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      1 // Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
      2 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
      3 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
      4 
      5 package runtime
      6 
      7 import "unsafe"
      8 
      9 // The code in this file implements stack trace walking for all architectures.
     10 // The most important fact about a given architecture is whether it uses a link register.
     11 // On systems with link registers, the prologue for a non-leaf function stores the
     12 // incoming value of LR at the bottom of the newly allocated stack frame.
     13 // On systems without link registers, the architecture pushes a return PC during
     14 // the call instruction, so the return PC ends up above the stack frame.
     15 // In this file, the return PC is always called LR, no matter how it was found.
     16 //
     17 // To date, the opposite of a link register architecture is an x86 architecture.
     18 // This code may need to change if some other kind of non-link-register
     19 // architecture comes along.
     20 //
     21 // The other important fact is the size of a pointer: on 32-bit systems the LR
     22 // takes up only 4 bytes on the stack, while on 64-bit systems it takes up 8 bytes.
     23 // Typically this is ptrSize.
     24 //
     25 // As an exception, amd64p32 has ptrSize == 4 but the CALL instruction still
     26 // stores an 8-byte return PC onto the stack. To accommodate this, we use regSize
     27 // as the size of the architecture-pushed return PC.
     28 //
     29 // usesLR is defined below. ptrSize and regSize are defined in stubs.go.
     30 
     31 const usesLR = GOARCH != "amd64" && GOARCH != "amd64p32" && GOARCH != "386"
     32 
     33 var (
     34 	// initialized in tracebackinit
     35 	goexitPC             uintptr
     36 	jmpdeferPC           uintptr
     37 	mcallPC              uintptr
     38 	morestackPC          uintptr
     39 	mstartPC             uintptr
     40 	rt0_goPC             uintptr
     41 	sigpanicPC           uintptr
     42 	runfinqPC            uintptr
     43 	backgroundgcPC       uintptr
     44 	bgsweepPC            uintptr
     45 	forcegchelperPC      uintptr
     46 	timerprocPC          uintptr
     47 	gcBgMarkWorkerPC     uintptr
     48 	systemstack_switchPC uintptr
     49 	systemstackPC        uintptr
     50 	stackBarrierPC       uintptr
     51 	cgocallback_gofuncPC uintptr
     52 
     53 	gogoPC uintptr
     54 
     55 	externalthreadhandlerp uintptr // initialized elsewhere
     56 )
     57 
     58 func tracebackinit() {
     59 	// Go variable initialization happens late during runtime startup.
     60 	// Instead of initializing the variables above in the declarations,
     61 	// schedinit calls this function so that the variables are
     62 	// initialized and available earlier in the startup sequence.
     63 	goexitPC = funcPC(goexit)
     64 	jmpdeferPC = funcPC(jmpdefer)
     65 	mcallPC = funcPC(mcall)
     66 	morestackPC = funcPC(morestack)
     67 	mstartPC = funcPC(mstart)
     68 	rt0_goPC = funcPC(rt0_go)
     69 	sigpanicPC = funcPC(sigpanic)
     70 	runfinqPC = funcPC(runfinq)
     71 	backgroundgcPC = funcPC(backgroundgc)
     72 	bgsweepPC = funcPC(bgsweep)
     73 	forcegchelperPC = funcPC(forcegchelper)
     74 	timerprocPC = funcPC(timerproc)
     75 	gcBgMarkWorkerPC = funcPC(gcBgMarkWorker)
     76 	systemstack_switchPC = funcPC(systemstack_switch)
     77 	systemstackPC = funcPC(systemstack)
     78 	stackBarrierPC = funcPC(stackBarrier)
     79 	cgocallback_gofuncPC = funcPC(cgocallback_gofunc)
     80 
     81 	// used by sigprof handler
     82 	gogoPC = funcPC(gogo)
     83 }
     84 
     85 // Traceback over the deferred function calls.
     86 // Report them like calls that have been invoked but not started executing yet.
