xref: /frameworks/base/docs/html-intl/intl/vi/guide/components/fundamentals.jd

page.title=i cng v ng dng
@jd:body

<div id="qv-wrapper">
<div id="qv">

<h2>Trong ti liu ny</h2>
<ol>
<li><a href="#Components">Thnh phn ca ng dng</a>
  <ol>
    <li><a href="#ActivatingComponents">Kch hot cc thnh phn</a></li>
  </ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#Manifest">Tp Bn k khai</a>
  <ol>
    <li><a href="#DeclaringComponents">Khai bo cc thnh phn</a></li>
    <li><a href="#DeclaringRequirements">Khai bo cc yu cu ca ng dng</a></li>
  </ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#Resources">Ti nguyn ng dng</a></li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>

<p>ng dng Android c vit bng ngn ng lp trnh Java. B cng c SDK Android s bin dch
m ca bn&mdash;cng vi bt k tp d liu v ti nguyn no&mdash;vo mt APK: mt <i>gi Android</i>,
 l mt tp lu tr c hu t {@code .apk}. Mt tp APK cha tt c ni dung
ca mt ng dng Android v l tp m cc thit b da trn nn tng Android s dng  ci t ng dng.</p>

<p>Sau khi c ci t ln mt thit b, tng ng dng Android s  bn trong hp ct bo mt ca chnh n: </p>

<ul>
 <li>H iu hnh Android l mt h thng Linux a ngi dng trong  mi ng dng l mt
ngi dng khc nhau.</li>

<li>Theo mc nh, h thng gn cho tng ng dng mt ID ngi dng Linux duy nht (ID ch c s dng bi
h thng v khng xc nh i vi ng dng). H thng s t quyn cho tt c tp trong mt ng dng
sao cho ch ID ngi dng c gn cho ng dng  mi c th truy cp chng. </li>

<li>Mi tin trnh c my o (VM) ring ca mnh, v th m ca mt ng dng s chy c lp vi
cc ng dng khc.</li>

<li>Theo mc nh, mi ng dng chy trong tin trnh Linux ca chnh n. Android khi ng tin trnh khi bt k
thnh phn no ca ng dng cn c thc thi, sau  tt tin trnh khi khng cn
cn na hoc khi h thng phi khi phc b nh cho cc ng dng khc.</li>
</ul>

<p>Bng cch ny, h thng Android trin khai <em>nguyn tc c quyn t nht</em>. C th,
theo mc nh, mi ng dng ch c th truy cp vo cc thnh phn m n cn  thc hin cng vic ca mnh v
khng hn. iu ny to ra mt mi trng rt bo mt m trong  mt ng dng khng th truy cp cc b phn ca
h thng m n khng c cp quyn.</p>

<p>Tuy nhin, c nhiu cch  mt ng dng chia s d liu vi cc ng dng khc v  mt
ng dng truy cp vo cc dch v ca h thng:</p>

<ul>
  <li>C th sp xp  hai ng dng chia s cng ID ngi dng Linux, trong trng hp 
chng c th truy cp cc tp ca nhau.   tit kim ti nguyn ca h thng, cc ng dng c
cng ID ngi dng cng c th sp xp  chy trong cng tin trnh Linux v chia s cng VM (cc
ng dng cng phi c k bng cng chng ch).</li>
  <li>Mt ng dng c th yu cu quyn truy cp d liu ca thit b chng hn nh
danh b ca ngi dng, tin nhn SMS, thit b lu tr gn c (th SD), my nh, Bluetooth v nhiu na. Tt c
quyn ng dng u phi c cp bi ngi dng ti thi im ci t.</li>
</ul>

