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      1 /*  parsermodule.c
      2  *
      3  *  Copyright 1995-1996 by Fred L. Drake, Jr. and Virginia Polytechnic
      4  *  Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
      5  *  Portions copyright 1991-1995 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum,
      6  *  Amsterdam, The Netherlands.  Copying is permitted under the terms
      7  *  associated with the main Python distribution, with the additional
      8  *  restriction that this additional notice be included and maintained
      9  *  on all distributed copies.
     10  *
     11  *  This module serves to replace the original parser module written
     12  *  by Guido.  The functionality is not matched precisely, but the
     13  *  original may be implemented on top of this.  This is desirable
     14  *  since the source of the text to be parsed is now divorced from
     15  *  this interface.
     16  *
     17  *  Unlike the prior interface, the ability to give a parse tree
     18  *  produced by Python code as a tuple to the compiler is enabled by
     19  *  this module.  See the documentation for more details.
     20  *
     21  *  I've added some annotations that help with the lint code-checking
     22  *  program, but they're not complete by a long shot.  The real errors
     23  *  that lint detects are gone, but there are still warnings with
     24  *  Py_[X]DECREF() and Py_[X]INCREF() macros.  The lint annotations
     25  *  look like "NOTE(...)".
     26  */
     27 
     28 #include "Python.h"                     /* general Python API             */
     29 #include "Python-ast.h"                 /* mod_ty */
     30 #include "graminit.h"                   /* symbols defined in the grammar */
     31 #include "node.h"                       /* internal parser structure      */
     32 #include "errcode.h"                    /* error codes for PyNode_*()     */
     33 #include "token.h"                      /* token definitions              */
     34 #include "grammar.h"
     35 #include "parsetok.h"
     36                                         /* ISTERMINAL() / ISNONTERMINAL() */
     37 #include "compile.h"
     38 #undef Yield
     39 #include "ast.h"
     40 #include "pyarena.h"
     41 
     42 extern grammar _PyParser_Grammar; /* From graminit.c */
     43 
     44 #ifdef lint
     45 #include <note.h>
     46 #else
     47 #define NOTE(x)
     48 #endif
     49 
     50 /*  String constants used to initialize module attributes.
     51  *
     52  */
     53 static char parser_copyright_string[] =
     54 "Copyright 1995-1996 by Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State\n\
     55 University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA, and Fred L. Drake, Jr., Reston,\n\
     56 Virginia, USA.  Portions copyright 1991-1995 by Stichting Mathematisch\n\
     57 Centrum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.";
     58 
     59 
     60 PyDoc_STRVAR(parser_doc_string,
     61 "This is an interface to Python's internal parser.");
     62 
     63 static char parser_version_string[] = "0.5";
     64 
     65 
     66 typedef PyObject* (*SeqMaker) (Py_ssize_t length);
     67 typedef int (*SeqInserter) (PyObject* sequence,
     68                             Py_ssize_t index,
     69                             PyObject* element);
     70 
     71 /*  The function below is copyrighted by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum.  The
     72  *  original copyright statement is included below, and continues to apply
     73  *  in full to the function immediately following.  All other material is
     74  *  original, copyrighted by Fred L. Drake, Jr. and Virginia Polytechnic
     75  *  Institute and State University.  Changes were made to comply with the
     76  *  new naming conventions.  Added arguments to provide support for creating
     77  *  lists as well as tuples, and optionally including the line numbers.
     78  */
     79 
     80 
     81 static PyObject*
     82 node2tuple(node *n,                     /* node to convert               */
     83            SeqMaker mkseq,              /* create sequence               */
     84            SeqInserter addelem,         /* func. to add elem. in seq.    */
     85            int lineno,                  /* include line numbers?         */
     86            int col_offset)              /* include column offsets?       */
     87 {
     88     if (n == NULL) {
     89         Py_INCREF(Py_None);
     90         return (Py_None);
     91     }
     92     if (ISNONTERMINAL(TYPE(n))) {
     93         int i;
     94         PyObject *v;
     95         PyObject *w;
     96 
     97         v = mkseq(1 + NCH(n) + (TYPE(n) == encoding_decl));
     98         if (v == NULL)
     99             return (v);
    100         w = PyInt_FromLong(TYPE(n));
    101         if (w == NULL) {
    102             Py_DECREF(v);
    103             return ((PyObject*) NULL);
    104         }
    105         (void) addelem(v, 0, w);
    106         for (i = 0; i < NCH(n); i++) {
    107             w = node2tuple(CHILD(n, i), mkseq, addelem, lineno, col_offset);
    108             if (w == NULL) {
    109                 Py_DECREF(v);
    110                 return ((PyObject*) NULL);
    111             }
    112             (void) addelem(v, i+1, w);
    113         }
    114 
    115         if (TYPE(n) == encoding_decl)
    116             (void) addelem(v, i+1, PyString_FromString(STR(n)));
    117         return (v);
    118     }
    119     else if (ISTERMINAL(TYPE(n))) {
    120         PyObject *result = mkseq(2 + lineno + col_offset);
    121         if (result != NULL) {
    122             (void) addelem(result, 0, PyInt_FromLong(TYPE(n)));
    123             (void) addelem(result, 1, PyString_FromString(STR(n)));
    124             if (lineno == 1)
    125                 (void) addelem(result, 2, PyInt_FromLong(n->n_lineno));
    126             if (col_offset == 1)
    127                 (void) addelem(result, 3, PyInt_FromLong(n->n_col_offset));
    128         }
    129         return (result);
    130     }
    131     else {
    132         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
    133                         "unrecognized parse tree node type");
    134         return ((PyObject*) NULL);
    135     }
    136 }
    137 /*
    138  *  End of material copyrighted by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum.
    139  */
    140 
    141 
    142 
    143 /*  There are two types of intermediate objects we're interested in:
    144  *  'eval' and 'exec' types.  These constants can be used in the st_type
    145  *  field of the object type to identify which any given object represents.
    146  *  These should probably go in an external header to allow other extensions
    147  *  to use them, but then, we really should be using C++ too.  ;-)
    148  */
    149 
    150 #define PyST_EXPR  1
    151 #define PyST_SUITE 2
    152 
    153 
    154 /*  These are the internal objects and definitions required to implement the
    155  *  ST type.  Most of the internal names are more reminiscent of the 'old'
    156  *  naming style, but the code uses the new naming convention.
    157  */
    158 
    159 static PyObject*
    160 parser_error = 0;
    161 
    162 
    163 typedef struct {
    164     PyObject_HEAD                       /* standard object header           */
    165     node* st_node;                      /* the node* returned by the parser */
    166     int   st_type;                      /* EXPR or SUITE ?                  */
    167     PyCompilerFlags st_flags;           /* Parser and compiler flags        */
    168 } PyST_Object;
    169 
    170 
    171 static void parser_free(PyST_Object *st);
    172 static int parser_compare(PyST_Object *left, PyST_Object *right);
    173 static PyObject *parser_getattr(PyObject *self, char *name);
    174 
    175 
    176 static
    177 PyTypeObject PyST_Type = {
    178     PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    179     "parser.st",                        /* tp_name              */
    180     (int) sizeof(PyST_Object),          /* tp_basicsize         */
    181     0,                                  /* tp_itemsize          */
    182     (destructor)parser_free,            /* tp_dealloc           */
    183     0,                                  /* tp_print             */
    184     parser_getattr,                     /* tp_getattr           */
    185     0,                                  /* tp_setattr           */
    186     (cmpfunc)parser_compare,            /* tp_compare           */
    187     0,                                  /* tp_repr              */
    188     0,                                  /* tp_as_number         */
    189     0,                                  /* tp_as_sequence       */
    190     0,                                  /* tp_as_mapping        */
    191     0,                                  /* tp_hash              */
    192     0,                                  /* tp_call              */
    193     0,                                  /* tp_str               */
    194     0,                                  /* tp_getattro          */
    195     0,                                  /* tp_setattro          */
    196 
    197     /* Functions to access object as input/output buffer */
    198     0,                                  /* tp_as_buffer         */
    199 
    200     Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,                 /* tp_flags             */
    201 
    202     /* __doc__ */
    203     "Intermediate representation of a Python parse tree."
