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      1 // This file is part of Eigen, a lightweight C++ template library
      2 // for linear algebra.
      3 //
      4 // Copyright (C) 2008 Gael Guennebaud <gael.guennebaud (at) inria.fr>
      5 // Copyright (C) 2006-2008 Benoit Jacob <jacob.benoit.1 (at) gmail.com>
      6 //
      7 // This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla
      8 // Public License v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed
      9 // with this file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
     10 
     11 #ifndef EIGEN_GENERIC_PACKET_MATH_H
     12 #define EIGEN_GENERIC_PACKET_MATH_H
     13 
     14 namespace Eigen {
     15 
     16 namespace internal {
     17 
     18 /** \internal
     19   * \file GenericPacketMath.h
     20   *
     21   * Default implementation for types not supported by the vectorization.
     22   * In practice these functions are provided to make easier the writing
     23   * of generic vectorized code.
     24   */
     25 
     26 #ifndef EIGEN_DEBUG_ALIGNED_LOAD
     27 #define EIGEN_DEBUG_ALIGNED_LOAD
     28 #endif
     29 
     30 #ifndef EIGEN_DEBUG_UNALIGNED_LOAD
     31 #define EIGEN_DEBUG_UNALIGNED_LOAD
     32 #endif
     33 
     34 #ifndef EIGEN_DEBUG_ALIGNED_STORE
     35 #define EIGEN_DEBUG_ALIGNED_STORE
     36 #endif
     37 
     38 #ifndef EIGEN_DEBUG_UNALIGNED_STORE
     39 #define EIGEN_DEBUG_UNALIGNED_STORE
     40 #endif
     41 
     42 struct default_packet_traits
     43 {
     44   enum {
     45     HasHalfPacket = 0,
     46 
     47     HasAdd    = 1,
     48     HasSub    = 1,
     49     HasMul    = 1,
     50     HasNegate = 1,
     51     HasAbs    = 1,
     52     HasArg    = 0,
     53     HasAbs2   = 1,
     54     HasMin    = 1,
     55     HasMax    = 1,
     56     HasConj   = 1,
     57     HasSetLinear = 1,
     58     HasBlend  = 0,
     59 
     60     HasDiv    = 0,
     61     HasSqrt   = 0,
     62     HasRsqrt  = 0,
     63     HasExp    = 0,
     64     HasLog    = 0,
     65     HasLog1p  = 0,
     66     HasLog10  = 0,
     67     HasPow    = 0,
     68 
     69     HasSin    = 0,
     70     HasCos    = 0,
     71     HasTan    = 0,
     72     HasASin   = 0,
     73     HasACos   = 0,
     74     HasATan   = 0,
     75     HasSinh   = 0,
     76     HasCosh   = 0,
     77     HasTanh   = 0,
     78     HasLGamma = 0,
     79     HasDiGamma = 0,
     80     HasZeta = 0,
     81     HasPolygamma = 0,
     82     HasErf = 0,
     83     HasErfc = 0,
     84     HasIGamma = 0,
     85     HasIGammac = 0,
     86     HasBetaInc = 0,
     87 
     88     HasRound  = 0,
     89     HasFloor  = 0,
     90     HasCeil   = 0,
     91 
     92     HasSign   = 0
     93   };
     94 };
     95 
     96 template<typename T> struct packet_traits : default_packet_traits
     97 {
     98   typedef T type;
     99   typedef T half;
    100   enum {
    101     Vectorizable = 0,
    102     size = 1,
    103     AlignedOnScalar = 0,
    104     HasHalfPacket = 0
    105   };
    106   enum {
    107     HasAdd    = 0,
    108     HasSub    = 0,
    109     HasMul    = 0,
    110     HasNegate = 0,
    111     HasAbs    = 0,
    112     HasAbs2   = 0,
    113     HasMin    = 0,
    114     HasMax    = 0,
    115     HasConj   = 0,
    116     HasSetLinear = 0
    117   };
    118 };
    119 
    120 template<typename T> struct packet_traits<const T> : packet_traits<T> { };
    121 
    122 template <typename Src, typename Tgt> struct type_casting_traits {
    123   enum {
    124     VectorizedCast = 0,
    125     SrcCoeffRatio = 1,
    126     TgtCoeffRatio = 1
    127   };
    128 };
    129 
    130 
    131 /** \internal \returns static_cast<TgtType>(a) (coeff-wise) */
    132 template <typename SrcPacket, typename TgtPacket>
    133 EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline TgtPacket
    134 pcast(const SrcPacket& a) {
    135   return static_cast<TgtPacket>(a);
    136 }
    137 template <typename SrcPacket, typename TgtPacket>
    138 EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline TgtPacket
    139 pcast(const SrcPacket& a, const SrcPacket& /*b*/) {
    140   return static_cast<TgtPacket>(a);
    141 }
    142 
    143 template <typename SrcPacket, typename TgtPacket>
    144 EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline TgtPacket
    145 pcast(const SrcPacket& a, const SrcPacket& /*b*/, const SrcPacket& /*c*/, const SrcPacket& /*d*/) {
    146   return static_cast<TgtPacket>(a);
    147 }