<p> l ni dung c bn v cch m mt ng dng Android tn ti trong h thng. Phn cn li ca
ti liu ny gii thiu vi bn v:</p>
<ul>
  <li>Cc thnh phn khun kh ct li nh ngha ng dng ca bn.</li>
  <li>Tp bn k khai m trong  bn khai bo cc thnh phn v tnh nng yu cu ca thit b cho ng dng
ca bn.</li>
  <li>Cc ti nguyn tch ring vi m ng dng v cho php ng dng ca bn
ti u ha hnh vi ca n cho nhiu loi cu hnh thit b a dng.</li>
</ul>



<h2 id="Components">Thnh phn ca ng dng</h2>

<p>Thnh phn ca ng dng l nhng khi dng thit yu ca mt ng dng Android. Mi
thnh phn l mt im khc nhau m qua  h thng c th vo ng dng ca bn. Khng phi tt c
thnh phn u l cc im nhp thc t cho ngi dng v mt s ph thuc vo nhau, nhng mi thnh phn tn ti
nh mt thc th ring v ng mt vai tr ring&mdash;mi thnh phn l mt khi dng duy nht
gip nh ngha hnh vi chung ca ng dng ca bn.</p>

<p>C bn loi thnh phn ng dng khc nhau. Mi loi c mt mc ch ring
v c mt vng i ring, xc nh cch thnh phn c to lp v hy.</p>

<p>Sau y l bn loi thnh phn ng dng:</p>

<dl>

<dt><b>Hot ng</b></dt>

<dd>Mt <i>hot ng</i> biu din mt mn hnh n vi mt giao din ngi dng. V d,
mt ng dng e-mail c th c mt hot ng vi chc nng hin th mt danh sch
e-mail mi, mt hot ng khc  son e-mail, v mt hot ng khc  c e-mail. Mc d
cc hot ng cng nhau to thnh mt tri nghim ngi dng gn kt trong ng dng e-mail, mi hot ng
li c lp vi nhau. Nh vy, mt ng dng khc c th khi ng bt k hot ng no
trong s ny (nu ng dng e-mail cho php n). V d, mt ng dng my nh c th khi ng
hot ng trong ng dng e-mail c chc nng son th mi,  ngi dng chia s mt bc nh.

<p>Hot ng c trin khai nh mt lp con ca {@link android.app.Activity} v bn c th tm hiu thm
v n trong hng dn dnh cho nh pht trin <a href="{@docRoot}guide/components/activities.html">Hot ng</a>
.</p>
</dd>


<dt><b>Dch v</b></dt>

<dd>Mt <i>dch v</i> l mt thnh phn chy ngm  thc hin cc thao tc
chy lu hoc  thc hin cng vic cho cc tin trnh t xa. Dch v
khng cung cp giao din ngi dng. V d, mt dch v c th pht nhc di nn trong khi
ngi dng ang  mt ng dng khc, hoc n c th ti d liu qua mng m khng
chn ngi dng tng tc vi hot ng. Mt thnh phn khc, chng hn nh mt hot ng, c th khi ng
dch v v  n chy hoc gn kt vi n  tng tc vi n.

<p>Dch v c trin khai nh mt lp con ca {@link android.app.Service} v bn c th tm hiu
thm v n trong hng dn cho nh pht trin <a href="{@docRoot}guide/components/services.html">Dch v</a>
.</p>
</dd>


<dt><b>Trnh cung cp Ni dung</b></dt>

<dd>Mt <i>trnh cung cp ni dung</i> s qun l mt tp d liu ng dng c chia s. Bn c th lu tr d liu trong
h thng tp, mt c s d liu SQLite, trn web, hay bt k v tr lu tr lin tc no khc m
ng dng ca bn c th truy cp. Thng qua trnh cung cp ni dung, cc ng dng khc c th truy vn hay thm ch sa i
d liu (nu trnh cung cp ni dung cho php). V d, h thng Android cung cp mt trnh cung cp
ni dung c chc nng qun l thng tin danh b ca ngi dng. Nh vy, bt k ng dng no c cc quyn
ph hp u c th truy vn bt k phn no ca trnh cung cp ni dung (chng hn nh {@link
android.provider.ContactsContract.Data})  c v ghi thng tin v mt ngi c th.