    204 };  /* PyST_Type */
    205 
    206 
    207 static int
    208 parser_compare_nodes(node *left, node *right)
    209 {
    210     int j;
    211 
    212     if (TYPE(left) < TYPE(right))
    213         return (-1);
    214 
    215     if (TYPE(right) < TYPE(left))
    216         return (1);
    217 
    218     if (ISTERMINAL(TYPE(left)))
    219         return (strcmp(STR(left), STR(right)));
    220 
    221     if (NCH(left) < NCH(right))
    222         return (-1);
    223 
    224     if (NCH(right) < NCH(left))
    225         return (1);
    226 
    227     for (j = 0; j < NCH(left); ++j) {
    228         int v = parser_compare_nodes(CHILD(left, j), CHILD(right, j));
    229 
    230         if (v != 0)
    231             return (v);
    232     }
    233     return (0);
    234 }
    235 
    236 
    237 /*  int parser_compare(PyST_Object* left, PyST_Object* right)
    238  *
    239  *  Comparison function used by the Python operators ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
    240  *  This really just wraps a call to parser_compare_nodes() with some easy
    241  *  checks and protection code.
    242  *
    243  */
    244 static int
    245 parser_compare(PyST_Object *left, PyST_Object *right)
    246 {
    247     if (left == right)
    248         return (0);
    249 
    250     if ((left == 0) || (right == 0))
    251         return (-1);
    252 
    253     return (parser_compare_nodes(left->st_node, right->st_node));
    254 }
    255 
    256 
    257 /*  parser_newstobject(node* st)
    258  *
    259  *  Allocates a new Python object representing an ST.  This is simply the
    260  *  'wrapper' object that holds a node* and allows it to be passed around in
    261  *  Python code.
    262  *
    263  */
    264 static PyObject*
    265 parser_newstobject(node *st, int type)
    266 {
    267     PyST_Object* o = PyObject_New(PyST_Object, &PyST_Type);
    268 
    269     if (o != 0) {
    270         o->st_node = st;
    271         o->st_type = type;
    272         o->st_flags.cf_flags = 0;
    273     }
    274     else {
    275         PyNode_Free(st);
    276     }
    277     return ((PyObject*)o);
    278 }
    279 
    280 
    281 /*  void parser_free(PyST_Object* st)
    282  *
    283  *  This is called by a del statement that reduces the reference count to 0.
    284  *
    285  */
    286 static void
    287 parser_free(PyST_Object *st)
    288 {
    289     PyNode_Free(st->st_node);
    290     PyObject_Del(st);
    291 }
    292 
    293 
    294 /*  parser_st2tuple(PyObject* self, PyObject* args, PyObject* kw)
    295  *
    296  *  This provides conversion from a node* to a tuple object that can be
    297  *  returned to the Python-level caller.  The ST object is not modified.
    298  *
    299  */
    300 static PyObject*
    301 parser_st2tuple(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    302 {
    303     PyObject *line_option = 0;
    304     PyObject *col_option = 0;
    305     PyObject *res = 0;
    306     int ok;
    307 
    308     static char *keywords[] = {"ast", "line_info", "col_info", NULL};
    309 
    310     if (self == NULL) {
    311         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, "O!|OO:st2tuple", keywords,
    312                                          &PyST_Type, &self, &line_option,
    313                                          &col_option);
    314     }
    315     else
    316         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, "|OO:totuple", &keywords[1],
    317                                          &line_option, &col_option);
    318     if (ok != 0) {
    319         int lineno = 0;
    320         int col_offset = 0;
    321         if (line_option != NULL) {
    322             lineno = (PyObject_IsTrue(line_option) != 0) ? 1 : 0;
    323         }
    324         if (col_option != NULL) {
    325             col_offset = (PyObject_IsTrue(col_option) != 0) ? 1 : 0;
    326         }
    327         /*
    328          *  Convert ST into a tuple representation.  Use Guido's function,
    329          *  since it's known to work already.
    330          */
    331         res = node2tuple(((PyST_Object*)self)->st_node,
    332                          PyTuple_New, PyTuple_SetItem, lineno, col_offset);
    333     }
    334     return (res);
    335 }
    336 
    337 static PyObject*
    338 parser_ast2tuple(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    339 {
    340     if (PyErr_WarnPy3k("ast2tuple is removed in 3.x; use st2tuple", 1) < 0)
    341         return NULL;
    342     return parser_st2tuple(self, args, kw);
    343 }
    344 
    345 
    346 /*  parser_st2list(PyObject* self, PyObject* args, PyObject* kw)
    347  *
    348  *  This provides conversion from a node* to a list object that can be
    349  *  returned to the Python-level caller.  The ST object is not modified.
    350  *
    351  */
    352 static PyObject*
    353 parser_st2list(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    354 {
    355     PyObject *line_option = 0;
    356     PyObject *col_option = 0;
    357     PyObject *res = 0;
    358     int ok;
    359 
    360     static char *keywords[] = {"ast", "line_info", "col_info", NULL};
    361 
    362     if (self == NULL)
    363         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, "O!|OO:st2list", keywords,
    364                                          &PyST_Type, &self, &line_option,
    365                                          &col_option);
    366     else
    367         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, "|OO:tolist", &keywords[1],
    368                                          &line_option, &col_option);
    369     if (ok) {
    370         int lineno = 0;
    371         int col_offset = 0;
    372         if (line_option != 0) {
    373             lineno = PyObject_IsTrue(line_option) ? 1 : 0;
    374         }
    375         if (col_option != NULL) {
    376             col_offset = (PyObject_IsTrue(col_option) != 0) ? 1 : 0;
    377         }
    378         /*
    379          *  Convert ST into a tuple representation.  Use Guido's function,
    380          *  since it's known to work already.
    381          */
    382         res = node2tuple(self->st_node,
    383                          PyList_New, PyList_SetItem, lineno, col_offset);
    384     }
    385     return (res);
    386 }
    387 
    388 static PyObject*
    389 parser_ast2list(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    390 {
    391     if (PyErr_WarnPy3k("ast2list is removed in 3.x; use st2list", 1) < 0)
    392         return NULL;
    393     return parser_st2list(self, args, kw);
    394 }
    395 
    396 
    397 /*  parser_compilest(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
    398  *
    399  *  This function creates code objects from the parse tree represented by
    400  *  the passed-in data object.  An optional file name is passed in as well.
    401  *
    402  */
    403 static PyObject*
    404 parser_compilest(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    405 {
    406     PyObject*     res = 0;
    407     PyArena*      arena;
    408     mod_ty        mod;
    409     char*         str = "<syntax-tree>";
    410     int ok;
    411 
    412     static char *keywords[] = {"ast", "filename", NULL};
    413 
    414     if (self == NULL)
    415         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, "O!|s:compilest", keywords,
    416                                          &PyST_Type, &self, &str);
    417     else
    418         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, "|s:compile", &keywords[1],
    419                                          &str);
    420 
    421     if (ok) {
    422         arena = PyArena_New();
    423         if (arena) {
    424            mod = PyAST_FromNode(self->st_node, &(self->st_flags), str, arena);
    425            if (mod) {
    426                res = (PyObject *)PyAST_Compile(mod, str, &(self->st_flags), arena);
    427            }
    428            PyArena_Free(arena);
    429         }
    430     }
    431 
    432     return (res);
    433 }
    434 
    435 static PyObject*
    436 parser_compileast(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    437 {
    438     if (PyErr_WarnPy3k("compileast is removed in 3.x; use compilest", 1) < 0)
    439         return NULL;
    440     return parser_compilest(self, args, kw);
    441 }
    442 
    443 
    444 /*  PyObject* parser_isexpr(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
    445  *  PyObject* parser_issuite(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
    446  *
    447  *  Checks the passed-in ST object to determine if it is an expression or
    448  *  a statement suite, respectively.  The return is a Python truth value.