     87 func tracebackdefers(gp *g, callback func(*stkframe, unsafe.Pointer) bool, v unsafe.Pointer) {
     88 	var frame stkframe
     89 	for d := gp._defer; d != nil; d = d.link {
     90 		fn := d.fn
     91 		if fn == nil {
     92 			// Defer of nil function. Args don't matter.
     93 			frame.pc = 0
     94 			frame.fn = nil
     95 			frame.argp = 0
     96 			frame.arglen = 0
     97 			frame.argmap = nil
     98 		} else {
     99 			frame.pc = uintptr(fn.fn)
    100 			f := findfunc(frame.pc)
    101 			if f == nil {
    102 				print("runtime: unknown pc in defer ", hex(frame.pc), "\n")
    103 				throw("unknown pc")
    104 			}
    105 			frame.fn = f
    106 			frame.argp = uintptr(deferArgs(d))
    107 			setArgInfo(&frame, f, true)
    108 		}
    109 		frame.continpc = frame.pc
    110 		if !callback((*stkframe)(noescape(unsafe.Pointer(&frame))), v) {
    111 			return
    112 		}
    113 	}
    114 }
    115 
    116 // Generic traceback.  Handles runtime stack prints (pcbuf == nil),
    117 // the runtime.Callers function (pcbuf != nil), as well as the garbage
    118 // collector (callback != nil).  A little clunky to merge these, but avoids
    119 // duplicating the code and all its subtlety.
    120 func gentraceback(pc0, sp0, lr0 uintptr, gp *g, skip int, pcbuf *uintptr, max int, callback func(*stkframe, unsafe.Pointer) bool, v unsafe.Pointer, flags uint) int {
    121 	if goexitPC == 0 {
    122 		throw("gentraceback before goexitPC initialization")
    123 	}
    124 	g := getg()
    125 	if g == gp && g == g.m.curg {
    126 		// The starting sp has been passed in as a uintptr, and the caller may
    127 		// have other uintptr-typed stack references as well.
    128 		// If during one of the calls that got us here or during one of the
    129 		// callbacks below the stack must be grown, all these uintptr references
    130 		// to the stack will not be updated, and gentraceback will continue
    131 		// to inspect the old stack memory, which may no longer be valid.
    132 		// Even if all the variables were updated correctly, it is not clear that
    133 		// we want to expose a traceback that begins on one stack and ends
    134 		// on another stack. That could confuse callers quite a bit.
    135 		// Instead, we require that gentraceback and any other function that
    136 		// accepts an sp for the current goroutine (typically obtained by
    137 		// calling getcallersp) must not run on that goroutine's stack but
    138 		// instead on the g0 stack.
    139 		throw("gentraceback cannot trace user goroutine on its own stack")
    140 	}
    141 	gotraceback := gotraceback(nil)
    142 
    143 	// Fix up returns to the stack barrier by fetching the
    144 	// original return PC from gp.stkbar.
    145 	stkbar := gp.stkbar[gp.stkbarPos:]
    146 
    147 	if pc0 == ^uintptr(0) && sp0 == ^uintptr(0) { // Signal to fetch saved values from gp.
    148 		if gp.syscallsp != 0 {
    149 			pc0 = gp.syscallpc
    150 			sp0 = gp.syscallsp
    151 			if usesLR {
    152 				lr0 = 0
    153 			}
    154 		} else {
    155 			pc0 = gp.sched.pc
    156 			sp0 = gp.sched.sp
    157 			if usesLR {
    158 				lr0 = gp.sched.lr
    159 			}
    160 		}
    161 	}
    162 
    163 	nprint := 0
    164 	var frame stkframe
    165 	frame.pc = pc0
    166 	frame.sp = sp0
    167 	if usesLR {
    168 		frame.lr = lr0
    169 	}
    170 	waspanic := false
    171 	printing := pcbuf == nil && callback == nil
    172 	_defer := gp._defer
    173 
    174 	for _defer != nil && uintptr(_defer.sp) == _NoArgs {
    175 		_defer = _defer.link
    176 	}
    177 
    178 	// If the PC is zero, it's likely a nil function call.