<p>Trnh cung cp ni dung cng hu ch vi vic c v ghi d liu ring t i vi
ng dng ca bn v khng c chia s. V d, ng dng mu <a href="{@docRoot}resources/samples/NotePad/index.html">Note Pad</a> s dng mt
trnh cung cp ni dung  lu cc ghi ch.</p>

<p>Trnh cung cp ni dung c trin khai nh mt lp con ca {@link android.content.ContentProvider}
v phi trin khai mt tp cc API tiu chun cho php cc ng dng khc thc hin
giao tc.  bit thm thng tin, xem hng dn cho nh pht trin <a href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/providers/content-providers.html">Trnh cung cp Ni dung</a>
.</p>
</dd>


<dt><b>Hm nhn qung b</b></dt>

<dd>Mt <i>hm nhn qung b</i> (broadcast receiver) l mt thnh phn c chc nng hi p li cc thng bo
qung b trn ton h thng.  Nhiu qung b khi ngun t h thng&mdash;v d, mt qung b thng bo
rng mn hnh  tt, pin yu, hoc mt bc nh c chp.
Cc ng dng cng c th khi to qung b&mdash;v d nh  cc ng dng khc bit rng
mt phn d liu  c ti xung thit b v c sn  h s dng. Mc d cc hm nhn qung b
khng hin th giao din ngi dng, chng c th <a href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/ui/notifiers/notifications.html">to mt thng bo thanh trng thi</a>
 cnh bo ngi tip nhn khi xy ra mt s kin qung b. Tuy nhin trng hp ph bin hn  l hm nhn qung b ch
l mt "cng kt ni" ti cc thnh phn khc v nhm mc ch thc hin lng cng vic rt t. V
d, n c th khi to mt dch v  thc hin mt s cng vic da trn s kin.

<p>Hm nhn qung b c trin khai nh mt lp con ca {@link android.content.BroadcastReceiver}
v mi qung b c chuyn giao nh mt i tng {@link android.content.Intent}.  bit thm thng tin,
hy xem lp {@link android.content.BroadcastReceiver}.</p>
</dd>

</dl>



<p>Mt kha cnh c o trong thit k h thng Android  l bt k ng dng no cng c th khi ng mt thnh phn ca
ng dng khc. V d, nu bn mun ngi dng chp
nh bng my nh ca thit b, c th c mt ng dng khc c chc nng  v
ng dng ca bn c th s dng n thay v pht trin mt hot ng  t chp nh. Bn khng
cn tch hp hay thm ch l lin kt vi m t ng dng ca my nh.
Thay vo , bn n gin c th khi ng hot ng  trong ng dng my nh c chc nng
chp nh. Khi hon thnh, nh thm ch c tr v ng dng ca bn  bn c th s dng n. i vi ngi dng,
c v nh my nh l mt b phn thc s trong ng dng ca bn.</p>

<p>Khi h thng khi ng mt thnh phn, n s khi ng tin trnh cho ng dng  (nu tin trnh khng
ang chy) v khi to cc lp cn thit cho thnh phn. V d, nu ng dng
ca bn khi ng hot ng trong ng dng my nh c chc nng chp nh, hot ng 
s chy trong tin trnh thuc v ng dng my nh ch khng chy trong tin trnh ca ng dng ca bn.
V th, khng nh ng dng trn hu ht cc h thng khc, ng dng Android khng c mt im nhp
duy nht (v d, khng c chc nng {@code main()}).</p>

<p>V h thng chy tng ng dng trong mt tin trnh ring vi cc quyn ca tp m
hn ch truy cp vo cc ng dng khc, ng dng ca bn khng th trc tip kch hot mt thnh phn t
mt ng dng khc. Tuy nhin, h thng Android c th. V th,  kch hot mt thnh phn trong
mt ng dng khc, bn phi chuyn giao mt thng bo ti h thng trong  nu r <em> nh</em> ca bn 
khi ng mt thnh phn c th. Sau , h thng s kch hot thnh phn cho bn.</p>