    449  *
    450  */
    451 static PyObject*
    452 parser_isexpr(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    453 {
    454     PyObject* res = 0;
    455     int ok;
    456 
    457     static char *keywords[] = {"ast", NULL};
    458 
    459     if (self == NULL)
    460         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, "O!:isexpr", keywords,
    461                                          &PyST_Type, &self);
    462     else
    463         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, ":isexpr", &keywords[1]);
    464 
    465     if (ok) {
    466         /* Check to see if the ST represents an expression or not. */
    467         res = (self->st_type == PyST_EXPR) ? Py_True : Py_False;
    468         Py_INCREF(res);
    469     }
    470     return (res);
    471 }
    472 
    473 
    474 static PyObject*
    475 parser_issuite(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    476 {
    477     PyObject* res = 0;
    478     int ok;
    479 
    480     static char *keywords[] = {"ast", NULL};
    481 
    482     if (self == NULL)
    483         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, "O!:issuite", keywords,
    484                                          &PyST_Type, &self);
    485     else
    486         ok = PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, ":issuite", &keywords[1]);
    487 
    488     if (ok) {
    489         /* Check to see if the ST represents an expression or not. */
    490         res = (self->st_type == PyST_EXPR) ? Py_False : Py_True;
    491         Py_INCREF(res);
    492     }
    493     return (res);
    494 }
    495 
    496 
    497 #define PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE (METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS)
    498 
    499 static PyMethodDef
    500 parser_methods[] = {
    501     {"compile",         (PyCFunction)parser_compilest,  PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
    502         PyDoc_STR("Compile this ST object into a code object.")},
    503     {"isexpr",          (PyCFunction)parser_isexpr,     PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
    504         PyDoc_STR("Determines if this ST object was created from an expression.")},
    505     {"issuite",         (PyCFunction)parser_issuite,    PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
    506         PyDoc_STR("Determines if this ST object was created from a suite.")},
    507     {"tolist",          (PyCFunction)parser_st2list,    PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
    508         PyDoc_STR("Creates a list-tree representation of this ST.")},
    509     {"totuple",         (PyCFunction)parser_st2tuple,   PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
    510         PyDoc_STR("Creates a tuple-tree representation of this ST.")},
    511 
    512     {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
    513 };
    514 
    515 
    516 static PyObject*
    517 parser_getattr(PyObject *self, char *name)
    518 {
    519     return (Py_FindMethod(parser_methods, self, name));
    520 }
    521 
    522 
    523 /*  err_string(char* message)
    524  *
    525  *  Sets the error string for an exception of type ParserError.
    526  *
    527  */
    528 static void
    529 err_string(char *message)
    530 {
    531     PyErr_SetString(parser_error, message);
    532 }
    533 
    534 
    535 /*  PyObject* parser_do_parse(PyObject* args, int type)
    536  *
    537  *  Internal function to actually execute the parse and return the result if
    538  *  successful or set an exception if not.
    539  *
    540  */
    541 static PyObject*
    542 parser_do_parse(PyObject *args, PyObject *kw, char *argspec, int type)
    543 {
    544     char*     string = 0;
    545     PyObject* res    = 0;
    546     int flags        = 0;
    547     perrdetail err;
    548 
    549     static char *keywords[] = {"source", NULL};
    550 
    551     if (PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, argspec, keywords, &string)) {
    552         node* n = PyParser_ParseStringFlagsFilenameEx(string, NULL,
    553                                                        &_PyParser_Grammar,
    554                                                       (type == PyST_EXPR)
    555                                                       ? eval_input : file_input,
    556                                                       &err, &flags);
    557 
    558         if (n) {
    559             res = parser_newstobject(n, type);
    560             if (res)
    561                 ((PyST_Object *)res)->st_flags.cf_flags = flags & PyCF_MASK;
    562         }
    563         else
    564             PyParser_SetError(&err);
    565     }
    566     return (res);
    567 }
    568 
    569 
    570 /*  PyObject* parser_expr(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
    571  *  PyObject* parser_suite(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
    572  *
    573  *  External interfaces to the parser itself.  Which is called determines if
    574  *  the parser attempts to recognize an expression ('eval' form) or statement
    575  *  suite ('exec' form).  The real work is done by parser_do_parse() above.
    576  *
    577  */
    578 static PyObject*
    579 parser_expr(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    580 {
    581     NOTE(ARGUNUSED(self))
    582     return (parser_do_parse(args, kw, "s:expr", PyST_EXPR));
    583 }
    584 
    585 
    586 static PyObject*
    587 parser_suite(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    588 {
    589     NOTE(ARGUNUSED(self))
    590     return (parser_do_parse(args, kw, "s:suite", PyST_SUITE));
    591 }
    592 
    593 
    594 
    595 /*  This is the messy part of the code.  Conversion from a tuple to an ST
    596  *  object requires that the input tuple be valid without having to rely on
    597  *  catching an exception from the compiler.  This is done to allow the
    598  *  compiler itself to remain fast, since most of its input will come from
    599  *  the parser directly, and therefore be known to be syntactically correct.
    600  *  This validation is done to ensure that we don't core dump the compile
    601  *  phase, returning an exception instead.
    602  *
    603  *  Two aspects can be broken out in this code:  creating a node tree from
    604  *  the tuple passed in, and verifying that it is indeed valid.  It may be
    605  *  advantageous to expand the number of ST types to include funcdefs and
    606  *  lambdadefs to take advantage of the optimizer, recognizing those STs
    607  *  here.  They are not necessary, and not quite as useful in a raw form.
    608  *  For now, let's get expressions and suites working reliably.
    609  */
    610 
    611 
    612 static node* build_node_tree(PyObject *tuple);
    613 static int   validate_expr_tree(node *tree);
    614 static int   validate_file_input(node *tree);
    615 static int   validate_encoding_decl(node *tree);
    616 
    617 /*  PyObject* parser_tuple2st(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
    618  *
    619  *  This is the public function, called from the Python code.  It receives a
    620  *  single tuple object from the caller, and creates an ST object if the
    621  *  tuple can be validated.  It does this by checking the first code of the
    622  *  tuple, and, if acceptable, builds the internal representation.  If this
    623  *  step succeeds, the internal representation is validated as fully as
    624  *  possible with the various validate_*() routines defined below.
    625  *
    626  *  This function must be changed if support is to be added for PyST_FRAGMENT
    627  *  ST objects.
    628  *
    629  */
    630 static PyObject*
    631 parser_tuple2st(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    632 {
    633     NOTE(ARGUNUSED(self))
    634     PyObject *st = 0;
    635     PyObject *tuple;
    636     node *tree;
    637 
    638     static char *keywords[] = {"sequence", NULL};
    639 
    640     if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, "O:sequence2st", keywords,
    641                                      &tuple))
    642         return (0);
    643     if (!PySequence_Check(tuple)) {
    644         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
    645                         "sequence2st() requires a single sequence argument");
    646         return (0);
    647     }
    648     /*
    649      *  Convert the tree to the internal form before checking it.
    650      */
    651     tree = build_node_tree(tuple);
    652     if (tree != 0) {
    653         int start_sym = TYPE(tree);
    654         if (start_sym == eval_input) {
    655             /*  Might be an eval form.  */
    656             if (validate_expr_tree(tree))
    657                 st = parser_newstobject(tree, PyST_EXPR);
    658             else
    659                 PyNode_Free(tree);
    660         }
    661         else if (start_sym == file_input) {
    662             /*  This looks like an exec form so far.  */
    663             if (validate_file_input(tree))
    664                 st = parser_newstobject(tree, PyST_SUITE);
    665             else
    666                 PyNode_Free(tree);
    667         }
    668         else if (start_sym == encoding_decl) {
    669             /* This looks like an encoding_decl so far. */
    670             if (validate_encoding_decl(tree))
    671                 st = parser_newstobject(tree, PyST_SUITE);
    672             else
    673                 PyNode_Free(tree);
    674         }
    675         else {
    676             /*  This is a fragment, at best. */
    677             PyNode_Free(tree);
    678             err_string("parse tree does not use a valid start symbol");
    679         }
    680     }
    681     /*  Make sure we throw an exception on all errors.  We should never
    682      *  get this, but we'd do well to be sure something is done.
