1 //===-- MachVMMemory.cpp ----------------------------------------*- C++ -*-===// 2 // 3 // The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure 4 // 5 // This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source 6 // License. See LICENSE.TXT for details. 7 // 8 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// 9 // 10 // Created by Greg Clayton on 6/26/07. 11 // 12 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// 13 14 #include "MachVMMemory.h" 15 #include "MachVMRegion.h" 16 #include "DNBLog.h" 17 #include <mach/mach_vm.h> 18 #include <mach/shared_region.h> 19 #include <sys/sysctl.h> 20 #include <dlfcn.h> 21 22 MachVMMemory::MachVMMemory() : 23 m_page_size (kInvalidPageSize), 24 m_err (0) 25 { 26 } 27 28 MachVMMemory::~MachVMMemory() 29 { 30 } 31 32 nub_size_t 33 MachVMMemory::PageSize(task_t task) 34 { 35 if (m_page_size == kInvalidPageSize) 36 { 37 #if defined (TASK_VM_INFO) && TASK_VM_INFO >= 22 38 if (task != TASK_NULL) 39 { 40 kern_return_t kr; 41 mach_msg_type_number_t info_count = TASK_VM_INFO_COUNT; 42 task_vm_info_data_t vm_info; 43 kr = task_info (task, TASK_VM_INFO, (task_info_t) &vm_info, &info_count); 44 if (kr == KERN_SUCCESS) 45 { 46 DNBLogThreadedIf(LOG_TASK, "MachVMMemory::PageSize task_info returned page size of 0x%x", (int) vm_info.page_size); 47 m_page_size = vm_info.page_size; 48 return m_page_size; 49 } 50 else 51 { 52 DNBLogThreadedIf(LOG_TASK, "MachVMMemory::PageSize task_info call failed to get page size, TASK_VM_INFO %d, TASK_VM_INFO_COUNT %d, kern return %d", TASK_VM_INFO, TASK_VM_INFO_COUNT, kr); 53 } 54 } 55 #endif 56 m_err = ::host_page_size( ::mach_host_self(), &m_page_size); 57 if (m_err.Fail()) 58 m_page_size = 0; 59 } 60 return m_page_size; 61 } 62 63 nub_size_t 64 MachVMMemory::MaxBytesLeftInPage(task_t task, nub_addr_t addr, nub_size_t count) 65 { 66 const nub_size_t page_size = PageSize(task); 67 if (page_size > 0) 68 { 69 nub_size_t page_offset = (addr % page_size); 70 nub_size_t bytes_left_in_page = page_size - page_offset; 71 if (count > bytes_left_in_page) 72 count = bytes_left_in_page; 73 } 74 return count; 75 } 76 77 nub_bool_t 78 MachVMMemory::GetMemoryRegionInfo(task_t task, nub_addr_t address, DNBRegionInfo *region_info) 79 { 80 MachVMRegion vmRegion(task); 81 82 if (vmRegion.GetRegionForAddress(address)) 83 { 84 region_info->addr = vmRegion.StartAddress(); 85 region_info->size = vmRegion.GetByteSize(); 86 region_info->permissions = vmRegion.GetDNBPermissions(); 87 } 88 else 89 { 90 region_info->addr = address; 91 region_info->size = 0; 92 if (vmRegion.GetError().Success()) 93 { 94 // vmRegion.GetRegionForAddress() return false, indicating that "address" 95 // wasn't in a valid region, but the "vmRegion" info was successfully 96 // read from the task which means the info describes the next valid 97 // region from which we can infer the size of this invalid region 98 mach_vm_address_t start_addr = vmRegion.StartAddress(); 99 if (address < start_addr) 100 region_info->size = start_addr - address; 101 } 102 // If we can't get any infor about the size from the next region, just fill 103 // 1 in as the byte size 104 if (region_info->size == 0) 105 region_info->size = 1; 106 107 // Not readable, writeable or executable 108 region_info->permissions = 0; 109 } 110 return true; 111 } 112 113 // For integrated graphics chip, this makes the accounting