<h3 id="ActivatingComponents">Kch hot Thnh phn</h3>

<p>Ba trong bn loi thnh phn&mdash;hot ng, dch v v
hm nhn qung b&mdash;s c kch hot bng mt thng bo khng ng b gi l <em> nh</em>.
 nh s gn kt tng thnh phn vi nhau vo thi gian chy (bn c th ngh chng nh l
cc hm nhn tin c chc nng yu cu mt hnh ng t cc thnh phn khc), d thnh phn  thuc
v ng dng ca bn hay ng dng khc.</p>

<p>Mt  nh c to thnh bng mt i tng {@link android.content.Intent}, n nh ngha mt thng bo 
kch hot mt thnh phn c th hoc mt <em>loi</em> thnh phn c th&mdash;tng ng, mt  nh
c th biu th hoc khng biu th.</p>

<p>i vi cc hot ng v dch v,  nh c chc nng nh ngha mt hnh ng s thc hin (v d, "xem" hoc
"gi" g ) v c th ch nh URI ca d liu  hnh ng da trn  (ngoi nhng iu khc m
thnh phn c khi ng c th cn bit). V d, mt  nh c th truyn ti mt yu cu
 mt hot ng hin th mt hnh nh hay m mt trang web. Trong mt s trng hp, bn c th khi ng mt
hot ng  nhn kt qu, trong trng hp , hot ng cng tr v
kt qu trong mt {@link android.content.Intent} (v d, bn c th pht hnh mt  nh  cho php
ngi dng chn mt lin lc c nhn v yu cu tr n v cho bn&mdash; nh tr v bao gm mt
URI ch n lin lc c chn).</p>

<p>i vi hm nhn qung b,  nh ch nh ngha
thng bo ang c qung b (v d, mt qung b  bo rng pin ca thit b yu
s ch bao gm mt xu hnh ng ch bo rng "pin yu").</p>

<p>Loi thnh phn cn li, trnh cung cp ni dung, khng c kch hot bi  nh. Thay vo , n c
kch hot khi c nhm ti bi mt yu cu t mt {@link android.content.ContentResolver}. B gii quyt
ni dung x l tt c giao tc trc tip vi trnh cung cp ni dung sao cho thnh phn m
ang thc hin giao tc vi trnh cung cp s khng cn m thay vo  gi cc phng php trn i tng {@link
android.content.ContentResolver}. iu ny  li mt lp tm tt gia trnh cung cp
ni dung v thnh phn yu cu thng tin ( bo mt).</p>

<p>C cc phng php ring  kch hot tng loi thnh phn:</p>
<ul>
  <li>Bn c th khi ng mt hot ng (hoc giao cho n vic g mi  lm) bng cch
chuyn mt {@link android.content.Intent} n {@link android.content.Context#startActivity
startActivity()} hoc {@link android.app.Activity#startActivityForResult startActivityForResult()}
(khi bn mun hot ng tr v mt kt qu).</li>
  <li>Bn c th khi ng mt dch v (hoc gi ch dn mi ti mt dch v ang din ra) bng cch
chuyn mt {@link android.content.Intent} n {@link android.content.Context#startService
startService()}. Hoc bn c th gn kt vi dch v bng cch chuyn mt {@link android.content.Intent} n
{@link android.content.Context#bindService bindService()}.</li>
  <li>Bn c th khi to mt qung b bng cch chuyn {@link android.content.Intent} ti cc phng php nh
{@link android.content.Context#sendBroadcast(Intent) sendBroadcast()}, {@link
android.content.Context#sendOrderedBroadcast(Intent, String) sendOrderedBroadcast()}, hoc {@link
android.content.Context#sendStickyBroadcast sendStickyBroadcast()}.</li>
  <li>Bn c th thc hin mt truy vn ti mt trnh cung cp ni dung bng cch gi {@link
android.content.ContentProvider#query query()} trn mt {@link android.content.ContentResolver}.</li>
</ul>