    148 
    149 /** \internal \returns a + b (coeff-wise) */
    150 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    151 padd(const Packet& a,
    152         const Packet& b) { return a+b; }
    153 
    154 /** \internal \returns a - b (coeff-wise) */
    155 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    156 psub(const Packet& a,
    157         const Packet& b) { return a-b; }
    158 
    159 /** \internal \returns -a (coeff-wise) */
    160 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    161 pnegate(const Packet& a) { return -a; }
    162 
    163 /** \internal \returns conj(a) (coeff-wise) */
    164 
    165 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    166 pconj(const Packet& a) { return numext::conj(a); }
    167 
    168 /** \internal \returns a * b (coeff-wise) */
    169 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    170 pmul(const Packet& a,
    171         const Packet& b) { return a*b; }
    172 
    173 /** \internal \returns a / b (coeff-wise) */
    174 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    175 pdiv(const Packet& a,
    176         const Packet& b) { return a/b; }
    177 
    178 /** \internal \returns the min of \a a and \a b  (coeff-wise) */
    179 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    180 pmin(const Packet& a,
    181         const Packet& b) { return numext::mini(a, b); }
    182 
    183 /** \internal \returns the max of \a a and \a b  (coeff-wise) */
    184 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    185 pmax(const Packet& a,
    186         const Packet& b) { return numext::maxi(a, b); }
    187 
    188 /** \internal \returns the absolute value of \a a */
    189 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    190 pabs(const Packet& a) { using std::abs; return abs(a); }
    191 
    192 /** \internal \returns the phase angle of \a a */
    193 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    194 parg(const Packet& a) { using numext::arg; return arg(a); }
    195 
    196 /** \internal \returns the bitwise and of \a a and \a b */
    197 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    198 pand(const Packet& a, const Packet& b) { return a & b; }
    199 
    200 /** \internal \returns the bitwise or of \a a and \a b */
    201 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    202 por(const Packet& a, const Packet& b) { return a | b; }
    203 
    204 /** \internal \returns the bitwise xor of \a a and \a b */
    205 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    206 pxor(const Packet& a, const Packet& b) { return a ^ b; }
    207 
    208 /** \internal \returns the bitwise andnot of \a a and \a b */
    209 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    210 pandnot(const Packet& a, const Packet& b) { return a & (!b); }
    211 
    212 /** \internal \returns a packet version of \a *from, from must be 16 bytes aligned */
    213 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    214 pload(const typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type* from) { return *from; }
    215 
    216 /** \internal \returns a packet version of \a *from, (un-aligned load) */
    217 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    218 ploadu(const typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type* from) { return *from; }
    219 
    220 /** \internal \returns a packet with constant coefficients \a a, e.g.: (a,a,a,a) */
    221 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    222 pset1(const typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type& a) { return a; }
    223 
    224 /** \internal \returns a packet with constant coefficients \a a[0], e.g.: (a[0],a[0],a[0],a[0]) */
    225 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    226 pload1(const typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type  *a) { return pset1<Packet>(*a); }
    227 
    228 /** \internal \returns a packet with elements of \a *from duplicated.
    229   * For instance, for a packet of 8 elements, 4 scalars will be read from \a *from and
    230   * duplicated to form: {from[0],from[0],from[1],from[1],from[2],from[2],from[3],from[3]}
    231   * Currently, this function is only used for scalar * complex products.
    232   */
    233 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    234 ploaddup(const typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type* from) { return *from; }
    235 
    236 /** \internal \returns a packet with elements of \a *from quadrupled.