info for 'wired' memory more like top. 114 uint64_t 115 MachVMMemory::GetStolenPages(task_t task) 116 { 117 static uint64_t stolenPages = 0; 118 static bool calculated = false; 119 if (calculated) return stolenPages; 120 121 static int mib_reserved[CTL_MAXNAME]; 122 static int mib_unusable[CTL_MAXNAME]; 123 static int mib_other[CTL_MAXNAME]; 124 static size_t mib_reserved_len = 0; 125 static size_t mib_unusable_len = 0; 126 static size_t mib_other_len = 0; 127 int r; 128 129 /* This can be used for testing: */ 130 //tsamp->pages_stolen = (256 * 1024 * 1024ULL) / tsamp->pagesize; 131 132 if(0 == mib_reserved_len) 133 { 134 mib_reserved_len = CTL_MAXNAME; 135 136 r = sysctlnametomib("machdep.memmap.Reserved", mib_reserved, 137 &mib_reserved_len); 138 139 if(-1 == r) 140 { 141 mib_reserved_len = 0; 142 return 0; 143 } 144 145 mib_unusable_len = CTL_MAXNAME; 146 147 r = sysctlnametomib("machdep.memmap.Unusable", mib_unusable, 148 &mib_unusable_len); 149 150 if(-1 == r) 151 { 152 mib_reserved_len = 0; 153 return 0; 154 } 155 156 157 mib_other_len = CTL_MAXNAME; 158 159 r = sysctlnametomib("machdep.memmap.Other", mib_other, 160 &mib_other_len); 161 162 if(-1 == r) 163 { 164 mib_reserved_len = 0; 165 return 0; 166 } 167 } 168 169 if(mib_reserved_len > 0 && mib_unusable_len > 0 && mib_other_len > 0) 170 { 171 uint64_t reserved = 0, unusable = 0, other = 0; 172 size_t reserved_len; 173 size_t unusable_len; 174 size_t other_len; 175 176 reserved_len = sizeof(reserved); 177 unusable_len = sizeof(unusable); 178 other_len = sizeof(other); 179 180 /* These are all declared as QUAD/uint64_t sysctls in the kernel. */ 181 182 if(-1 == sysctl(mib_reserved, mib_reserved_len, &reserved, 183 &reserved_len, NULL, 0)) 184 { 185 return 0; 186 } 187 188 if(-1 == sysctl(mib_unusable, mib_unusable_len, &unusable, 189 &unusable_len, NULL, 0)) 190 { 191 return 0; 192 } 193 194 if(-1 == sysctl(mib_other, mib_other_len, &other, 195 &other_len, NULL, 0)) 196 { 197 return 0; 198 } 199 200 if(reserved_len == sizeof(reserved) 201 && unusable_len == sizeof(unusable) 202 && other_len == sizeof(other)) 203 { 204 uint64_t stolen = reserved + unusable + other; 205 uint64_t mb128 = 128 * 1024 * 1024ULL; 206 207 if(stolen >= mb128) 208 { 209 stolen = (stolen & ~((128 * 1024 * 1024ULL) - 1)); // rounding down 210 stolenPages = stolen / PageSize (task); 211 } 212 } 213 } 214 215 calculated = true; 216 return stolenPages; 217 } 218 219 static uint64_t GetPhysicalMemory() 220 { 221 // This doesn't change often at all. No need to poll each time. 222 static uint64_t physical_memory = 0; 223 static bool calculated = false; 224 if (calculated) return physical_memory; 225 226 int mib[2]; 227 mib[0] = CTL_HW; 228 mib[1] = HW_MEMSIZE; 229 size_t len = sizeof(physical_memory); 230 sysctl(mib, 2, &physical_memory, &len, NULL, 0); 231 return physical_memory; 232 } 233 234 // rsize and dirty_size is not adjusted for dyld shared cache and multiple __LINKEDIT segment, as in vmmap. In practice, dirty_size doesn't differ much but rsize may. There is performance penalty for the adjustment. Right now, only use the dirty_size. 235 void 236 MachVMMemory::GetRegionSizes(task_t task, mach_vm_size_t &rsize, mach_vm_size_t &dirty_size) 237 { 238 #if defined (TASK_VM_INFO) && TASK_VM_INFO >= 22 239 240 task_vm_info_data_t vm_info; 241 mach_msg_type_number_t info_count; 242 