<p> bit thm thng tin v vic s dng  nh, hy xem ti liu <a href="{@docRoot}guide/components/intents-filters.html"> nh v B lc
 nh</a>. Bn cng c th xem thm thng tin v vic kch hot cc thnh phn c th
trong nhng ti liu sau: <a href="{@docRoot}guide/components/activities.html">Hot ng</a>, <a href="{@docRoot}guide/components/services.html">Dch v</a>, {@link
android.content.BroadcastReceiver} v <a href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/providers/content-providers.html">Trnh cung cp Ni dung</a>.</p>


<h2 id="Manifest">Tp Bn k khai</h2>

<p>Trc khi h thng Android c th khi ng mt thnh phn ng dng, h thng phi bit rng
thnh phn  tn ti bng cch c tp {@code AndroidManifest.xml} ca ng dng (tp
"bn k khai"). ng dng ca bn phi khai bo tt c thnh phn ca n trong tp ny, n phi nm  gc ca
th mc d n ca ng dng.</p>

<p>Bn k khai lm nhiu vic bn cnh vic khai bo cc thnh phn ca ng dng,
chng hn nh:</p>
<ul>
  <li>Xc nh bt k quyn ca ngi dng no m ng dng yu cu, chng hn nh truy cp Internet hay
truy cp c vo danh b ca ngi dng.</li>
  <li>Khai bo <a href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/uses-sdk-element.html#ApiLevels">Mc API</a>
ti thiu m ng dng yu cu da trn nhng API m ng dng s dng.</li>
  <li>Khai bo cc tnh nng phn cng v phn mm c s dng hoc yu cu bi ng dng, chng hn nh my nh,
dch v Bluetooth, hoc mn hnh cm ng a im.</li>
  <li>Cc th vin API m ng dng cn c lin kt vi (ngoi cc API khun kh
Android), chng hn nh <a href="http://code.google.com/android/add-ons/google-apis/maps-overview.html">th vin Google Maps
</a>.</li>
  <li>V hn th na</li>
</ul>


<h3 id="DeclaringComponents">Khai bo cc thnh phn</h3>

<p>Nhim v chnh ca bn k khai l thng bo cho h thng v cc thnh phn ca ng dng. V
d, mt tp bn k khai c th khai bo mt hot ng nh sau: </p>

<pre>
&lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?&gt;
&lt;manifest ... &gt;
    &lt;application android:icon="@drawable/app_icon.png" ... &gt;
        &lt;activity android:name="com.example.project.ExampleActivity"
                  android:label="@string/example_label" ... &gt;
        &lt;/activity&gt;
        ...
    &lt;/application&gt;
&lt;/manifest&gt;</pre>

<p>Trong phn t <code><a
href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/application-element.html">&lt;application&gt;</a></code>
, thuc tnh {@code android:icon} s tr n cc ti nguyn cho mt biu tng c chc nng nhn bit
ng dng.</p>

<p>Trong phn t <code><a
href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/activity-element.html">&lt;activity&gt;</a></code>,
thuc tnh {@code android:name} quy nh tn lp hon ton  tiu chun ca lp con {@link
android.app.Activity} v cc thuc tnh {@code android:label} quy nh mt xu
 s dng lm nhn hin th vi ngi dng i vi hot ng.</p>

<p>Bn phi khai bo tt c thnh phn ca ng dng nh sau:</p>
<ul>
  <li>Cc phn t <code><a
href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/activity-element.html">&lt;activity&gt;</a></code>
cho hot ng</li>
  <li>Cc phn t <code><a
href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/service-element.html">&lt;service&gt;</a></code> cho
dch v</li>
  <li>Cc phn t <code><a
href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/receiver-element.html">&lt;receiver&gt;</a></code>
cho hm nhn qung b</li>
  <li>Cc phn t <code><a
href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/provider-element.html">&lt;provider&gt;</a></code>
cho trnh cung cp ni dung</li>
</ul>