    179 	// Start in the caller's frame.
    180 	if frame.pc == 0 {
    181 		if usesLR {
    182 			frame.pc = *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(frame.sp))
    183 			frame.lr = 0
    184 		} else {
    185 			frame.pc = uintptr(*(*uintreg)(unsafe.Pointer(frame.sp)))
    186 			frame.sp += regSize
    187 		}
    188 	}
    189 
    190 	f := findfunc(frame.pc)
    191 	if f == nil {
    192 		if callback != nil {
    193 			print("runtime: unknown pc ", hex(frame.pc), "\n")
    194 			throw("unknown pc")
    195 		}
    196 		return 0
    197 	}
    198 	frame.fn = f
    199 
    200 	n := 0
    201 	for n < max {
    202 		// Typically:
    203 		//	pc is the PC of the running function.
    204 		//	sp is the stack pointer at that program counter.
    205 		//	fp is the frame pointer (caller's stack pointer) at that program counter, or nil if unknown.
    206 		//	stk is the stack containing sp.
    207 		//	The caller's program counter is lr, unless lr is zero, in which case it is *(uintptr*)sp.
    208 		f = frame.fn
    209 
    210 		// Found an actual function.
    211 		// Derive frame pointer and link register.
    212 		if frame.fp == 0 {
    213 			// We want to jump over the systemstack switch. If we're running on the
    214 			// g0, this systemstack is at the top of the stack.
    215 			// if we're not on g0 or there's a no curg, then this is a regular call.
    216 			sp := frame.sp
    217 			if flags&_TraceJumpStack != 0 && f.entry == systemstackPC && gp == g.m.g0 && gp.m.curg != nil {
    218 				sp = gp.m.curg.sched.sp
    219 				stkbar = gp.m.curg.stkbar[gp.m.curg.stkbarPos:]
    220 			}
    221 			frame.fp = sp + uintptr(funcspdelta(f, frame.pc))
    222 			if !usesLR {
    223 				// On x86, call instruction pushes return PC before entering new function.
    224 				frame.fp += regSize
    225 			}
    226 		}
    227 		var flr *_func
    228 		if topofstack(f) {
    229 			frame.lr = 0
    230 			flr = nil
    231 		} else if usesLR && f.entry == jmpdeferPC {
    232 			// jmpdefer modifies SP/LR/PC non-atomically.
    233 			// If a profiling interrupt arrives during jmpdefer,
    234 			// the stack unwind may see a mismatched register set
    235 			// and get confused. Stop if we see PC within jmpdefer
    236 			// to avoid that confusion.
    237 			// See golang.org/issue/8153.
    238 			if callback != nil {
    239 				throw("traceback_arm: found jmpdefer when tracing with callback")
    240 			}
    241 			frame.lr = 0
    242 		} else {
    243 			var lrPtr uintptr
    244 			if usesLR {
    245 				if n == 0 && frame.sp < frame.fp || frame.lr == 0 {
    246 					lrPtr = frame.sp
    247 					frame.lr = *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(lrPtr))
    248 				}
    249 			} else {
    250 				if frame.lr == 0 {
    251 					lrPtr = frame.fp - regSize
    252 					frame.lr = uintptr(*(*uintreg)(unsafe.Pointer(lrPtr)))
    253 				}
    254 			}
    255 			if frame.lr == stackBarrierPC {
    256 				// Recover original PC.
    257 				if stkbar[0].savedLRPtr != lrPtr {
    258 					print("found next stack barrier at ", hex(lrPtr), "; expected ")
    259 					gcPrintStkbars(stkbar)
    260 					print("\n")
    261 					throw("missed stack barrier")
    262 				}
    263 				frame.lr = stkbar[0].savedLRVal
    264 				stkbar = stkbar[1:]
    265 			}
    266 			flr = findfunc(frame.lr)
    267 			if flr == nil {
    268 				// This happens if you get a profiling interrupt at just the wrong time.