kern_return_t kr; 243 244 info_count = TASK_VM_INFO_COUNT; 245 #ifdef TASK_VM_INFO_PURGEABLE 246 kr = task_info(task, TASK_VM_INFO_PURGEABLE, (task_info_t)&vm_info, &info_count); 247 #else 248 kr = task_info(task, TASK_VM_INFO, (task_info_t)&vm_info, &info_count); 249 #endif 250 if (kr == KERN_SUCCESS) 251 dirty_size = vm_info.internal; 252 253 #else 254 mach_vm_address_t address = 0; 255 mach_vm_size_t size; 256 kern_return_t err = 0; 257 unsigned nestingDepth = 0; 258 mach_vm_size_t pages_resident = 0; 259 mach_vm_size_t pages_dirtied = 0; 260 261 while (1) 262 { 263 mach_msg_type_number_t count; 264 struct vm_region_submap_info_64 info; 265 266 count = VM_REGION_SUBMAP_INFO_COUNT_64; 267 err = mach_vm_region_recurse(task, &address, &size, &nestingDepth, (vm_region_info_t)&info, &count); 268 if (err == KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS) 269 { 270 // It seems like this is a good break too. 271 break; 272 } 273 else if (err) 274 { 275 mach_error("vm_region",err); 276 break; // reached last region 277 } 278 279 bool should_count = true; 280 if (info.is_submap) 281 { // is it a submap? 282 nestingDepth++; 283 should_count = false; 284 } 285 else 286 { 287 // Don't count malloc stack logging data in the TOTAL VM usage lines. 288 if (info.user_tag == VM_MEMORY_ANALYSIS_TOOL) 289 should_count = false; 290 291 address = address+size; 292 } 293 294 if (should_count) 295 { 296 pages_resident += info.pages_resident; 297 pages_dirtied += info.pages_dirtied; 298 } 299 } 300 301 vm_size_t pagesize = PageSize (task); 302 rsize = pages_resident * pagesize; 303 dirty_size = pages_dirtied * pagesize; 304 305 #endif 306 } 307 308 // Test whether the virtual address is within the architecture's shared region. 309 static bool InSharedRegion(mach_vm_address_t addr, cpu_type_t type) 310 { 311 mach_vm_address_t base = 0, size = 0; 312 313 switch(type) { 314 case CPU_TYPE_ARM: 315 base = SHARED_REGION_BASE_ARM; 316 size = SHARED_REGION_SIZE_ARM; 317 break; 318 319 case CPU_TYPE_X86_64: 320 base = SHARED_REGION_BASE_X86_64; 321 size = SHARED_REGION_SIZE_X86_64; 322 break; 323 324 case CPU_TYPE_I386: 325 base = SHARED_REGION_BASE_I386; 326 size = SHARED_REGION_SIZE_I386; 327 break; 328 329 default: { 330 // Log error abut unknown CPU type 331 break; 332 } 333 } 334 335 336 return(addr >= base && addr < (base + size)); 337 } 338 339 void 340 MachVMMemory::GetMemorySizes(task_t task, cpu_type_t cputype, nub_process_t pid, mach_vm_size_t &rprvt, mach_vm_size_t &vprvt) 341 { 342 // Collecting some other info cheaply but not reporting for now. 343 mach_vm_size_t empty = 0; 344 mach_vm_size_t fw_private = 0; 345 346 mach_vm_size_t aliased = 0; 347 bool global_shared_text_data_mapped = false; 348 vm_size_t pagesize = PageSize (task); 349 350 for (mach_vm_address_t addr=0, size=0; ; addr += size) 351 { 352 vm_region_top_info_data_t info; 353 mach_msg_type_number_t count = VM_REGION_TOP_INFO_COUNT; 354 mach_port_t object_name; 355 356 kern_return_t kr = mach_vm_region(task, &addr, &size, VM_REGION_TOP_INFO, (vm_region_info_t)&info, &count, &object_name); 357 if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) break; 358 359 if (InSharedRegion(addr, cputype)) 360 { 361 // Private Shared 362 fw_private += info.private_pages_resident * pagesize; 363 364 // Check if this process has the globally shared text and data regions mapped in. If so, set global_shared_text_data_mapped to TRUE and avoid checking again. 