<p>Cc hot ng, dch v v trnh cung cp ni dung m bn bao gm trong ngun ca mnh nhng khng khai bo
trong bn k khai s khng hin th vi h thng v h qu l khng bao gi chy c.  Tuy nhin,
hm nhn
qung b c th hoc c khai bo trong bn k khai hoc c to linh hot trong m (dng i tng
{@link android.content.BroadcastReceiver}) v c ng k vi h thng bng cch gi
{@link android.content.Context#registerReceiver registerReceiver()}.</p>

<p> tm hiu thm v cch cu trc tp bn k khai cho ng dng ca mnh, hy xem ti liu <a href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/manifest-intro.html">Tp AndroidManifest.xml</a>
. </p>



<h3 id="DeclaringComponentCapabilities">Khai bo cc kh nng ca thnh phn</h3>

<p>Nh  nu bn trn trong phn <a href="#ActivatingComponents">Kch hot cc Thnh phn</a>, bn c th s dng mt
{@link android.content.Intent}  khi ng cc hot ng, dch v v hm nhn qung b. Bn c th lm vy bng cch
cng khai ch nh thnh phn ch (s dng tn lp thnh phn) trong  nh. Tuy nhin,
sc mnh thc s ca  nh nm trong khi nim <em> nh khng biu th</em>.  nh khng biu th
n thun m t kiu hnh ng cn thc hin (v c th c c d liu m bn mun
thc hin hnh ng) v cho php h thng tm mt thnh phn trn thit b c kh nng thc hin
hnh ng v khi ng n. Nu c nhiu thnh phn c th thc hin hnh ng c m t bi
 nh, khi  ngi dng chn  nh s s dng.</p>

<p>Cch h thng nhn bit cc thnh phn c kh nng hi p li mt  nh l bng cch so snh
 nh nhn c vi <i>cc b lc  nh</i> c cung cp trong tp bn k khai ca cc ng dng khc trn
thit b.</p>

<p>Khi bn khai bo mt hot ng trong bn k khai ng dng ca mnh, bn c th ty chn bao gm
cc b lc  nh c chc nng khai bo cc kh nng ca hot ng sao cho n c th hi p li  nh
t cc ng dng khc. Bn c th khai bo mt b lc  nh cho thnh phn ca mnh bng cch
thm mt phn t <a href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/intent-filter-element.html">{@code
&lt;intent-filter&gt;}</a> lm con ca phn t cng khai ca thnh phn .</p>

<p>V d, nu bn  xy dng mt ng dng e-mail c mt hot ng son e-mail mi, bn c th
khai bo b lc  nh   tr li cc  nh "gi" ( gi mt e-mail mi) nh sau:</p>
<pre>
&lt;manifest ... >
    ...
    &lt;application ... &gt;
        &lt;activity android:name="com.example.project.ComposeEmailActivity">
            &lt;intent-filter>
                &lt;action android:name="android.intent.action.SEND" />
                &lt;data android:type="*/*" />
                &lt;category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
            &lt;/intent-filter>
        &lt;/activity>
    &lt;/application&gt;
&lt;/manifest>
</pre>

<p>Sau , nu mt ng dng khc to mt  nh vi hnh ng {@link
android.content.Intent#ACTION_SEND} v chuyn n cho {@link android.app.Activity#startActivity
startActivity()}, h thng c th khi ng hot ng ca bn  ngi dng c th son tho v gi mt
e-mail.</p>

<p> tm hiu thm v vic to cc b lc  nh, hy xem ti liu <a href="{@docRoot}guide/components/intents-filters.html"> nh v B lc  nh</a>.
</p>