    237   * For instance, for a packet of 8 elements, 2 scalars will be read from \a *from and
    238   * replicated to form: {from[0],from[0],from[0],from[0],from[1],from[1],from[1],from[1]}
    239   * Currently, this function is only used in matrix products.
    240   * For packet-size smaller or equal to 4, this function is equivalent to pload1
    241   */
    242 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    243 ploadquad(const typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type* from)
    244 { return pload1<Packet>(from); }
    245 
    246 /** \internal equivalent to
    247   * \code
    248   * a0 = pload1(a+0);
    249   * a1 = pload1(a+1);
    250   * a2 = pload1(a+2);
    251   * a3 = pload1(a+3);
    252   * \endcode
    253   * \sa pset1, pload1, ploaddup, pbroadcast2
    254   */
    255 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
    256 inline void pbroadcast4(const typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type *a,
    257                         Packet& a0, Packet& a1, Packet& a2, Packet& a3)
    258 {
    259   a0 = pload1<Packet>(a+0);
    260   a1 = pload1<Packet>(a+1);
    261   a2 = pload1<Packet>(a+2);
    262   a3 = pload1<Packet>(a+3);
    263 }
    264 
    265 /** \internal equivalent to
    266   * \code
    267   * a0 = pload1(a+0);
    268   * a1 = pload1(a+1);
    269   * \endcode
    270   * \sa pset1, pload1, ploaddup, pbroadcast4
    271   */
    272 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
    273 inline void pbroadcast2(const typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type *a,
    274                         Packet& a0, Packet& a1)
    275 {
    276   a0 = pload1<Packet>(a+0);
    277   a1 = pload1<Packet>(a+1);
    278 }
    279 
    280 /** \internal \brief Returns a packet with coefficients (a,a+1,...,a+packet_size-1). */
    281 template<typename Packet> inline Packet
    282 plset(const typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type& a) { return a; }
    283 
    284 /** \internal copy the packet \a from to \a *to, \a to must be 16 bytes aligned */
    285 template<typename Scalar, typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline void pstore(Scalar* to, const Packet& from)
    286 { (*to) = from; }
    287 
    288 /** \internal copy the packet \a from to \a *to, (un-aligned store) */
    289 template<typename Scalar, typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline void pstoreu(Scalar* to, const Packet& from)
    290 {  (*to) = from; }
    291 
    292  template<typename Scalar, typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet pgather(const Scalar* from, Index /*stride*/)
    293  { return ploadu<Packet>(from); }
    294 
    295  template<typename Scalar, typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline void pscatter(Scalar* to, const Packet& from, Index /*stride*/)
    296  { pstore(to, from); }
    297 
    298 /** \internal tries to do cache prefetching of \a addr */
    299 template<typename Scalar> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline void prefetch(const Scalar* addr)
    300 {
    301 #ifdef __CUDA_ARCH__
    302 #if defined(__LP64__)
    303   // 64-bit pointer operand constraint for inlined asm
    304   asm(" prefetch.L1 [ %1 ];" : "=l"(addr) : "l"(addr));
    305 #else
    306   // 32-bit pointer operand constraint for inlined asm
    307   asm(" prefetch.L1 [ %1 ];" : "=r"(addr) : "r"(addr));
    308 #endif
    309 #elif (!EIGEN_COMP_MSVC) && (EIGEN_COMP_GNUC || EIGEN_COMP_CLANG || EIGEN_COMP_ICC)
    310   __builtin_prefetch(addr);
    311 #endif
    312 }
    313 
    314 /** \internal \returns the first element of a packet */
    315 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type pfirst(const Packet& a)
    316 { return a; }
    317 
    318 /** \internal \returns a packet where the element i contains the sum of the packet of \a vec[i] */
    319 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    320 preduxp(const Packet* vecs) { return vecs[0]; }
    321 
    322 /** \internal \returns the sum of the elements of \a a*/
    323 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type predux(const Packet& a)
    324 { return a; }
    325 
    326 /** \internal \returns the sum of the elements of \a a by block of 4 elements.
    327   * For a packet {a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7}, it returns a half packet {a0+a4, a1+a5, a2+a6, a3+a7}
    328   * For packet-size smaller or equal to 4, this boils down to a noop.