365 if (global_shared_text_data_mapped == FALSE && info.share_mode == SM_EMPTY) { 366 vm_region_basic_info_data_64_t b_info; 367 mach_vm_address_t b_addr = addr; 368 mach_vm_size_t b_size = size; 369 count = VM_REGION_BASIC_INFO_COUNT_64; 370 371 kr = mach_vm_region(task, &b_addr, &b_size, VM_REGION_BASIC_INFO, (vm_region_info_t)&b_info, &count, &object_name); 372 if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) break; 373 374 if (b_info.reserved) { 375 global_shared_text_data_mapped = TRUE; 376 } 377 } 378 379 // Short circuit the loop if this isn't a shared private region, since that's the only region type we care about within the current address range. 380 if (info.share_mode != SM_PRIVATE) 381 { 382 continue; 383 } 384 } 385 386 // Update counters according to the region type. 387 if (info.share_mode == SM_COW && info.ref_count == 1) 388 { 389 // Treat single reference SM_COW as SM_PRIVATE 390 info.share_mode = SM_PRIVATE; 391 } 392 393 switch (info.share_mode) 394 { 395 case SM_LARGE_PAGE: 396 // Treat SM_LARGE_PAGE the same as SM_PRIVATE 397 // since they are not shareable and are wired. 398 case SM_PRIVATE: 399 rprvt += info.private_pages_resident * pagesize; 400 rprvt += info.shared_pages_resident * pagesize; 401 vprvt += size; 402 break; 403 404 case SM_EMPTY: 405 empty += size; 406 break; 407 408 case SM_COW: 409 case SM_SHARED: 410 { 411 if (pid == 0) 412 { 413 // Treat kernel_task specially 414 if (info.share_mode == SM_COW) 415 { 416 rprvt += info.private_pages_resident * pagesize; 417 vprvt += size; 418 } 419 break; 420 } 421 422 if (info.share_mode == SM_COW) 423 { 424 rprvt += info.private_pages_resident * pagesize; 425 vprvt += info.private_pages_resident * pagesize; 426 } 427 break; 428 } 429 default: 430 // log that something is really bad. 431 break; 432 } 433 } 434 435 rprvt += aliased; 436 } 437 438 #if defined (TASK_VM_INFO) && TASK_VM_INFO >= 22 439 #ifndef TASK_VM_INFO_PURGEABLE 440 // cribbed from sysmond 441 static uint64_t 442 SumVMPurgeableInfo(const vm_purgeable_info_t info) 443 { 444 uint64_t sum = 0; 445 int i; 446 447 for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) 448 { 449 sum += info->fifo_data[i].size; 450 } 451 sum += info->obsolete_data.size; 452 for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) 453 { 454 sum += info->lifo_data[i].size; 455 } 456 457 return sum; 458 } 459 #endif /* !TASK_VM_INFO_PURGEABLE */ 460 #endif 461 462 static void 463 GetPurgeableAndAnonymous(task_t task, uint64_t &purgeable, uint64_t &anonymous) 464 { 465 #if defined (TASK_VM_INFO) && TASK_VM_INFO >= 22 466 467 kern_return_t kr; 468 #ifndef TASK_VM_INFO_PURGEABLE 469 task_purgable_info_t purgeable_info; 470 uint64_t purgeable_sum = 0; 471 #endif /* !TASK_VM_INFO_PURGEABLE */ 472 mach_msg_type_number_t info_count; 473 task_vm_info_data_t vm_info; 474 475 #ifndef TASK_VM_INFO_PURGEABLE 476 typedef kern_return_t (*task_purgable_info_type) (task_t, task_purgable_info_t *); 477 task_purgable_info_type task_purgable_info_ptr = NULL; 478 task_purgable_info_ptr = (task_purgable_info_type)dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "task_purgable_info"); 479 if (task_purgable_info_ptr != NULL) 480 { 481 kr = (*task_purgable_info_ptr)(task, &purgeable_info); 482 if (kr == KERN_SUCCESS) { 