<h3 id="DeclaringRequirements">Khai bo cc yu cu ca ng dng</h3>

<p>C nhiu loi thit b da trn nn tng Android v khng phi tt c chng u cung cp
cc tnh nng v kh nng nh nhau.  trnh vic ng dng ca bn b ci t trn cc thit b
thiu nhng tnh nng m ng dng ca bn cn, iu quan trng l bn phi nh ngha r rng mt h s cho
cc kiu thit b m ng dng ca bn h tr bng cch khai bo cc yu cu v thit b v phn mm trong tp
bn k khai ca mnh. Hu ht nhng khai bo ny u ch mang tnh cht thng bo v h thng khng c
chng, nhng cc dch v bn ngoi nh Google Play th c c  cung cp tnh nng lc
cho ngi dng khi h tm kim ng dng t thit b ca mnh.</p>

<p>V d, nu ng dng ca bn yu cu my nh v s dng cc API c gii thiu trong Android 2.1 (<a href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/uses-sdk-element.html#ApiLevels">API Mc</a> 7),
bn cn khai bo nhng iu ny nh yu cu trong tp bn k khai ca mnh nh sau:</p>

<pre>
&lt;manifest ... >
    &lt;uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.camera.any"
                  android:required="true" />
    &lt;uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="7" android:targetSdkVersion="19" />
    ...
&lt;/manifest>
</pre>

<p>Lc ny, nhng thit b m <em>khng</em> c my nh v c mt phin bn
Android <em>thp</em> hn 2.1 s khng th ci t ng dng ca bn t Google Play.</p>

<p>Tuy nhin, bn cng c th khai bo rng ng dng ca bn s dng my nh, nhng khng
<em>yu cu</em> n. Trong trng hp , ng dng ca bn phi t thuc tnh <a href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/uses-feature-element.html#required">{@code required}</a>
thnh {@code "false"} v kim tra ti thi gian chy xem
thit b c my nh khng v v hiu ha bt k tnh nng my nh no cho ph hp.</p>

<p>Bn c th tm hiu thm thng tin v cch bn c th qun l tnh tng thch ca ng dng ca bn vi cc thit b khc nhau
trong ti liu <a href="{@docRoot}guide/practices/compatibility.html">Tnh tng thch vi Thit b</a>
.</p>



<h2 id="Resources">Ti nguyn ng dng</h2>

<p>Mt ng dng Android c son khng ch c m&mdash;n cn yu cu cc ti nguyn
tch ring vi m ngun, chng hn nh hnh nh, tp m thanh v bt k th g lin quan ti trnh chiu
trc quan ca ng dng. V d, bn nn nh ngha cc hot cnh, menu, kiu, mu sc,
v b tr ca giao din ngi dng ca hot ng bng cc tp XML. Vic s dng cc ti nguyn ng dng gip d dng
cp nht cc c im khc nhau trong ng dng ca bn m khng sa i m v&mdash;bng cch cung cp
cc tp hp ti nguyn thay th&mdash;cho php bn ti u hoa ng dng ca mnh cho nhiu loi
cu hnh thit b (chng hn nh ngn ng v kch c mn hnh khc nhau).</p>

<p>i vi mi ti nguyn m bn bao gm trong d n Android ca mnh, b cng c xy dng SDK nh ngha mt ID s nguyn
duy nht m bn c th s dng  tham chiu ti nguyn t m ng dng ca mnh hoc t
cc ti nguyn khc c nh ngha trong XML. V d, nu ng dng ca bn cha mt tp hnh nh c tn {@code
logo.png} (c lu trong th mc {@code res/drawable/}), b cng c SDK s khi to mt ID ti nguyn
t tn l {@code R.drawable.logo} m bn c th s dng  tham chiu hnh nh v chn n vo trong giao din ngi dng
ca mnh.</p>