    269 				// In that context it is okay to stop early.
    270 				// But if callback is set, we're doing a garbage collection and must
    271 				// get everything, so crash loudly.
    272 				if callback != nil {
    273 					print("runtime: unexpected return pc for ", funcname(f), " called from ", hex(frame.lr), "\n")
    274 					throw("unknown caller pc")
    275 				}
    276 			}
    277 		}
    278 
    279 		frame.varp = frame.fp
    280 		if !usesLR {
    281 			// On x86, call instruction pushes return PC before entering new function.
    282 			frame.varp -= regSize
    283 		}
    284 
    285 		// If framepointer_enabled and there's a frame, then
    286 		// there's a saved bp here.
    287 		if framepointer_enabled && GOARCH == "amd64" && frame.varp > frame.sp {
    288 			frame.varp -= regSize
    289 		}
    290 
    291 		// Derive size of arguments.
    292 		// Most functions have a fixed-size argument block,
    293 		// so we can use metadata about the function f.
    294 		// Not all, though: there are some variadic functions
    295 		// in package runtime and reflect, and for those we use call-specific
    296 		// metadata recorded by f's caller.
    297 		if callback != nil || printing {
    298 			frame.argp = frame.fp
    299 			if usesLR {
    300 				frame.argp += ptrSize
    301 			}
    302 			setArgInfo(&frame, f, callback != nil)
    303 		}
    304 
    305 		// Determine frame's 'continuation PC', where it can continue.
    306 		// Normally this is the return address on the stack, but if sigpanic
    307 		// is immediately below this function on the stack, then the frame
    308 		// stopped executing due to a trap, and frame.pc is probably not
    309 		// a safe point for looking up liveness information. In this panicking case,
    310 		// the function either doesn't return at all (if it has no defers or if the
    311 		// defers do not recover) or it returns from one of the calls to
    312 		// deferproc a second time (if the corresponding deferred func recovers).
    313 		// It suffices to assume that the most recent deferproc is the one that
    314 		// returns; everything live at earlier deferprocs is still live at that one.
    315 		frame.continpc = frame.pc
    316 		if waspanic {
    317 			if _defer != nil && _defer.sp == frame.sp {
    318 				frame.continpc = _defer.pc
    319 			} else {
    320 				frame.continpc = 0
    321 			}
    322 		}
    323 
    324 		// Unwind our local defer stack past this frame.
    325 		for _defer != nil && (_defer.sp == frame.sp || _defer.sp == _NoArgs) {
    326 			_defer = _defer.link
    327 		}
    328 
    329 		if skip > 0 {
    330 			skip--
    331 			goto skipped
    332 		}
    333 
    334 		if pcbuf != nil {
    335 			(*[1 << 20]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(pcbuf))[n] = frame.pc
    336 		}
    337 		if callback != nil {
    338 			if !callback((*stkframe)(noescape(unsafe.Pointer(&frame))), v) {
    339 				return n
    340 			}
    341 		}
    342 		if printing {
    343 			if (flags&_TraceRuntimeFrames) != 0 || showframe(f, gp) {
    344 				// Print during crash.
    345 				//	main(0x1, 0x2, 0x3)
    346 				//		/home/rsc/go/src/runtime/x.go:23 +0xf
    347 				//
    348 				tracepc := frame.pc // back up to CALL instruction for funcline.
    349 				if (n > 0 || flags&_TraceTrap == 0) && frame.pc > f.entry && !waspanic {
    350 					tracepc--
    351 				}
    352 				print(funcname(f), "(")
    353 				argp := (*[100]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(frame.argp))
    354 				for i := uintptr(0); i < frame.arglen/ptrSize; i++ {
    355 					if i >= 10 {
    356 						print(", ...")
