1 @c The GNU Free Documentation License. 2 @center Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 3 4 @c This file is intended to be included within another document, 5 @c hence no sectioning command or @node. 6 7 @display 8 Copyright @copyright{} 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 9 @uref{http://fsf.org/} 10 11 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 12 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 13 @end display 14 15 @enumerate 0 16 @item 17 PREAMBLE 18 19 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other 20 functional and useful document @dfn{free} in the sense of freedom: to 21 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, 22 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. 23 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way 24 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible 25 for modifications made by others. 26 27 This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative 28 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It 29 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft 30 license designed for free software. 31 32 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free 33 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free 34 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the 35 software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; 36 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or 37 whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License 38 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. 39 40 @item 41 APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS 42 43 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that 44 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be 45 distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a 46 world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that 47 work under the conditions stated herein. The ``Document'', below, 48 refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a 49 licensee, and is addressed as ``you''. You accept the license if you 50 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission 51 under copyright law. 52 53 A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the 54 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with 55 modifications and/or translated into another language. 56 57 A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section 58 of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the 59 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall 60 subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall 61 directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in 62 part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain 63 any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical 64 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, 65 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding 66 them. 67 68 The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles 69 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice 70 that says that the Document is released under this License. If a 71 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not 72 allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero 73 Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant 74 Sections then there are none. 75 76 The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed, 77 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that 78 the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may 79 be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. 80 81 A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, 82 represented in a format whose specification is available to the 83 general public, that is suitable for revising the document 84 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of 85 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available 86 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or 87 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input 88 to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file 89 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart 90 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. 91 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount 92 of text. A copy that is not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque''. 93 94 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain 95 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, La@TeX{} input 96 format, SGML or XML using a publicly available 97 DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, 98 PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples 99 of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and 100 JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be 101 read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or 102 XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are 103 not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, 104 PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for 105 output purposes only. 106 107 The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself, 108 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material 109 this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in 110 formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means 111 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, 112 preceding the beginning of the body of the text. 113 114 The ``publisher'' means any person or entity that distributes copies 115 of the Document to the public. 116 117 A section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of the Document whose 118 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following 119 text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a 120 specific section name mentioned below, such as ``Acknowledgements'', 121 ``Dedications'', ``Endorsements'', or ``History''.) To ``Preserve the Title'' 122 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a 123 section ``Entitled XYZ'' according to this definition. 124 125 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which 126 states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty 127 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this 128 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other 129 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has 130 no effect on the meaning of this License. 131 132 @item 133 VERBATIM COPYING 134 135 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either 136 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the 137 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies 138 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other 139 conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use 140 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further 141 copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept 142 compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough 143 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. 144 145 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and 146 you may publicly display copies. 147 148 @item 149 COPYING IN QUANTITY 150 151 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have 152 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the 153 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the 154 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover 155 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on 156 the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify 157 you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present 158 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and 159 visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. 160 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve 161 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated 162 as verbatim copying in other respects. 163 164 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit 165 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit 166 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent 167 pages. 168 169 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering 170 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent 171 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy 172 a computer-network location from which the general network-using 173 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols 174 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. 175 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, 176 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure 177 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated 178 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an 179 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that 180 edition to the public. 181 182 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the 183 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give 184 them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. 185 186 @item 187 MODIFICATIONS 188 189 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under 190 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release 191 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified 192 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution 193 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy 194 of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: 195 196 @enumerate A 197 @item 198 Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct 199 from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions 200 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section 201 of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version 202 if the original publisher of that version gives permission. 203 204 @item 205 List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities 206 responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified 207 Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the 208 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), 209 unless they release you from this requirement. 210 211 @item 212 State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the 213 Modified Version, as the publisher. 214 215 @item 216 Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. 217 218 @item 219 Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications 220 adjacent to the other copyright notices. 221 222 @item 223 Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice 224 giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the 225 terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. 226 227 @item 228 Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections 229 and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. 230 231 @item 232 Include an unaltered copy of this License. 233 234 @item 235 Preserve the section Entitled ``History'', Preserve its Title, and add 236 to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and 237 publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If 238 there is no section Entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one 239 stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as 240 given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified 241 Version as stated in the previous sentence. 242 243 @item 244 Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for 245 public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise 246 the network locations given in the Document for previous versions 247 it was based on. These may be placed in the ``History'' section. 