7");
    458         EXPECT_FALSE(processResponse(params));
    459     }
    460     {
    461         HashMap<String, String> params;
    462         params.add("client_max_window_bits", "+15");
    463         EXPECT_FALSE(processResponse(params));
    464     }
    465     {
    466         HashMap<String, String> params;
    467         params.add("client_max_window_bits", "0x9");
    468         EXPECT_FALSE(processResponse(params));
    469     }
    470     {
    471         HashMap<String, String> params;
    472         params.add("client_max_window_bits", "08");
    473         EXPECT_FALSE(processResponse(params));
    474     }
    475     {
    476         // Unsolicited server_no_context_takeover should be verified though it is not used.
    477         HashMap<String, String> params;
    478         params.add("server_no_context_takeover", "foo");
    479         EXPECT_FALSE(processResponse(params));
    480     }
    481     {
    482         // Unsolicited server_max_window_bits should be verified though it is not used.
    483         HashMap<String, String> params;
    484         params.add("server_max_window_bits", "7");
    485         EXPECT_FALSE(processResponse(params));
    486     }
    487     {
    488         // Unsolicited server_max_window_bits should be verified though it is not used.
    489         HashMap<String, String> params;
    490         params.add("server_max_window_bits", "bar");
    491         EXPECT_FALSE(processResponse(params));
    492     }
    493     {
    494         // Unsolicited server_max_window_bits should be verified though it is not used.
    495         HashMap<String, String> params;
    496         params.add("server_max_window_bits", "16");
    497         EXPECT_FALSE(processResponse(params));
    498     }
    499     {
    500         // Unsolicited server_max_window_bits should be verified though it is not used.
    501         HashMap<String, String> params;
    502         params.add("server_max_window_bits", "08");
    503         EXPECT_FALSE(processResponse(params));
    504     }
    505 }
    506 
    507 TEST(WebSocketPerMessageDeflateTest, TestNegotiationRequest)
    508 {
    509     String actual = WebSocketPerMessageDeflate().createExtensionProcessor()->handshakeString();
    510     EXPECT_EQ(String("permessage-deflate; client_max_window_bits"), actual);
    511 }
    512 } // namespace
    513