    357 						break
    358 					}
    359 					if i != 0 {
    360 						print(", ")
    361 					}
    362 					print(hex(argp[i]))
    363 				}
    364 				print(")\n")
    365 				file, line := funcline(f, tracepc)
    366 				print("\t", file, ":", line)
    367 				if frame.pc > f.entry {
    368 					print(" +", hex(frame.pc-f.entry))
    369 				}
    370 				if g.m.throwing > 0 && gp == g.m.curg || gotraceback >= 2 {
    371 					print(" fp=", hex(frame.fp), " sp=", hex(frame.sp))
    372 				}
    373 				print("\n")
    374 				nprint++
    375 			}
    376 		}
    377 		n++
    378 
    379 	skipped:
    380 		waspanic = f.entry == sigpanicPC
    381 
    382 		// Do not unwind past the bottom of the stack.
    383 		if flr == nil {
    384 			break
    385 		}
    386 
    387 		// Unwind to next frame.
    388 		frame.fn = flr
    389 		frame.pc = frame.lr
    390 		frame.lr = 0
    391 		frame.sp = frame.fp
    392 		frame.fp = 0
    393 		frame.argmap = nil
    394 
    395 		// On link register architectures, sighandler saves the LR on stack
    396 		// before faking a call to sigpanic.
    397 		if usesLR && waspanic {
    398 			x := *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(frame.sp))
    399 			frame.sp += ptrSize
    400 			if GOARCH == "arm64" {
    401 				// arm64 needs 16-byte aligned SP, always
    402 				frame.sp += ptrSize
    403 			}
    404 			f = findfunc(frame.pc)
    405 			frame.fn = f
    406 			if f == nil {
    407 				frame.pc = x
    408 			} else if funcspdelta(f, frame.pc) == 0 {
    409 				frame.lr = x
    410 			}
    411 		}
    412 	}
    413 
    414 	if printing {
    415 		n = nprint
    416 	}
    417 
    418 	// If callback != nil, we're being called to gather stack information during
    419 	// garbage collection or stack growth. In that context, require that we used
    420 	// up the entire defer stack. If not, then there is a bug somewhere and the
    421 	// garbage collection or stack growth may not have seen the correct picture
    422 	// of the stack. Crash now instead of silently executing the garbage collection
    423 	// or stack copy incorrectly and setting up for a mysterious crash later.
    424 	//
    425 	// Note that panic != nil is okay here: there can be leftover panics,
    426 	// because the defers on the panic stack do not nest in frame order as
    427 	// they do on the defer stack. If you have:
    428 	//
    429 	//	frame 1 defers d1
    430 	//	frame 2 defers d2
    431 	//	frame 3 defers d3
    432 	//	frame 4 panics
    433 	//	frame 4's panic starts running defers
    434 	//	frame 5, running d3, defers d4
    435 	//	frame 5 panics
    436 	//	frame 5's panic starts running defers
    437 	//	frame 6, running d4, garbage collects
    438 	//	frame 6, running d2, garbage collects
    439 	//
    440 	// During the execution of d4, the panic stack is d4 -> d3, which
    441 	// is nested properly, and we'll treat frame 3 as resumable, because we
    442 	// can find d3. (And in fact frame 3 is resumable. If d4 recovers
    443 	// and frame 5 continues running, d3, d3 can recover and we'll
    444 	// resume execution in (returning from) frame 3.)
    445 	//
    446 	// During the execution of d2, however, the panic stack is d2 -> d3,
    447 	// which is inverted. The scan will match d2 to frame 2 but having
    448 	// d2 on the stack until then means it will not match d3 to frame 3.
    449 	// This is okay: if we're running d2, then all the defers after d2 have
    450 	// completed and their corresponding frames are dead. Not finding d3
    451 	// for frame 3 means we'll set frame 3's continpc == 0, which is correct
    452 	// (frame 3 is dead). At the end of the walk the panic stack can thus
    453 	// contain defers (d3 in this case) for dead frames. The inversion here
    454 	// always indicates a dead frame, and the effect of the inversion on the
    455 	// scan is to hide those dead frames, so the scan is still okay:
    456 	// what's left on the panic stack are exactly (and only) the dead frames.