248 You may omit a network location for a work that was published at 249 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original 250 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. 251 252 @item 253 For any section Entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'', Preserve 254 the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the 255 substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or 256 dedications given therein. 257 258 @item 259 Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, 260 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers 261 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. 262 263 @item 264 Delete any section Entitled ``Endorsements''. Such a section 265 may not be included in the Modified Version. 266 267 @item 268 Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled ``Endorsements'' or 269 to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. 270 271 @item 272 Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. 273 @end enumerate 274 275 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or 276 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material 277 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all 278 of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the 279 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. 280 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. 281 282 You may add a section Entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains 283 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various 284 parties---for example, statements of peer review or that the text has 285 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a 286 standard. 287 288 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a 289 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list 290 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of 291 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or 292 through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already 293 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or 294 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, 295 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit 296 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. 297 298 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License 299 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or 300 imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 301 302 @item 303 COMBINING DOCUMENTS 304 305 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this 306 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified 307 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the 308 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and 309 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its 310 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. 311 312 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and 313 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single 314 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but 315 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by 316 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original 317 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. 318 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of 319 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. 320 321 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled ``History'' 322 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled 323 ``History''; likewise combine any sections Entitled ``Acknowledgements'', 324 and any sections Entitled ``Dedications''. You must delete all 325 sections Entitled ``Endorsements.'' 326 327 @item 328 COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS 329 330 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents 331 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this 332 License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in 333 the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for 334 verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. 335 336 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute 337 it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this 338 License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all 339 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. 340 341 @item 342 AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS 343 344 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate 345 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or 346 distribution medium, is called an ``aggregate'' if the copyright 347 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights 348 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. 349 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not 350 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves 351 derivative works of the Document. 352 353 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these 354 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of 355 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on 356 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the 357 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. 358 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole 359 aggregate. 360 361 @item 362 TRANSLATION 363 364 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may 365 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. 366 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special 367 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include 368 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the 369 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a 370 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the 371 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include 372 the original English version of this License and the original versions 373 of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between 374 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice 375 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. 376 377 If a section in the Document is Entitled ``Acknowledgements'', 378 ``Dedications'', or ``History'', the requirement (section 4) to Preserve 379 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual 380 title. 381 382 @item 383 TERMINATION 384 385 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document 386 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt 387 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and 388 will automatically terminate your rights under this License. 389 390 However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license 391 from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, 392 unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally 393 terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder 394 fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 395 60 days after the cessation. 396 397 Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is 398 reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the 399 violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have 400 received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that 401 copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after 402 your receipt of the notice. 403 404 Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the 405 licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under 406 this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently 407 reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does 408 not give you any rights to use it. 409 410 @item 411 FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE 412 413 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions 414 of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new 415 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may 416 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See 417 @uref{http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/}. 418 419 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. 420 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this 421 License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of 422 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or 423 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the 424 Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version 425 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not 426 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document 427 specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this 428 License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a 429 version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the 430 Document. 431 432 @item 433 RELICENSING 434 435 ``Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site'' (or ``MMC Site'') means any 436 World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also 437 provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A 438 public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A 439 ``Massive Multiauthor Collaboration'' (or ``MMC'') contained in the 440 site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC 441 site. 442 443 ``CC-BY-SA'' means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 444 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit 445 corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, 446 California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license 447 published by that same organization. 448 449 ``Incorporate'' means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or 450 in part, as part of another Document. 451 452 An MMC is ``eligible for relicensing'' if it is licensed under this 453 License, and if all works that were first published under this License 454 somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole 455 or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, 456 and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. 457 458 The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site 459 under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, 460 provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. 461 462 @end enumerate 463 464 @page 465 @heading ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents 466 467 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of 468 the License in the document and put the following copyright and 469 license notices just after the title page: 470 471 @smallexample 472 @group 473 Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{your name}. 474 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document 475 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 476 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; 477 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover 478 Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU 479 Free Documentation License''. 480 @end group 481 @end smallexample 482 483 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, 484 replace the ``with@dots{}Texts.''@: line with this: 485 486 @smallexample 487 @group 488 with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with 489 the Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts 490 being @var{list}. 491 @end group 492 @end smallexample 493 494 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other 495 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the 496 situation. 497 498 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we 499 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of 500 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, 501 to permit their use in free software. 502 503 @c Local Variables: 504 @c ispell-local-pdict: "ispell-dict" 505 @c End: 506