    683      */
    684     if (st == NULL && !PyErr_Occurred())
    685         err_string("unspecified ST error occurred");
    686 
    687     return st;
    688 }
    689 
    690 static PyObject*
    691 parser_tuple2ast(PyST_Object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
    692 {
    693     if (PyErr_WarnPy3k("tuple2ast is removed in 3.x; use tuple2st", 1) < 0)
    694         return NULL;
    695     return parser_tuple2st(self, args, kw);
    696 }
    697 
    698 
    699 /*  node* build_node_children()
    700  *
    701  *  Iterate across the children of the current non-terminal node and build
    702  *  their structures.  If successful, return the root of this portion of
    703  *  the tree, otherwise, 0.  Any required exception will be specified already,
    704  *  and no memory will have been deallocated.
    705  *
    706  */
    707 static node*
    708 build_node_children(PyObject *tuple, node *root, int *line_num)
    709 {
    710     Py_ssize_t len = PyObject_Size(tuple);
    711     Py_ssize_t i;
    712     int  err;
    713 
    714     for (i = 1; i < len; ++i) {
    715         /* elem must always be a sequence, however simple */
    716         PyObject* elem = PySequence_GetItem(tuple, i);
    717         int ok = elem != NULL;
    718         long  type = 0;
    719         char *strn = 0;
    720 
    721         if (ok)
    722             ok = PySequence_Check(elem);
    723         if (ok) {
    724             PyObject *temp = PySequence_GetItem(elem, 0);
    725             if (temp == NULL)
    726                 ok = 0;
    727             else {
    728                 ok = PyInt_Check(temp);
    729                 if (ok)
    730                     type = PyInt_AS_LONG(temp);
    731                 Py_DECREF(temp);
    732             }
    733         }
    734         if (!ok) {
    735             PyObject *err = Py_BuildValue("os", elem,
    736                                           "Illegal node construct.");
    737             PyErr_SetObject(parser_error, err);
    738             Py_XDECREF(err);
    739             Py_XDECREF(elem);
    740             return (0);
    741         }
    742         if (ISTERMINAL(type)) {
    743             Py_ssize_t len = PyObject_Size(elem);
    744             PyObject *temp;
    745 
    746             if ((len != 2) && (len != 3)) {
    747                 err_string("terminal nodes must have 2 or 3 entries");
    748                 return 0;
    749             }
    750             temp = PySequence_GetItem(elem, 1);
    751             if (temp == NULL)
    752                 return 0;
    753             if (!PyString_Check(temp)) {
    754                 PyErr_Format(parser_error,
    755                              "second item in terminal node must be a string,"
    756                              " found %s",
    757                              Py_TYPE(temp)->tp_name);
    758                 Py_DECREF(temp);
    759                 return 0;
    760             }
    761             if (len == 3) {
    762                 PyObject *o = PySequence_GetItem(elem, 2);
    763                 if (o != NULL) {
    764                     if (PyInt_Check(o))
    765                         *line_num = PyInt_AS_LONG(o);
    766                     else {
    767                         PyErr_Format(parser_error,
    768                                      "third item in terminal node must be an"
    769                                      " integer, found %s",
    770                                      Py_TYPE(temp)->tp_name);
    771                         Py_DECREF(o);
    772                         Py_DECREF(temp);
    773                         return 0;
    774                     }
    775                     Py_DECREF(o);
    776                 }
    777             }
    778             len = PyString_GET_SIZE(temp) + 1;
    779             strn = (char *)PyObject_MALLOC(len);
    780             if (strn != NULL)
    781                 (void) memcpy(strn, PyString_AS_STRING(temp), len);
    782             Py_DECREF(temp);
    783         }
    784         else if (!ISNONTERMINAL(type)) {
    785             /*
    786              *  It has to be one or the other; this is an error.
    787              *  Throw an exception.
    788              */
    789             PyObject *err = Py_BuildValue("os", elem, "unknown node type.");
    790             PyErr_SetObject(parser_error, err);
    791             Py_XDECREF(err);
    792             Py_XDECREF(elem);
    793             return (0);
    794         }
    795         err = PyNode_AddChild(root, type, strn, *line_num, 0);
    796         if (err == E_NOMEM) {
    797             PyObject_FREE(strn);
    798             return (node *) PyErr_NoMemory();
    799         }
    800         if (err == E_OVERFLOW) {
    801             PyObject_FREE(strn);
    802             PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
    803                             "unsupported number of child nodes");
    804             return NULL;
    805         }
    806 
    807         if (ISNONTERMINAL(type)) {
    808             node* new_child = CHILD(root, i - 1);
    809 
    810             if (new_child != build_node_children(elem, new_child, line_num)) {
    811                 Py_XDECREF(elem);
    812                 return (0);
    813             }
    814         }
    815         else if (type == NEWLINE) {     /* It's true:  we increment the     */
    816             ++(*line_num);              /* line number *after* the newline! */
    817         }
    818         Py_XDECREF(elem);
    819     }
    820     return root;
    821 }
    822 
    823 
    824 static node*
    825 build_node_tree(PyObject *tuple)
    826 {
    827     node* res = 0;
    828     PyObject *temp = PySequence_GetItem(tuple, 0);
    829     long num = -1;
    830 
    831     if (temp != NULL)
    832         num = PyInt_AsLong(temp);
    833     Py_XDECREF(temp);
    834     if (ISTERMINAL(num)) {
    835         /*
    836          *  The tuple is simple, but it doesn't start with a start symbol.
    837          *  Throw an exception now and be done with it.
    838          */
    839         tuple = Py_BuildValue("os", tuple,
    840                     "Illegal syntax-tree; cannot start with terminal symbol.");
    841         PyErr_SetObject(parser_error, tuple);
    842         Py_XDECREF(tuple);
    843     }
    844     else if (ISNONTERMINAL(num)) {
    845         /*
    846          *  Not efficient, but that can be handled later.
    847          */
    848         int line_num = 0;
    849         PyObject *encoding = NULL;
    850 
    851         if (num == encoding_decl) {
    852             encoding = PySequence_GetItem(tuple, 2);
    853             /* tuple isn't borrowed anymore here, need to DECREF */
    854             tuple = PySequence_GetSlice(tuple, 0, 2);
    855         }
    856         res = PyNode_New(num);
    857         if (res != NULL) {
    858             if (res != build_node_children(tuple, res, &line_num)) {
    859                 PyNode_Free(res);
    860                 res = NULL;
    861             }
    862             if (res && encoding) {
    863                 Py_ssize_t len;
    864                 len = PyString_GET_SIZE(encoding) + 1;
    865                 res->n_str = (char *)PyObject_MALLOC(len);
    866                 if (res->n_str != NULL)
    867                     (void) memcpy(res->n_str, PyString_AS_STRING(encoding), len);
    868                 Py_DECREF(encoding);
    869                 Py_DECREF(tuple);
    870             }
    871         }
    872     }
    873     else {
    874         /*  The tuple is illegal -- if the number is neither TERMINAL nor
    875          *  NONTERMINAL, we can't use it.  Not sure the implementation
    876          *  allows this condition, but the API doesn't preclude it.