    457 	//
    458 	// We require callback != nil here because only when callback != nil
    459 	// do we know that gentraceback is being called in a "must be correct"
    460 	// context as opposed to a "best effort" context. The tracebacks with
    461 	// callbacks only happen when everything is stopped nicely.
    462 	// At other times, such as when gathering a stack for a profiling signal
    463 	// or when printing a traceback during a crash, everything may not be
    464 	// stopped nicely, and the stack walk may not be able to complete.
    465 	// It's okay in those situations not to use up the entire defer stack:
    466 	// incomplete information then is still better than nothing.
    467 	if callback != nil && n < max && _defer != nil {
    468 		if _defer != nil {
    469 			print("runtime: g", gp.goid, ": leftover defer sp=", hex(_defer.sp), " pc=", hex(_defer.pc), "\n")
    470 		}
    471 		for _defer = gp._defer; _defer != nil; _defer = _defer.link {
    472 			print("\tdefer ", _defer, " sp=", hex(_defer.sp), " pc=", hex(_defer.pc), "\n")
    473 		}
    474 		throw("traceback has leftover defers")
    475 	}
    476 
    477 	if callback != nil && n < max && len(stkbar) > 0 {
    478 		print("runtime: g", gp.goid, ": leftover stack barriers ")
    479 		gcPrintStkbars(stkbar)
    480 		print("\n")
    481 		throw("traceback has leftover stack barriers")
    482 	}
    483 
    484 	return n
    485 }
    486 
    487 func setArgInfo(frame *stkframe, f *_func, needArgMap bool) {
    488 	frame.arglen = uintptr(f.args)
    489 	if needArgMap && f.args == _ArgsSizeUnknown {
    490 		// Extract argument bitmaps for reflect stubs from the calls they made to reflect.
    491 		switch funcname(f) {
    492 		case "reflect.makeFuncStub", "reflect.methodValueCall":
    493 			arg0 := frame.sp
    494 			if usesLR {
    495 				arg0 += ptrSize
    496 			}
    497 			fn := *(**[2]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(arg0))
    498 			if fn[0] != f.entry {
    499 				print("runtime: confused by ", funcname(f), "\n")
    500 				throw("reflect mismatch")
    501 			}
    502 			bv := (*bitvector)(unsafe.Pointer(fn[1]))
    503 			frame.arglen = uintptr(bv.n * ptrSize)
    504 			frame.argmap = bv
    505 		}
    506 	}
    507 }
    508 
    509 func printcreatedby(gp *g) {
    510 	// Show what created goroutine, except main goroutine (goid 1).
    511 	pc := gp.gopc
    512 	f := findfunc(pc)
    513 	if f != nil && showframe(f, gp) && gp.goid != 1 {
    514 		print("created by ", funcname(f), "\n")
    515 		tracepc := pc // back up to CALL instruction for funcline.
    516 		if pc > f.entry {
    517 			tracepc -= _PCQuantum
    518 		}
    519 		file, line := funcline(f, tracepc)
    520 		print("\t", file, ":", line)
    521 		if pc > f.entry {
    522 			print(" +", hex(pc-f.entry))
    523 		}
    524 		print("\n")
    525 	}
    526 }
    527 
    528 func traceback(pc, sp, lr uintptr, gp *g) {
    529 	traceback1(pc, sp, lr, gp, 0)
    530 }
    531 
    532 // tracebacktrap is like traceback but expects that the PC and SP were obtained
    533 // from a trap, not from gp->sched or gp->syscallpc/gp->syscallsp or getcallerpc/getcallersp.
    534 // Because they are from a trap instead of from a saved pair,
    535 // the initial PC must not be rewound to the previous instruction.
