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      1 
      2    NOTE! This copyright does *not* cover user programs that use kernel
      3  services by normal system calls - this is merely considered normal use
      4  of the kernel, and does *not* fall under the heading of "derived work".
      5  Also note that the GPL below is copyrighted by the Free Software
      6  Foundation, but the instance of code that it refers to (the Linux
      7  kernel) is copyrighted by me and others who actually wrote it.
      8 
      9  Also note that the only valid version of the GPL as far as the kernel
     10  is concerned is _this_ particular version of the license (ie v2, not
     11  v2.2 or v3.x or whatever), unless explicitly otherwise stated.
     12 
     13 			Linus Torvalds
     14 
     15 ----------------------------------------
     16 
     17 		    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
     18 		       Version 2, June 1991
     19 
     20  Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     21                        51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
     22  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
     23  of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
     24 
     25 			    Preamble
     26 
     27   The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
     28 freedom to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public
     29 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
     30 software--to make sure the software is free for all its users.  This
     31 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
     32 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
     33 using it.  (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
     34 the GNU Library General Public License instead.)  You can apply it to
     35 your programs, too.
     36 
     37   When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
     38 price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
     39 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
     40 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
     41 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
     42 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
     43 
     44   To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
     45 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
     46 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
     47 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
     48 
     49   For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
     50 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
     51 you have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
     52 source code.  And you must show them these terms so they know their
     53 rights.
     54 
     55   We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
     56 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
     57 distribute and/or modify the software.
     58 
     59   Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
     60 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
     61 software.  If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
     62 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
     63 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
     64 authors' reputations.
     65 
     66   Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
     67 patents.  We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
     68 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
     69 program proprietary.  To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
     70 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
     71 
     72   The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
     73 modification follow.
     74 
     76 		    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
     77    TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
     78 
     79   0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
     80 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
     81 under the terms of this General Public License.  The "Program", below,
     82 refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
     83 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
     84 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
     85 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
     86 language.  (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
     87 the term "modification".)  Each licensee is addressed as "you".
     88 
     89 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
     90 covered by this License; they are outside its scope.  The act of
     91 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
     92 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
     93 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
     94 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
     95 
     96   1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
     97 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
     98 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
     99 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
    100 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
    101 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
    102 along with the Program.
    103 
    104 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
    105 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
    106 
    107   2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
    108 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
    109 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
    110 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
    111 
    112     a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
    113     stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
    114 
    115     b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
    116     whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
    117     part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
    118     parties under the terms of this License.
    119 
    120     c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
    121     when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
    122     interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
    123     announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
    124     notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
    125     a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
    126     these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
    127     License.  (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
    128     does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
    129     the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
    130 
    132 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole.  If
    133 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
    134 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
    135 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
    136 sections when you distribute them as separate works.  But when you
    137 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
    138 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
    139 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
    140 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
    141 
    142 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
    143 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
    144 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
    145 collective works based on the Program.
    146 
    147 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
    148 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
    149 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
    150 the scope of this License.
    151 
    152   3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
    153 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
    154 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
    155 
    156     a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
    157     source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
    158     1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
    159 
    160     b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
    161     years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
    162     cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
    163     machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
    164     distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
    165     customarily used for software interchange; or,
    166 
    167     c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
    168     to distribute corresponding source code.  (This alternative is
    169     allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
    170     received the program in object code or executable form with such
    171     an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
    172 
    173 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
    174 making modifications to it.  For an executable work, complete source
    175 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
    176 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
    177 control compilation and installation of the executable.  However, as a
    178 special exception, the source code distributed need not include
    179 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
    180 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
    181 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
    182 itself accompanies the executable.
    183 
    184 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
    185 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
    186 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
    187 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
    188 compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
    189 
    191   4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
    192 except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
    193 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
    194 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
    195 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
    196 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
    197 parties remain in full compliance.
    198 
    199   5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
    200 signed it.  However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
    201 distribute the Program or its derivative works.  These actions are
    202 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.  Therefore, by
    203 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
    204 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
    205 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
    206 the Program or works based on it.
    207 
    208   6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
    209 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
    210 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
    211 these terms and conditions.  You may not impose any further
    212 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
    213 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
    214 this License.
    215 
    216   7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
    217 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
    218 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
    219 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
    220 excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot
    221 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
    222 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
    223 may not distribute the Program at all.  For example, if a patent
    224 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
    225 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
    226 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
    227 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
    228 
    229 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
    230 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
    231 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
    232 circumstances.
    233 
    234 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
    235 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
    236 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
    237 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
    238 implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made
    239 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
    240 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
    241 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
    242 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
    243 impose that choice.
    244 
    245 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
    246 be a consequence of the rest of this License.
    247 
    249   8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
    250 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
    251 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
    252 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
    253 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
    254 countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this License incorporates
    255 the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
    256 
    257   9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
    258 of the General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
    259 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
    260 address new problems or concerns.
    261 
    262 Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the Program
    263 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
    264 later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
    265 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
    266 Software Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of
    267 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
    268 Foundation.
    269 
    270   10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
    271 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
    272 to ask for permission.  For software which is copyrighted by the Free
    273 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
    274 make exceptions for this.  Our decision will be guided by the two goals
    275 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
    276 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
    277 
    278 			    NO WARRANTY
    279 
    280   11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
    281 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN
    282 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
    283 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
    284 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
    285 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS
    286 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE
    287 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
    288 REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
    289 
    290   12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
    291 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
    292 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
    293 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
    294 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
    295 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
    296 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
    297 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
    298 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
    299 
    300 		     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
    301 
    303 	    How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
    304 
    305   If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
    306 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
    307 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
    308 
    309   To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
    310 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
    311 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
    312 the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
    313 
    314     <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
    315     Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
    316 
    317     This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
    318     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    319     the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
    320     (at your option) any later version.
    321 
    322     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    323     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    324     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    325     GNU General Public License for more details.
    326 
    327     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    328     along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
    329     Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
    330 
    331 
    332 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
    333 
    334 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
    335 when it starts in an interactive mode:
    336 
    337     Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author
    338     Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
    339     This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
    340     under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
    341 
    342 The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
    343 parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the commands you use may
    344 be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
    345 mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
    346 
    347 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
    348 school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
    349 necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:
    350 
    351   Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
    352   `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
    353 
    354   <signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
    355   Ty Coon, President of Vice
    356 
    357 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
    358 proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you may
    359 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
    360 library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
    361 Public License instead of this License.
    362