<p>Mt trong nhng kha cnh quan trng nht ca vic cung cp ti nguyn tch ring vi m ngun ca bn
l kh nng cho php bn cung cp cc ti nguyn thay th cho cc
cu hnh thit b khc nhau. V d, bng cch nh ngha cc xu UI trong XML, bn c th bin dch xu sang
cc ngn ng khc v lu cc xu  vo tp ring. Sau , da vo mt <em>hn nh</em> ngn ng
m bn ni vi tn ca th mc ti nguyn (chng hn nh {@code res/values-fr/} i vi cc gi tr xu
ting Php) v thit t ngn ng ca ngi dng, h thng Android s p dng cc xu ngn ng ph hp
cho UI ca bn.</p>

<p>Android h tr nhiu <em>hn nh</em> khc nhau cho cc ti nguyn thay th ca bn. Hn nh
l mt xu ngn m bn bao gm trong tn ca cc th mc ti nguyn ca mnh nhm
nh ngha cu hnh thit b cho nhng ti nguyn  nn c s dng. Ly mt
v d khc, bn nn thng xuyn to cc b tr khc nhau cho hot ng ca mnh, ty vo hng v kch c
mn hnh ca thit b. V d, khi mn hnh thit b  hng
ng (cao), bn c th mun mt b tr c cc nt thng ng, nhng khi mn hnh  hng
kh ngang (rng), cc nt nn c cn ngang.  thay i b tr
ty vo hng, bn c th nh ngha hai b tr khc nhau v p dng hn nh
ph hp cho tn th mc ca tng b tr. Sau , h thng s t ng p dng b tr
ph hp ty thuc vo hng hin ti ca thit b.</p>

<p> bit thm thng tin v cc loi ti nguyn khc nhau m bn c th bao gm trong ng dng ca mnh v cch
to cc ti nguyn thay th cho nhng cu hnh thit b khc nhau, hy c <a href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/resources/providing-resources.html">Cung cp Ti nguyn</a>.</p>



<div class="next-docs">
<div class="col-6">
  <h2 class="norule">Tip tc c v:</h2>
  <dl>
    <dt><a href="{@docRoot}guide/components/intents-filters.html"> nh v B lc  nh</a>
    </dt>
    <dd>Thng tin v cch s dng cc API {@link android.content.Intent} 
    kch hot cc thnh phn ca ng dng, chng hn nh hot ng v dch v, v cch to cc thnh phn cho ng dng ca bn
    c sn  cho cc ng dng khc s dng.</dd>
    <dt><a href="{@docRoot}guide/components/activities.html">Hot ng</a></dt>
    <dd>Thng tin v cch to mt thc th ca lp {@link android.app.Activity},
    c chc nng cung cp mt mn hnh ring trong ng dng ca bn vi mt giao din ngi dng.</dd>
    <dt><a href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/resources/providing-resources.html">Cung cp Ti nguyn</a></dt>
    <dd>Thng tin v cch cc ng dng Android c cu trc  tch ring cc ti nguyn ng dng khi
   m ng dng, bao gm cch bn c th cung cp cc ti nguyn thay th cho nhng
   cu hnh thit b c th.
    </dd>
  </dl>
</div>
<div class="col-6">
  <h2 class="norule">Bn cng c th quan tm ti:</h2>
  <dl>
    <dt><a href="{@docRoot}guide/practices/compatibility.html">Tnh tng thch ca Thit b</a></dt>
    <dd>Thng tin v Android hot ng trn cc loi thit b khc nhau v gii thiu
    v cch bn c th ti u ha ng dng ca mnh cho tng thit b hoc hn ch tnh sn c ca ng dng ca bn
    i vi cc thit b khc nhau.</dd>
    <dt><a href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/security/permissions.html">Quyn ca H thng</a></dt>
    <dd>Thng tin v cch Android hn ch truy cp ca ng dng vo mt s API nht nh bng mt h thng
    quyn cn c s ng  ca ngi dng cho php ng dng ca bn c th s dng cc API .</dd>
  </dl>
</div>
</div>