    329   */
    330 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline
    331 typename conditional<(unpacket_traits<Packet>::size%8)==0,typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::half,Packet>::type
    332 predux_downto4(const Packet& a)
    333 { return a; }
    334 
    335 /** \internal \returns the product of the elements of \a a*/
    336 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type predux_mul(const Packet& a)
    337 { return a; }
    338 
    339 /** \internal \returns the min of the elements of \a a*/
    340 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type predux_min(const Packet& a)
    341 { return a; }
    342 
    343 /** \internal \returns the max of the elements of \a a*/
    344 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type predux_max(const Packet& a)
    345 { return a; }
    346 
    347 /** \internal \returns the reversed elements of \a a*/
    348 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet preverse(const Packet& a)
    349 { return a; }
    350 
    351 /** \internal \returns \a a with real and imaginary part flipped (for complex type only) */
    352 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet pcplxflip(const Packet& a)
    353 {
    354   // FIXME: uncomment the following in case we drop the internal imag and real functions.
    355 //   using std::imag;
    356 //   using std::real;
    357   return Packet(imag(a),real(a));
    358 }
    359 
    360 /**************************
    361 * Special math functions
    362 ***************************/
    363 
    364 /** \internal \returns the sine of \a a (coeff-wise) */
    365 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DECLARE_FUNCTION_ALLOWING_MULTIPLE_DEFINITIONS
    366 Packet psin(const Packet& a) { using std::sin; return sin(a); }
    367 
    368 /** \internal \returns the cosine of \a a (coeff-wise) */
    369 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DECLARE_FUNCTION_ALLOWING_MULTIPLE_DEFINITIONS
    370 Packet pcos(const Packet& a) { using std::cos; return cos(a); }
    371 
    372 /** \internal \returns the tan of \a a (coeff-wise) */
    373 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DECLARE_FUNCTION_ALLOWING_MULTIPLE_DEFINITIONS
    374 Packet ptan(const Packet& a) { using std::tan; return tan(a); }
    375 
    376 /** \internal \returns the arc sine of \a a (coeff-wise) */
    377 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DECLARE_FUNCTION_ALLOWING_MULTIPLE_DEFINITIONS
    378 Packet pasin(const Packet& a) { using std::asin; return asin(a); }
    379 
    380 /** \internal \returns the arc cosine of \a a (coeff-wise) */
    381 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DECLARE_FUNCTION_ALLOWING_MULTIPLE_DEFINITIONS
    382 Packet pacos(const Packet& a) { using std::acos; return acos(a); }
    383 
    384 /** \internal \returns the arc tangent of \a a (coeff-wise) */
    385 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DECLARE_FUNCTION_ALLOWING_MULTIPLE_DEFINITIONS
    386 Packet patan(const Packet& a) { using std::atan; return atan(a); }
    387 
    388 /** \internal \returns the hyperbolic sine of \a a (coeff-wise) */
    389 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DECLARE_FUNCTION_ALLOWING_MULTIPLE_DEFINITIONS
    390 Packet psinh(const Packet& a) { using std::sinh; return sinh(a); }
    391 
    392 /** \internal \returns the hyperbolic cosine of \a a (coeff-wise) */
    393 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DECLARE_FUNCTION_ALLOWING_MULTIPLE_DEFINITIONS
    394 Packet pcosh(const Packet& a) { using std::cosh; return cosh(a); }
    395 
    396 /** \internal \returns the hyperbolic tan of \a a (coeff-wise) */
    397 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DECLARE_FUNCTION_ALLOWING_MULTIPLE_DEFINITIONS
    398 Packet ptanh(const Packet& a) { using std::tanh; return tanh(a); }
    399 
    400 /** \internal \returns the exp of \a a (coeff-wise) */
    401 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DECLARE_FUNCTION_ALLOWING_MULTIPLE_DEFINITIONS
    402 Packet pexp(const Packet& a) { using std::exp; return exp(a); }
    403 
    404 /** \internal \returns the log of \a a (coeff-wise) */
    405 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DECLARE_FUNCTION_ALLOWING_MULTIPLE_DEFINITIONS
    406 Packet plog(const Packet& a) { using std::log; return log(a); }
    407 
    408 /** \internal \returns the log1p of \a a (coeff-wise) */
    409 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DECLARE_FUNCTION_ALLOWING_MULTIPLE_DEFINITIONS
    410 Packet plog1p(const Packet& a) { return numext::log1p(a); }
    411 
    412 /** \internal \returns the log10 of \a a (coeff-wise) */