    877          */
    878         PyObject *err = Py_BuildValue("os", tuple,
    879                                       "Illegal component tuple.");
    880         PyErr_SetObject(parser_error, err);
    881         Py_XDECREF(err);
    882     }
    883 
    884     return (res);
    885 }
    886 
    887 
    888 /*
    889  *  Validation routines used within the validation section:
    890  */
    891 static int validate_terminal(node *terminal, int type, char *string);
    892 
    893 #define validate_ampersand(ch)  validate_terminal(ch,      AMPER, "&")
    894 #define validate_circumflex(ch) validate_terminal(ch, CIRCUMFLEX, "^")
    895 #define validate_colon(ch)      validate_terminal(ch,      COLON, ":")
    896 #define validate_comma(ch)      validate_terminal(ch,      COMMA, ",")
    897 #define validate_dedent(ch)     validate_terminal(ch,     DEDENT, "")
    898 #define validate_equal(ch)      validate_terminal(ch,      EQUAL, "=")
    899 #define validate_indent(ch)     validate_terminal(ch,     INDENT, (char*)NULL)
    900 #define validate_lparen(ch)     validate_terminal(ch,       LPAR, "(")
    901 #define validate_newline(ch)    validate_terminal(ch,    NEWLINE, (char*)NULL)
    902 #define validate_rparen(ch)     validate_terminal(ch,       RPAR, ")")
    903 #define validate_semi(ch)       validate_terminal(ch,       SEMI, ";")
    904 #define validate_star(ch)       validate_terminal(ch,       STAR, "*")
    905 #define validate_vbar(ch)       validate_terminal(ch,       VBAR, "|")
    906 #define validate_doublestar(ch) validate_terminal(ch, DOUBLESTAR, "**")
    907 #define validate_dot(ch)        validate_terminal(ch,        DOT, ".")
    908 #define validate_at(ch)         validate_terminal(ch,         AT, "@")
    909 #define validate_name(ch, str)  validate_terminal(ch,       NAME, str)
    910 
    911 #define VALIDATER(n)    static int validate_##n(node *tree)
    912 
    913 VALIDATER(node);                VALIDATER(small_stmt);
    914 VALIDATER(class);               VALIDATER(node);
    915 VALIDATER(parameters);          VALIDATER(suite);
    916 VALIDATER(testlist);            VALIDATER(varargslist);
    917 VALIDATER(fpdef);               VALIDATER(fplist);
    918 VALIDATER(stmt);                VALIDATER(simple_stmt);
    919 VALIDATER(expr_stmt);           VALIDATER(power);
    920 VALIDATER(print_stmt);          VALIDATER(del_stmt);
    921 VALIDATER(return_stmt);         VALIDATER(list_iter);
    922 VALIDATER(raise_stmt);          VALIDATER(import_stmt);
    923 VALIDATER(import_name);         VALIDATER(import_from);
    924 VALIDATER(global_stmt);         VALIDATER(list_if);
    925 VALIDATER(assert_stmt);         VALIDATER(list_for);
    926 VALIDATER(exec_stmt);           VALIDATER(compound_stmt);
    927 VALIDATER(while);               VALIDATER(for);
    928 VALIDATER(try);                 VALIDATER(except_clause);
    929 VALIDATER(test);                VALIDATER(and_test);
    930 VALIDATER(not_test);            VALIDATER(comparison);
    931 VALIDATER(comp_op);             VALIDATER(expr);
    932 VALIDATER(xor_expr);            VALIDATER(and_expr);
    933 VALIDATER(shift_expr);          VALIDATER(arith_expr);
    934 VALIDATER(term);                VALIDATER(factor);
    935 VALIDATER(atom);                VALIDATER(lambdef);
    936 VALIDATER(trailer);             VALIDATER(subscript);
    937 VALIDATER(subscriptlist);       VALIDATER(sliceop);
    938 VALIDATER(exprlist);            VALIDATER(dictorsetmaker);
    939 VALIDATER(arglist);             VALIDATER(argument);
    940 VALIDATER(listmaker);           VALIDATER(yield_stmt);
    941 VALIDATER(testlist1);           VALIDATER(comp_for);
    942 VALIDATER(comp_iter);           VALIDATER(comp_if);
    943 VALIDATER(testlist_comp);       VALIDATER(yield_expr);
    944 VALIDATER(yield_or_testlist);   VALIDATER(or_test);
    945 VALIDATER(old_test);            VALIDATER(old_lambdef);
    946 
    947 #undef VALIDATER
    948 
    949 #define is_even(n)      (((n) & 1) == 0)
    950 #define is_odd(n)       (((n) & 1) == 1)
    951 
    952 
    953 static int
    954 validate_ntype(node *n, int t)
    955 {
    956     if (TYPE(n) != t) {
    957         PyErr_Format(parser_error, "Expected node type %d, got %d.",
    958                      t, TYPE(n));
    959         return 0;
    960     }
    961     return 1;
    962 }
    963 
    964 
    965 /*  Verifies that the number of child nodes is exactly 'num', raising
    966  *  an exception if it isn't.  The exception message does not indicate
    967  *  the exact number of nodes, allowing this to be used to raise the
    968  *  "right" exception when the wrong number of nodes is present in a
    969  *  specific variant of a statement's syntax.  This is commonly used
    970  *  in that fashion.
    971  */
    972 static int
    973 validate_numnodes(node *n, int num, const char *const name)
    974 {
    975     if (NCH(n) != num) {
    976         PyErr_Format(parser_error,
    977                      "Illegal number of children for %s node.", name);
    978         return 0;
    979     }
    980     return 1;
    981 }
    982 
    983 
    984 static int
    985 validate_terminal(node *terminal, int type, char *string)
    986 {
    987     int res = (validate_ntype(terminal, type)
    988                && ((string == 0) || (strcmp(string, STR(terminal)) == 0)));
    989 
    990     if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred()) {
    991         PyErr_Format(parser_error,
    992                      "Illegal terminal: expected \"%s\"", string);
    993     }
    994     return (res);
    995 }
    996 
    997 
    998 /*  X (',' X) [',']
    999  */
   1000 static int
   1001 validate_repeating_list(node *tree, int ntype, int (*vfunc)(node *),
   1002                         const char *const name)
   1003 {
   1004     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1005     int res = (nch && validate_ntype(tree, ntype)
   1006                && vfunc(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   1007 
   1008     if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   1009         (void) validate_numnodes(tree, 1, name);
   1010     else {
   1011         if (is_even(nch))
   1012             res = validate_comma(CHILD(tree, --nch));
   1013         if (res && nch > 1) {
   1014             int pos = 1;
   1015             for ( ; res && pos < nch; pos += 2)
   1016                 res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, pos))
   1017                        && vfunc(CHILD(tree, pos + 1)));
   1018         }
   1019     }
   1020     return (res);
   1021 }
   1022 
   1023 
   1024 /*  validate_class()
   1025  *
   1026  *  classdef:
   1027  *      'class' NAME ['(' testlist ')'] ':' suite
   1028  */
   1029 static int
   1030 validate_class(node *tree)
   1031 {
   1032     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1033     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, classdef) &&
   1034                 ((nch == 4) || (nch == 6) || (nch == 7)));
   1035 
   1036     if (res) {
   1037         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "class")
   1038                && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 1), NAME)
   1039                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, nch - 2))
   1040                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, nch - 1)));
   1041     }
   1042     else {
   1043         (void) validate_numnodes(tree, 4, "class");
   1044     }
   1045 
   1046     if (res) {
   1047         if (nch == 7) {
   1048                 res = ((validate_lparen(CHILD(tree, 2)) &&
   1049                         validate_testlist(CHILD(tree, 3)) &&
   1050                         validate_rparen(CHILD(tree, 4))));
   1051         }
   1052         else if (nch == 6) {
   1053                 res = (validate_lparen(CHILD(tree,2)) &&
   1054                         validate_rparen(CHILD(tree,3)));
   1055         }
   1056     }
   1057     return (res);
   1058 }
   1059 
   1060 
   1061 /*  if_stmt:
   1062  *      'if' test ':' suite ('elif' test ':' suite)* ['else' ':' suite]
   1063  */
   1064 static int
   1065 validate_if(node *tree)
   1066 {
   1067     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1068     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, if_stmt)
   1069                && (nch >= 4)
   1070                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "if")
   1071                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 1))
   1072                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 2))
   1073                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, 3)));
   1074 
   1075     if (res && ((nch % 4) == 3)) {
   1076         /*  ... 'else' ':' suite  */
   1077         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, nch - 3), "else")
   1078                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, nch - 2))
   1079                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, nch - 1)));
   1080         nch -= 3;
   1081     }
   1082     else if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   1083         (void) validate_numnodes(tree, 4, "if");
   1084     if ((nch % 4) != 0)
   1085         /* Will catch the case for nch < 4 */
   1086         res = validate_numnodes(tree, 0, "if");