483 purgeable_sum = SumVMPurgeableInfo(&purgeable_info); 484 purgeable = purgeable_sum; 485 } 486 } 487 #endif /* !TASK_VM_INFO_PURGEABLE */ 488 489 info_count = TASK_VM_INFO_COUNT; 490 #ifdef TASK_VM_INFO_PURGEABLE 491 kr = task_info(task, TASK_VM_INFO_PURGEABLE, (task_info_t)&vm_info, &info_count); 492 #else 493 kr = task_info(task, TASK_VM_INFO, (task_info_t)&vm_info, &info_count); 494 #endif 495 if (kr == KERN_SUCCESS) 496 { 497 #ifdef TASK_VM_INFO_PURGEABLE 498 purgeable = vm_info.purgeable_volatile_resident; 499 anonymous = vm_info.internal - vm_info.purgeable_volatile_pmap; 500 #else 501 if (purgeable_sum < vm_info.internal) 502 { 503 anonymous = vm_info.internal - purgeable_sum; 504 } 505 else 506 { 507 anonymous = 0; 508 } 509 #endif 510 } 511 512 #endif 513 } 514 515 nub_bool_t 516 MachVMMemory::GetMemoryProfile(DNBProfileDataScanType scanType, task_t task, struct task_basic_info ti, cpu_type_t cputype, nub_process_t pid, vm_statistics_data_t &vm_stats, uint64_t &physical_memory, mach_vm_size_t &rprvt, mach_vm_size_t &rsize, mach_vm_size_t &vprvt, mach_vm_size_t &vsize, mach_vm_size_t &dirty_size, mach_vm_size_t &purgeable, mach_vm_size_t &anonymous) 517 { 518 if (scanType & eProfileHostMemory) 519 physical_memory = GetPhysicalMemory(); 520 521 if (scanType & eProfileMemory) 522 { 523 static mach_port_t localHost = mach_host_self(); 524 mach_msg_type_number_t count = HOST_VM_INFO_COUNT; 525 host_statistics(localHost, HOST_VM_INFO, (host_info_t)&vm_stats, &count); 526 vm_stats.wire_count += GetStolenPages(task); 527 528 GetMemorySizes(task, cputype, pid, rprvt, vprvt); 529 530 rsize = ti.resident_size; 531 vsize = ti.virtual_size; 532 533 if (scanType & eProfileMemoryDirtyPage) 534 { 535 // This uses vmmap strategy. We don't use the returned rsize for now. We prefer to match top's version since that's what we do for the rest of the metrics. 536 GetRegionSizes(task, rsize, dirty_size); 537 } 538 539 if (scanType & eProfileMemoryAnonymous) 540 { 541 GetPurgeableAndAnonymous(task, purgeable, anonymous); 542 } 543 } 544 545 return true; 546 } 547 548 nub_size_t 549 MachVMMemory::Read(task_t task, nub_addr_t address, void *data, nub_size_t data_count) 550 { 551 if (data == NULL || data_count == 0) 552 return 0; 553 554 nub_size_t total_bytes_read = 0; 555 nub_addr_t curr_addr = address; 556 uint8_t *curr_data = (uint8_t*)data; 557 while (total_bytes_read < data_count) 558 { 559 mach_vm_size_t curr_size = MaxBytesLeftInPage(task, curr_addr, data_count - total_bytes_read); 560 mach_msg_type_number_t curr_bytes_read = 0; 561 vm_offset_t vm_memory = NULL; 562 m_err = ::mach_vm_read (task, curr_addr, curr_size, &vm_memory, &curr_bytes_read); 563 564 if (DNBLogCheckLogBit(LOG_MEMORY)) 565 m_err.LogThreaded("::mach_vm_read ( task = 0x%4.4x, addr = 0x%8.8llx, size = %llu, data => %8.8p, dataCnt => %i )", task, (uint64_t)curr_addr, (uint64_t)curr_size, vm_memory, curr_bytes_read); 566 567 if (m_err.Success()) 568 { 569 if (curr_bytes_read != curr_size) 570 { 571 if (DNBLogCheckLogBit(LOG_MEMORY)) 572 m_err.LogThreaded("::mach_vm_read ( task = 0x%4.4x, addr = 0x%8.8llx, size = %llu, data => %8.8p, dataCnt=>%i ) only read %u of %llu bytes", task, (uint64_t)curr_addr, (uint64_t)curr_size, vm_memory, curr_bytes_read, curr_bytes_read, (uint64_t)curr_size); 573 } 574 ::memcpy (curr_data, (void *)vm_memory, curr_bytes_read); 