    536 // (All the saved pairs record a PC that is a return address, so we
    537 // rewind it into the CALL instruction.)
    538 func tracebacktrap(pc, sp, lr uintptr, gp *g) {
    539 	traceback1(pc, sp, lr, gp, _TraceTrap)
    540 }
    541 
    542 func traceback1(pc, sp, lr uintptr, gp *g, flags uint) {
    543 	var n int
    544 	if readgstatus(gp)&^_Gscan == _Gsyscall {
    545 		// Override registers if blocked in system call.
    546 		pc = gp.syscallpc
    547 		sp = gp.syscallsp
    548 		flags &^= _TraceTrap
    549 	}
    550 	// Print traceback. By default, omits runtime frames.
    551 	// If that means we print nothing at all, repeat forcing all frames printed.
    552 	n = gentraceback(pc, sp, lr, gp, 0, nil, _TracebackMaxFrames, nil, nil, flags)
    553 	if n == 0 && (flags&_TraceRuntimeFrames) == 0 {
    554 		n = gentraceback(pc, sp, lr, gp, 0, nil, _TracebackMaxFrames, nil, nil, flags|_TraceRuntimeFrames)
    555 	}
    556 	if n == _TracebackMaxFrames {
    557 		print("...additional frames elided...\n")
    558 	}
    559 	printcreatedby(gp)
    560 }
    561 
    562 func callers(skip int, pcbuf []uintptr) int {
    563 	sp := getcallersp(unsafe.Pointer(&skip))
    564 	pc := uintptr(getcallerpc(unsafe.Pointer(&skip)))
    565 	gp := getg()
    566 	var n int
    567 	systemstack(func() {
    568 		n = gentraceback(pc, sp, 0, gp, skip, &pcbuf[0], len(pcbuf), nil, nil, 0)
    569 	})
    570 	return n
    571 }
    572 
    573 func gcallers(gp *g, skip int, pcbuf []uintptr) int {
    574 	return gentraceback(^uintptr(0), ^uintptr(0), 0, gp, skip, &pcbuf[0], len(pcbuf), nil, nil, 0)
    575 }
    576 
    577 func showframe(f *_func, gp *g) bool {
    578 	g := getg()
    579 	if g.m.throwing > 0 && gp != nil && (gp == g.m.curg || gp == g.m.caughtsig.ptr()) {
    580 		return true
    581 	}
    582 	traceback := gotraceback(nil)
    583 	name := funcname(f)
    584 
    585 	// Special case: always show runtime.panic frame, so that we can
    586 	// see where a panic started in the middle of a stack trace.
    587 	// See golang.org/issue/5832.
    588 	if name == "runtime.panic" {
    589 		return true
    590 	}
    591 
    592 	return traceback > 1 || f != nil && contains(name, ".") && (!hasprefix(name, "runtime.") || isExportedRuntime(name))
    593 }
    594 
    595 // isExportedRuntime reports whether name is an exported runtime function.
    596 // It is only for runtime functions, so ASCII A-Z is fine.
    597 func isExportedRuntime(name string) bool {
    598 	const n = len("runtime.")
    599 	return len(name) > n && name[:n] == "runtime." && 'A' <= name[n] && name[n] <= 'Z'
    600 }
    601 
    602 var gStatusStrings = [...]string{
    603 	_Gidle:      "idle",
    604 	_Grunnable:  "runnable",
    605 	_Grunning:   "running",
    606 	_Gsyscall:   "syscall",
    607 	_Gwaiting:   "waiting",
    608 	_Gdead:      "dead",
    609 	_Genqueue:   "enqueue",
    610 	_Gcopystack: "copystack",
    611 }
    612 
    613 var gScanStatusStrings = [...]string{
    614 	0:          "scan",
    615 	_Grunnable: "scanrunnable",
    616 	_Grunning:  "scanrunning",
    617 	_Gsyscall:  "scansyscall",
    618 	_Gwaiting:  "scanwaiting",
    619 	_Gdead:     "scandead",
    620 	_Genqueue:  "scanenqueue",
    621 }
    622 
    623 func goroutineheader(gp *g) {
    624 	gpstatus := readgstatus(gp)
    625 
    626 	// Basic string status
    627 	var status string
    628 	if 0 <= gpstatus && gpstatus < uint32(len(gStatusStrings)) {
    629 		status = gStatusStrings[gpstatus]
    630 	} else if gpstatus&_Gscan != 0 && 0 <= gpstatus&^_Gscan && gpstatus&^_Gscan < uint32(len(gStatusStrings)) {
    631 		status = gStatusStrings[gpstatus&^_Gscan]
    632 	} else {
    633 		status = "???"