   1087     else if (res && (nch > 4)) {
   1088         /*  ... ('elif' test ':' suite)+ ...  */
   1089         int j = 4;
   1090         while ((j < nch) && res) {
   1091             res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, j), "elif")
   1092                    && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, j + 2))
   1093                    && validate_test(CHILD(tree, j + 1))
   1094                    && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, j + 3)));
   1095             j += 4;
   1096         }
   1097     }
   1098     return (res);
   1099 }
   1100 
   1101 
   1102 /*  parameters:
   1103  *      '(' [varargslist] ')'
   1104  *
   1105  */
   1106 static int
   1107 validate_parameters(node *tree)
   1108 {
   1109     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1110     int res = validate_ntype(tree, parameters) && ((nch == 2) || (nch == 3));
   1111 
   1112     if (res) {
   1113         res = (validate_lparen(CHILD(tree, 0))
   1114                && validate_rparen(CHILD(tree, nch - 1)));
   1115         if (res && (nch == 3))
   1116             res = validate_varargslist(CHILD(tree, 1));
   1117     }
   1118     else {
   1119         (void) validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "parameters");
   1120     }
   1121     return (res);
   1122 }
   1123 
   1124 
   1125 /*  validate_suite()
   1126  *
   1127  *  suite:
   1128  *      simple_stmt
   1129  *    | NEWLINE INDENT stmt+ DEDENT
   1130  */
   1131 static int
   1132 validate_suite(node *tree)
   1133 {
   1134     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1135     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, suite) && ((nch == 1) || (nch >= 4)));
   1136 
   1137     if (res && (nch == 1))
   1138         res = validate_simple_stmt(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1139     else if (res) {
   1140         /*  NEWLINE INDENT stmt+ DEDENT  */
   1141         res = (validate_newline(CHILD(tree, 0))
   1142                && validate_indent(CHILD(tree, 1))
   1143                && validate_stmt(CHILD(tree, 2))
   1144                && validate_dedent(CHILD(tree, nch - 1)));
   1145 
   1146         if (res && (nch > 4)) {
   1147             int i = 3;
   1148             --nch;                      /* forget the DEDENT     */
   1149             for ( ; res && (i < nch); ++i)
   1150                 res = validate_stmt(CHILD(tree, i));
   1151         }
   1152         else if (nch < 4)
   1153             res = validate_numnodes(tree, 4, "suite");
   1154     }
   1155     return (res);
   1156 }
   1157 
   1158 
   1159 static int
   1160 validate_testlist(node *tree)
   1161 {
   1162     return (validate_repeating_list(tree, testlist,
   1163                                     validate_test, "testlist"));
   1164 }
   1165 
   1166 
   1167 static int
   1168 validate_testlist1(node *tree)
   1169 {
   1170     return (validate_repeating_list(tree, testlist1,
   1171                                     validate_test, "testlist1"));
   1172 }
   1173 
   1174 
   1175 static int
   1176 validate_testlist_safe(node *tree)
   1177 {
   1178     return (validate_repeating_list(tree, testlist_safe,
   1179                                     validate_old_test, "testlist_safe"));
   1180 }
   1181 
   1182 
   1183 /* '*' NAME [',' '**' NAME] | '**' NAME
   1184  */
   1185 static int
   1186 validate_varargslist_trailer(node *tree, int start)
   1187 {
   1188     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1189     int res = 0;
   1190     int sym;
   1191 
   1192     if (nch <= start) {
   1193         err_string("expected variable argument trailer for varargslist");
   1194         return 0;
   1195     }
   1196     sym = TYPE(CHILD(tree, start));
   1197     if (sym == STAR) {
   1198         /*
   1199          *  ('*' NAME [',' '**' NAME]
   1200          */
   1201         if (nch-start == 2)
   1202             res = validate_name(CHILD(tree, start+1), NULL);
   1203         else if (nch-start == 5)
   1204             res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, start+1), NULL)
   1205                    && validate_comma(CHILD(tree, start+2))
   1206                    && validate_doublestar(CHILD(tree, start+3))
   1207                    && validate_name(CHILD(tree, start+4), NULL));
   1208     }
   1209     else if (sym == DOUBLESTAR) {
   1210         /*
   1211          *  '**' NAME
   1212          */
   1213         if (nch-start == 2)
   1214             res = validate_name(CHILD(tree, start+1), NULL);
   1215     }
   1216     if (!res)
   1217         err_string("illegal variable argument trailer for varargslist");
   1218     return res;
   1219 }
   1220 
   1221 
   1222 /*  validate_varargslist()
   1223  *
   1224  *  varargslist:
   1225  *      (fpdef ['=' test] ',')*
   1226  *           ('*' NAME [',' '**' NAME]
   1227  *         | '**' NAME)
   1228  *    | fpdef ['=' test] (',' fpdef ['=' test])* [',']
   1229  *
   1230  */
   1231 static int
   1232 validate_varargslist(node *tree)
   1233 {
   1234     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1235     int res = validate_ntype(tree, varargslist) && (nch != 0);
   1236     int sym;
   1237 
   1238     if (!res)
   1239         return 0;
   1240     if (nch < 1) {
   1241         err_string("varargslist missing child nodes");
   1242         return 0;
   1243     }
   1244     sym = TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1245     if (sym == STAR || sym == DOUBLESTAR)
   1246         /* whole thing matches:
   1247          *      '*' NAME [',' '**' NAME] | '**' NAME
   1248          */
   1249         res = validate_varargslist_trailer(tree, 0);
   1250     else if (sym == fpdef) {
   1251         int i = 0;
   1252 
   1253         sym = TYPE(CHILD(tree, nch-1));
   1254         if (sym == NAME) {
   1255             /*
   1256              *   (fpdef ['=' test] ',')+
   1257              *       ('*' NAME [',' '**' NAME]
   1258              *     | '**' NAME)
   1259              */
   1260             /* skip over (fpdef ['=' test] ',')+ */
   1261             while (res && (i+2 <= nch)) {
   1262                 res = validate_fpdef(CHILD(tree, i));
   1263                 ++i;
   1264                 if (res && TYPE(CHILD(tree, i)) == EQUAL && (i+2 <= nch)) {
   1265                     res = (validate_equal(CHILD(tree, i))
   1266                            && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   1267                     if (res)
   1268                         i += 2;
   1269                 }
   1270                 if (res && i < nch) {
   1271                     res = validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i));
   1272                     ++i;
   1273                     if (res && i < nch
   1274                         && (TYPE(CHILD(tree, i)) == DOUBLESTAR
   1275                             || TYPE(CHILD(tree, i)) == STAR))
   1276                         break;
   1277                 }
   1278             }
   1279             /* ... '*' NAME [',' '**' NAME] | '**' NAME
   1280              * i --^^^
   1281              */
   1282             if (res)
   1283                 res = validate_varargslist_trailer(tree, i);
   1284         }
   1285         else {
   1286             /*
   1287              *  fpdef ['=' test] (',' fpdef ['=' test])* [',']
   1288              */
   1289             /* strip trailing comma node */
   1290             if (sym == COMMA) {
   1291                 res = validate_comma(CHILD(tree, nch-1));
   1292                 if (!res)
   1293                     return 0;
   1294                 --nch;
   1295             }
   1296             /*
   1297              *  fpdef ['=' test] (',' fpdef ['=' test])*
   1298              */
   1299             res = validate_fpdef(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1300             ++i;
   1301             if (res && (i+2 <= nch) && TYPE(CHILD(tree, i)) == EQUAL) {
   1302                 res = (validate_equal(CHILD(tree, i))
   1303                        && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   1304                 i += 2;
   1305             }
   1306             /*
   1307              *  ... (',' fpdef ['=' test])*
   1308              *  i ---^^^
   1309              */
   1310             while (res && (nch - i) >= 2) {
   1311                 res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i))
   1312                        && validate_fpdef(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   1313                 i += 2;
   1314                 if (res && (nch - i) >= 2 && TYPE(CHILD(tree, i)) == EQUAL) {
   1315                     res = (validate_equal(CHILD(tree, i))
   1316                            && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   1317                     i += 2;
   1318                 }
   1319             }
   1320             if (res && nch - i != 0) {
   1321                 res = 0;
   1322                 err_string("illegal formation for varargslist");
   1323             }
   1324         }
   1325     }
   1326     return res;
   1327 }
   1328 
   1329 
   1330 /*  list_iter:  list_for | list_if
   1331  */
   1332 static int
   1333 validate_list_iter(node *tree)
   1334 {
   1335     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, list_iter)