575 ::vm_deallocate (mach_task_self (), vm_memory, curr_bytes_read); 576 total_bytes_read += curr_bytes_read; 577 curr_addr += curr_bytes_read; 578 curr_data += curr_bytes_read; 579 } 580 else 581 { 582 break; 583 } 584 } 585 return total_bytes_read; 586 } 587 588 589 nub_size_t 590 MachVMMemory::Write(task_t task, nub_addr_t address, const void *data, nub_size_t data_count) 591 { 592 MachVMRegion vmRegion(task); 593 594 nub_size_t total_bytes_written = 0; 595 nub_addr_t curr_addr = address; 596 const uint8_t *curr_data = (const uint8_t*)data; 597 598 599 while (total_bytes_written < data_count) 600 { 601 if (vmRegion.GetRegionForAddress(curr_addr)) 602 { 603 mach_vm_size_t curr_data_count = data_count - total_bytes_written; 604 mach_vm_size_t region_bytes_left = vmRegion.BytesRemaining(curr_addr); 605 if (region_bytes_left == 0) 606 { 607 break; 608 } 609 if (curr_data_count > region_bytes_left) 610 curr_data_count = region_bytes_left; 611 612 if (vmRegion.SetProtections(curr_addr, curr_data_count, VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_WRITE)) 613 { 614 nub_size_t bytes_written = WriteRegion(task, curr_addr, curr_data, curr_data_count); 615 if (bytes_written <= 0) 616 { 617 // Error should have already be posted by WriteRegion... 618 break; 619 } 620 else 621 { 622 total_bytes_written += bytes_written; 623 curr_addr += bytes_written; 624 curr_data += bytes_written; 625 } 626 } 627 else 628 { 629 DNBLogThreadedIf(LOG_MEMORY_PROTECTIONS, "Failed to set read/write protections on region for address: [0x%8.8llx-0x%8.8llx)", (uint64_t)curr_addr, (uint64_t)(curr_addr + curr_data_count)); 630 break; 631 } 632 } 633 else 634 { 635 DNBLogThreadedIf(LOG_MEMORY_PROTECTIONS, "Failed to get region for address: 0x%8.8llx", (uint64_t)address); 636 break; 637 } 638 } 639 640 return total_bytes_written; 641 } 642 643 644 nub_size_t 645 MachVMMemory::WriteRegion(task_t task, const nub_addr_t address, const void *data, const nub_size_t data_count) 646 { 647 if (data == NULL || data_count == 0) 648 return 0; 649 650 nub_size_t total_bytes_written = 0; 651 nub_addr_t curr_addr = address; 652 const uint8_t *curr_data = (const uint8_t*)data; 653 while (total_bytes_written < data_count) 654 { 655 mach_msg_type_number_t curr_data_count = MaxBytesLeftInPage(task, curr_addr, data_count - total_bytes_written); 656 m_err = ::mach_vm_write (task, curr_addr, (pointer_t) curr_data, curr_data_count); 657 if (DNBLogCheckLogBit(LOG_MEMORY) || m_err.Fail()) 658 m_err.LogThreaded("::mach_vm_write ( task = 0x%4.4x, addr = 0x%8.8llx, data = %8.8p, dataCnt = %u )", task, (uint64_t)curr_addr, curr_data, curr_data_count); 659 660 #if !defined (__i386__) && !defined (__x86_64__) 661 vm_machine_attribute_val_t mattr_value = MATTR_VAL_CACHE_FLUSH; 662 663 m_err = ::vm_machine_attribute (task, curr_addr, curr_data_count, MATTR_CACHE, &mattr_value); 664 if (DNBLogCheckLogBit(LOG_MEMORY) || m_err.Fail()) 665 m_err.LogThreaded("::vm_machine_attribute ( task = 0x%4.4x, addr = 0x%8.8llx, size = %u, attr = MATTR_CACHE, mattr_value => MATTR_VAL_CACHE_FLUSH )", task, (uint64_t)curr_addr, curr_data_count); 666 #endif 667 668 if (m_err.Success()) 669 { 670 total_bytes_written += curr_data_count; 671 curr_addr += curr_data_count; 672 curr_data += curr_data_count; 673 } 674 else 675 { 676 break; 677 } 678 } 679 return total_bytes_written; 680 } 681