    634 	}
    635 
    636 	// Override.
    637 	if (gpstatus == _Gwaiting || gpstatus == _Gscanwaiting) && gp.waitreason != "" {
    638 		status = gp.waitreason
    639 	}
    640 
    641 	// approx time the G is blocked, in minutes
    642 	var waitfor int64
    643 	gpstatus &^= _Gscan // drop the scan bit
    644 	if (gpstatus == _Gwaiting || gpstatus == _Gsyscall) && gp.waitsince != 0 {
    645 		waitfor = (nanotime() - gp.waitsince) / 60e9
    646 	}
    647 	print("goroutine ", gp.goid, " [", status)
    648 	if waitfor >= 1 {
    649 		print(", ", waitfor, " minutes")
    650 	}
    651 	if gp.lockedm != nil {
    652 		print(", locked to thread")
    653 	}
    654 	print("]:\n")
    655 }
    656 
    657 func tracebackothers(me *g) {
    658 	level := gotraceback(nil)
    659 
    660 	// Show the current goroutine first, if we haven't already.
    661 	g := getg()
    662 	gp := g.m.curg
    663 	if gp != nil && gp != me {
    664 		print("\n")
    665 		goroutineheader(gp)
    666 		traceback(^uintptr(0), ^uintptr(0), 0, gp)
    667 	}
    668 
    669 	lock(&allglock)
    670 	for _, gp := range allgs {
    671 		if gp == me || gp == g.m.curg || readgstatus(gp) == _Gdead || isSystemGoroutine(gp) && level < 2 {
    672 			continue
    673 		}
    674 		print("\n")
    675 		goroutineheader(gp)
    676 		// Note: gp.m == g.m occurs when tracebackothers is
    677 		// called from a signal handler initiated during a
    678 		// systemstack call.  The original G is still in the
    679 		// running state, and we want to print its stack.
    680 		if gp.m != g.m && readgstatus(gp)&^_Gscan == _Grunning {
    681 			print("\tgoroutine running on other thread; stack unavailable\n")
    682 			printcreatedby(gp)
    683 		} else {
    684 			traceback(^uintptr(0), ^uintptr(0), 0, gp)
    685 		}
    686 	}
    687 	unlock(&allglock)
    688 }
    689 
    690 // Does f mark the top of a goroutine stack?
    691 func topofstack(f *_func) bool {
    692 	pc := f.entry
    693 	return pc == goexitPC ||
    694 		pc == mstartPC ||
    695 		pc == mcallPC ||
    696 		pc == morestackPC ||
    697 		pc == rt0_goPC ||
    698 		externalthreadhandlerp != 0 && pc == externalthreadhandlerp
    699 }
    700 
    701 // isSystemGoroutine reports whether the goroutine g must be omitted in
    702 // stack dumps and deadlock detector.
    703 func isSystemGoroutine(gp *g) bool {
    704 	pc := gp.startpc
    705 	return pc == runfinqPC && !fingRunning ||
    706 		pc == backgroundgcPC ||
    707 		pc == bgsweepPC ||
    708 		pc == forcegchelperPC ||
    709 		pc == timerprocPC ||
    710 		pc == gcBgMarkWorkerPC
    711 }
    712