   1336                && validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "list_iter"));
   1337     if (res && TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == list_for)
   1338         res = validate_list_for(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1339     else
   1340         res = validate_list_if(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1341 
   1342     return res;
   1343 }
   1344 
   1345 /*  comp_iter:  comp_for | comp_if
   1346  */
   1347 static int
   1348 validate_comp_iter(node *tree)
   1349 {
   1350     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, comp_iter)
   1351                && validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "comp_iter"));
   1352     if (res && TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == comp_for)
   1353         res = validate_comp_for(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1354     else
   1355         res = validate_comp_if(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1356 
   1357     return res;
   1358 }
   1359 
   1360 /*  list_for:  'for' exprlist 'in' testlist [list_iter]
   1361  */
   1362 static int
   1363 validate_list_for(node *tree)
   1364 {
   1365     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1366     int res;
   1367 
   1368     if (nch == 5)
   1369         res = validate_list_iter(CHILD(tree, 4));
   1370     else
   1371         res = validate_numnodes(tree, 4, "list_for");
   1372 
   1373     if (res)
   1374         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "for")
   1375                && validate_exprlist(CHILD(tree, 1))
   1376                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 2), "in")
   1377                && validate_testlist_safe(CHILD(tree, 3)));
   1378 
   1379     return res;
   1380 }
   1381 
   1382 /*  comp_for:  'for' exprlist 'in' test [comp_iter]
   1383  */
   1384 static int
   1385 validate_comp_for(node *tree)
   1386 {
   1387     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1388     int res;
   1389 
   1390     if (nch == 5)
   1391         res = validate_comp_iter(CHILD(tree, 4));
   1392     else
   1393         res = validate_numnodes(tree, 4, "comp_for");
   1394 
   1395     if (res)
   1396         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "for")
   1397                && validate_exprlist(CHILD(tree, 1))
   1398                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 2), "in")
   1399                && validate_or_test(CHILD(tree, 3)));
   1400 
   1401     return res;
   1402 }
   1403 
   1404 /*  list_if:  'if' old_test [list_iter]
   1405  */
   1406 static int
   1407 validate_list_if(node *tree)
   1408 {
   1409     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1410     int res;
   1411 
   1412     if (nch == 3)
   1413         res = validate_list_iter(CHILD(tree, 2));
   1414     else
   1415         res = validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "list_if");
   1416 
   1417     if (res)
   1418         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "if")
   1419                && validate_old_test(CHILD(tree, 1)));
   1420 
   1421     return res;
   1422 }
   1423 
   1424 /*  comp_if:  'if' old_test [comp_iter]
   1425  */
   1426 static int
   1427 validate_comp_if(node *tree)
   1428 {
   1429     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1430     int res;
   1431 
   1432     if (nch == 3)
   1433         res = validate_comp_iter(CHILD(tree, 2));
   1434     else
   1435         res = validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "comp_if");
   1436 
   1437     if (res)
   1438         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "if")
   1439                && validate_old_test(CHILD(tree, 1)));
   1440 
   1441     return res;
   1442 }
   1443 
   1444 /*  validate_fpdef()
   1445  *
   1446  *  fpdef:
   1447  *      NAME
   1448  *    | '(' fplist ')'
   1449  */
   1450 static int
   1451 validate_fpdef(node *tree)
   1452 {
   1453     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1454     int res = validate_ntype(tree, fpdef);
   1455 
   1456     if (res) {
   1457         if (nch == 1)
   1458             res = validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 0), NAME);
   1459         else if (nch == 3)
   1460             res = (validate_lparen(CHILD(tree, 0))
   1461                    && validate_fplist(CHILD(tree, 1))
   1462                    && validate_rparen(CHILD(tree, 2)));
   1463         else
   1464             res = validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "fpdef");
   1465     }
   1466     return (res);
   1467 }
   1468 
   1469 
   1470 static int
   1471 validate_fplist(node *tree)
   1472 {
   1473     return (validate_repeating_list(tree, fplist,
   1474                                     validate_fpdef, "fplist"));
   1475 }
   1476 
   1477 
   1478 /*  simple_stmt | compound_stmt
   1479  *
   1480  */
   1481 static int
   1482 validate_stmt(node *tree)
   1483 {
   1484     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, stmt)
   1485                && validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "stmt"));
   1486 
   1487     if (res) {
   1488         tree = CHILD(tree, 0);
   1489 
   1490         if (TYPE(tree) == simple_stmt)
   1491             res = validate_simple_stmt(tree);
   1492         else
   1493             res = validate_compound_stmt(tree);
   1494     }
   1495     return (res);
   1496 }
   1497 
   1498 
   1499 /*  small_stmt (';' small_stmt)* [';'] NEWLINE
   1500  *
   1501  */
   1502 static int
   1503 validate_simple_stmt(node *tree)
   1504 {
   1505     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1506     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, simple_stmt)
   1507                && (nch >= 2)
   1508                && validate_small_stmt(CHILD(tree, 0))
   1509                && validate_newline(CHILD(tree, nch - 1)));
   1510 
   1511     if (nch < 2)
   1512         res = validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "simple_stmt");
   1513     --nch;                              /* forget the NEWLINE    */
   1514     if (res && is_even(nch))
   1515         res = validate_semi(CHILD(tree, --nch));
   1516     if (res && (nch > 2)) {
   1517         int i;
   1518 
   1519         for (i = 1; res && (i < nch); i += 2)
   1520             res = (validate_semi(CHILD(tree, i))
   1521                    && validate_small_stmt(CHILD(tree, i + 1)));
   1522     }
   1523     return (res);
   1524 }
   1525 
   1526 
   1527 static int
   1528 validate_small_stmt(node *tree)
   1529 {
   1530     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1531     int res = validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "small_stmt");
   1532 
   1533     if (res) {
   1534         int ntype = TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1535 
   1536         if (  (ntype == expr_stmt)
   1537               || (ntype == print_stmt)
   1538               || (ntype == del_stmt)
   1539               || (ntype == pass_stmt)
   1540               || (ntype == flow_stmt)
   1541               || (ntype == import_stmt)
   1542               || (ntype == global_stmt)
   1543               || (ntype == assert_stmt)
   1544               || (ntype == exec_stmt))
   1545             res = validate_node(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1546         else {
   1547             res = 0;
   1548             err_string("illegal small_stmt child type");
   1549         }
   1550     }
   1551     else if (nch == 1) {
   1552         res = 0;
   1553         PyErr_Format(parser_error,
   1554                      "Unrecognized child node of small_stmt: %d.",
   1555                      TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   1556     }
   1557     return (res);
   1558 }
   1559 
   1560 
   1561 /*  compound_stmt:
   1562  *      if_stmt | while_stmt | for_stmt | try_stmt | with_stmt | funcdef | classdef | decorated
   1563  */
   1564 static int
   1565 validate_compound_stmt(node *tree)
   1566 {
   1567     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, compound_stmt)
   1568                && validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "compound_stmt"));
   1569     int ntype;
   1570 
   1571     if (!res)
   1572         return (0);
   1573 
   1574     tree = CHILD(tree, 0);
   1575     ntype = TYPE(tree);
   1576     if (  (ntype == if_stmt)
   1577           || (ntype == while_stmt)
   1578           || (ntype == for_stmt)
   1579           || (ntype == try_stmt)
   1580           || (ntype == with_stmt)
   1581           || (ntype == funcdef)
   1582           || (ntype == classdef)
   1583           || (ntype == decorated))
   1584         res = validate_node(tree);
   1585     else {
   1586         res = 0;
   1587         PyErr_Format(parser_error,
   1588                      "Illegal compound statement type: %d.", TYPE(tree));
   1589     }
   1590     return (res);
   1591 }
   1592 
   1593 static int
   1594 validate_yield_or_testlist(node *tree)
   1595 {
   1596         if (TYPE(tree) == yield_expr)
   1597                 return validate_yield_expr(tree);
   1598         else
   1599                 return validate_testlist(tree);
   1600 }
   1601 
   1602 static int
   1603 validate_expr_stmt(node *tree)
   1604 {
   1605     int j;