    413 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DECLARE_FUNCTION_ALLOWING_MULTIPLE_DEFINITIONS
    414 Packet plog10(const Packet& a) { using std::log10; return log10(a); }
    415 
    416 /** \internal \returns the square-root of \a a (coeff-wise) */
    417 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DECLARE_FUNCTION_ALLOWING_MULTIPLE_DEFINITIONS
    418 Packet psqrt(const Packet& a) { using std::sqrt; return sqrt(a); }
    419 
    420 /** \internal \returns the reciprocal square-root of \a a (coeff-wise) */
    421 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DECLARE_FUNCTION_ALLOWING_MULTIPLE_DEFINITIONS
    422 Packet prsqrt(const Packet& a) {
    423   return pdiv(pset1<Packet>(1), psqrt(a));
    424 }
    425 
    426 /** \internal \returns the rounded value of \a a (coeff-wise) */
    427 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DECLARE_FUNCTION_ALLOWING_MULTIPLE_DEFINITIONS
    428 Packet pround(const Packet& a) { using numext::round; return round(a); }
    429 
    430 /** \internal \returns the floor of \a a (coeff-wise) */
    431 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DECLARE_FUNCTION_ALLOWING_MULTIPLE_DEFINITIONS
    432 Packet pfloor(const Packet& a) { using numext::floor; return floor(a); }
    433 
    434 /** \internal \returns the ceil of \a a (coeff-wise) */
    435 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DECLARE_FUNCTION_ALLOWING_MULTIPLE_DEFINITIONS
    436 Packet pceil(const Packet& a) { using numext::ceil; return ceil(a); }
    437 
    438 /***************************************************************************
    439 * The following functions might not have to be overwritten for vectorized types
    440 ***************************************************************************/
    441 
    442 /** \internal copy a packet with constant coeficient \a a (e.g., [a,a,a,a]) to \a *to. \a to must be 16 bytes aligned */
    443 // NOTE: this function must really be templated on the packet type (think about different packet types for the same scalar type)
    444 template<typename Packet>
    445 inline void pstore1(typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type* to, const typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type& a)
    446 {
    447   pstore(to, pset1<Packet>(a));
    448 }
    449 
    450 /** \internal \returns a * b + c (coeff-wise) */
    451 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    452 pmadd(const Packet&  a,
    453          const Packet&  b,
    454          const Packet&  c)
    455 { return padd(pmul(a, b),c); }
    456 
    457 /** \internal \returns a packet version of \a *from.
    458   * The pointer \a from must be aligned on a \a Alignment bytes boundary. */
    459 template<typename Packet, int Alignment>
    460 EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC EIGEN_ALWAYS_INLINE Packet ploadt(const typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type* from)
    461 {
    462   if(Alignment >= unpacket_traits<Packet>::alignment)
    463     return pload<Packet>(from);
    464   else
    465     return ploadu<Packet>(from);
    466 }
    467 
    468 /** \internal copy the packet \a from to \a *to.
    469   * The pointer \a from must be aligned on a \a Alignment bytes boundary. */
    470 template<typename Scalar, typename Packet, int Alignment>
    471 EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC EIGEN_ALWAYS_INLINE void pstoret(Scalar* to, const Packet& from)
    472 {
    473   if(Alignment >= unpacket_traits<Packet>::alignment)
    474     pstore(to, from);
    475   else
    476     pstoreu(to, from);
    477 }
    478 
    479 /** \internal \returns a packet version of \a *from.
    480   * Unlike ploadt, ploadt_ro takes advantage of the read-only memory path on the
    481   * hardware if available to speedup the loading of data that won't be modified
    482   * by the current computation.
    483   */
    484 template<typename Packet, int LoadMode>
    485 inline Packet ploadt_ro(const typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type* from)
    486 {
    487   return ploadt<Packet, LoadMode>(from);
    488 }
    489 
    490 /** \internal default implementation of palign() allowing partial specialization */
    491 template<int Offset,typename PacketType>
    492 struct palign_impl
    493 {
    494   // by default data are aligned, so there is nothing to be done :)
    495   static inline void run(PacketType&, const PacketType&) {}
    496 };
    497 
    498 /** \internal update \a first using the concatenation of the packet_size minus \a Offset last elements
    499   * of \a first and \a Offset first elements of \a second.
    500   *
    501   * This function is currently only used to optimize matrix-vector products on unligned matrices.
    502   * It takes 2 packets that represent a contiguous memory array, and returns a packet starting
    503   * at the position \a Offset. For instance, for packets of 4 elements, we have:
    504   *  Input:
    505   *  - first = {f0,f1,f2,f3}
    506   *  - second = {s0,s1,s2,s3}
    507   * Output:
    508   *   - if Offset==0 then {f0,f1,f2,f3}
    509   *   - if Offset==1 then {f1,f2,f3,s0}
    510   *   - if Offset==2 then {f2,f3,s0,s1}
    511   *   - if Offset==3 then {f3,s0,s1,s3}
    512   */
    513 template<int Offset,typename PacketType>
    514 inline void palign(PacketType& first, const PacketType& second)
    515 {
    516   palign_impl<Offset,PacketType>::run(first,second);
    517 }
    518 
    519 /***************************************************************************
    520 * Fast complex products (GCC generates a function call which is very slow)
    521 ***************************************************************************/
    522 
    523 // Eigen+CUDA does not support complexes.
    524 #ifndef __CUDACC__
    525 
    526 template<> inline std::complex<float> pmul(const std::complex<float>& a, const std::complex<float>& b)
    527 { return std::complex<float>(real(a)*real(b) - imag(a)*imag(b), imag(a)*real(b) + real(a)*imag(b)); }
    528 
    529 template<> inline std::complex<double> pmul(const std::complex<double>& a, const std::complex<double>& b)
    530 { return std::complex<double>(real(a)*real(b) - imag(a)*imag(b), imag(a)*real(b) + real(a)*imag(b)); }
    531 
    532 #endif
    533 
    534 
    535 /***************************************************************************
    536  * PacketBlock, that is a collection of N packets where the number of words
    537  * in the packet is a multiple of N.
    538 ***************************************************************************/
    539 template <typename Packet,int N=unpacket_traits<Packet>::size> struct PacketBlock {
    540   Packet packet[N];
    541 };
    542 
    543 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline void
    544 ptranspose(PacketBlock<Packet,1>& /*kernel*/) {
    545   // Nothing to do in the scalar case, i.e. a 1x1 matrix.
    546 }
    547 
    548 /***************************************************************************
    549  * Selector, i.e. vector of N boolean values used to select (i.e. blend)
    550  * words from 2 packets.
    551 ***************************************************************************/
    552 template <size_t N> struct Selector {
    553   bool select[N];
    554 };
    555 
    556 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    557 pblend(const Selector<unpacket_traits<Packet>::size>& ifPacket, const Packet& thenPacket, const Packet& elsePacket) {
    558   return ifPacket.select[0] ? thenPacket : elsePacket;
    559 }
    560 
    561 /** \internal \returns \a a with the first coefficient replaced by the scalar b */
    562 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    563 pinsertfirst(const Packet& a, typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type b)
    564 {
    565   // Default implementation based on pblend.
    566   // It must be specialized for higher performance.
    567   Selector<unpacket_traits<Packet>::size> mask;
    568   mask.select[0] = true;
    569   // This for loop should be optimized away by the compiler.
    570   for(Index i=1; i<unpacket_traits<Packet>::size; ++i)
    571     mask.select[i] = false;
    572   return pblend(mask, pset1<Packet>(b), a);
    573 }
    574 
    575 /** \internal \returns \a a with the last coefficient replaced by the scalar b */
    576 template<typename Packet> EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline Packet
    577 pinsertlast(const Packet& a, typename unpacket_traits<Packet>::type b)
    578 {
    579   // Default implementation based on pblend.
    580   // It must be specialized for higher performance.
    581   Selector<unpacket_traits<Packet>::size> mask;
    582   // This for loop should be optimized away by the compiler.
    583   for(Index i=0; i<unpacket_traits<Packet>::size-1; ++i)
    584     mask.select[i] = false;
    585   mask.select[unpacket_traits<Packet>::size-1] = true;
    586   return pblend(mask, pset1<Packet>(b), a);
    587 }
    588 
    589 } // end namespace internal
    590 
    591 } // end namespace Eigen
    592 
    593 #endif // EIGEN_GENERIC_PACKET_MATH_H
    594