   1606     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1607     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, expr_stmt)
   1608                && is_odd(nch)
   1609                && validate_testlist(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   1610 
   1611     if (res && nch == 3
   1612         && TYPE(CHILD(tree, 1)) == augassign) {
   1613         res = validate_numnodes(CHILD(tree, 1), 1, "augassign")
   1614                 && validate_yield_or_testlist(CHILD(tree, 2));
   1615 
   1616         if (res) {
   1617             char *s = STR(CHILD(CHILD(tree, 1), 0));
   1618 
   1619             res = (strcmp(s, "+=") == 0
   1620                    || strcmp(s, "-=") == 0
   1621                    || strcmp(s, "*=") == 0
   1622                    || strcmp(s, "/=") == 0
   1623                    || strcmp(s, "//=") == 0
   1624                    || strcmp(s, "%=") == 0
   1625                    || strcmp(s, "&=") == 0
   1626                    || strcmp(s, "|=") == 0
   1627                    || strcmp(s, "^=") == 0
   1628                    || strcmp(s, "<<=") == 0
   1629                    || strcmp(s, ">>=") == 0
   1630                    || strcmp(s, "**=") == 0);
   1631             if (!res)
   1632                 err_string("illegal augmented assignment operator");
   1633         }
   1634     }
   1635     else {
   1636         for (j = 1; res && (j < nch); j += 2)
   1637             res = validate_equal(CHILD(tree, j))
   1638                    && validate_yield_or_testlist(CHILD(tree, j + 1));
   1639     }
   1640     return (res);
   1641 }
   1642 
   1643 
   1644 /*  print_stmt:
   1645  *
   1646  *      'print' ( [ test (',' test)* [','] ]
   1647  *              | '>>' test [ (',' test)+ [','] ] )
   1648  */
   1649 static int
   1650 validate_print_stmt(node *tree)
   1651 {
   1652     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1653     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, print_stmt)
   1654                && (nch > 0)
   1655                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "print"));
   1656 
   1657     if (res && nch > 1) {
   1658         int sym = TYPE(CHILD(tree, 1));
   1659         int i = 1;
   1660         int allow_trailing_comma = 1;
   1661 
   1662         if (sym == test)
   1663             res = validate_test(CHILD(tree, i++));
   1664         else {
   1665             if (nch < 3)
   1666                 res = validate_numnodes(tree, 3, "print_stmt");
   1667             else {
   1668                 res = (validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, i), RIGHTSHIFT)
   1669                        && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   1670                 i += 2;
   1671                 allow_trailing_comma = 0;
   1672             }
   1673         }
   1674         if (res) {
   1675             /*  ... (',' test)* [',']  */
   1676             while (res && i+2 <= nch) {
   1677                 res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i))
   1678                        && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   1679                 allow_trailing_comma = 1;
   1680                 i += 2;
   1681             }
   1682             if (res && !allow_trailing_comma)
   1683                 res = validate_numnodes(tree, i, "print_stmt");
   1684             else if (res && i < nch)
   1685                 res = validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i));
   1686         }
   1687     }
   1688     return (res);
   1689 }
   1690 
   1691 
   1692 static int
   1693 validate_del_stmt(node *tree)
   1694 {
   1695     return (validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "del_stmt")
   1696             && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "del")
   1697             && validate_exprlist(CHILD(tree, 1)));
   1698 }
   1699 
   1700 
   1701 static int
   1702 validate_return_stmt(node *tree)
   1703 {
   1704     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1705     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, return_stmt)
   1706                && ((nch == 1) || (nch == 2))
   1707                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "return"));
   1708 
   1709     if (res && (nch == 2))
   1710         res = validate_testlist(CHILD(tree, 1));
   1711 
   1712     return (res);
   1713 }
   1714 
   1715 
   1716 static int
   1717 validate_raise_stmt(node *tree)
   1718 {
   1719     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1720     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, raise_stmt)
   1721                && ((nch == 1) || (nch == 2) || (nch == 4) || (nch == 6)));
   1722 
   1723     if (res) {
   1724         res = validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "raise");
   1725         if (res && (nch >= 2))
   1726             res = validate_test(CHILD(tree, 1));
   1727         if (res && nch > 2) {
   1728             res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, 2))
   1729                    && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 3)));
   1730             if (res && (nch > 4))
   1731                 res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, 4))
   1732                        && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 5)));
   1733         }
   1734     }
   1735     else
   1736         (void) validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "raise");
   1737     if (res && (nch == 4))
   1738         res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, 2))
   1739                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 3)));
   1740 
   1741     return (res);
   1742 }
   1743 
   1744 
   1745 /* yield_expr: 'yield' [testlist]
   1746  */
   1747 static int
   1748 validate_yield_expr(node *tree)
   1749 {
   1750     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1751     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, yield_expr)
   1752                && ((nch == 1) || (nch == 2))
   1753                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "yield"));
   1754 
   1755     if (res && (nch == 2))
   1756         res = validate_testlist(CHILD(tree, 1));
   1757 
   1758     return (res);
   1759 }
   1760 
   1761 
   1762 /* yield_stmt: yield_expr
   1763  */
   1764 static int
   1765 validate_yield_stmt(node *tree)
   1766 {
   1767     return (validate_ntype(tree, yield_stmt)
   1768             && validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "yield_stmt")
   1769             && validate_yield_expr(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   1770 }
   1771 
   1772 
   1773 static int
   1774 validate_import_as_name(node *tree)
   1775 {
   1776     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1777     int ok = validate_ntype(tree, import_as_name);
   1778 
   1779     if (ok) {
   1780         if (nch == 1)
   1781             ok = validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), NULL);
   1782         else if (nch == 3)
   1783             ok = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), NULL)
   1784                   && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 1), "as")
   1785                   && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 2), NULL));
   1786         else
   1787             ok = validate_numnodes(tree, 3, "import_as_name");
   1788     }
   1789     return ok;
   1790 }
   1791 
   1792 
   1793 /* dotted_name:  NAME ("." NAME)*
   1794  */
   1795 static int
   1796 validate_dotted_name(node *tree)
   1797 {
   1798     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1799     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, dotted_name)
   1800                && is_odd(nch)
   1801                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), NULL));
   1802     int i;
   1803 
   1804     for (i = 1; res && (i < nch); i += 2) {
   1805         res = (validate_dot(CHILD(tree, i))
   1806                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, i+1), NULL));
   1807     }
   1808     return res;
   1809 }
   1810 
   1811 
   1812 /* dotted_as_name:  dotted_name [NAME NAME]
   1813  */
   1814 static int
   1815 validate_dotted_as_name(node *tree)
   1816 {
   1817     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1818     int res = validate_ntype(tree, dotted_as_name);
   1819 
   1820     if (res) {
   1821         if (nch == 1)
   1822             res = validate_dotted_name(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1823         else if (nch == 3)
   1824             res = (validate_dotted_name(CHILD(tree, 0))
   1825                    && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 1), "as")
   1826                    && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 2), NULL));
   1827         else {
   1828             res = 0;
   1829             err_string("illegal number of children for dotted_as_name");
   1830         }
   1831     }
   1832     return res;
   1833 }
   1834 
   1835 
   1836 /* dotted_as_name (',' dotted_as_name)* */
   1837 static int
   1838 validate_dotted_as_names(node *tree)
   1839 {
   1840         int nch = NCH(tree);
   1841         int res = is_odd(nch) && validate_dotted_as_name(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1842         int i;
   1843 
   1844         for (i = 1; res && (i < nch); i += 2)
   1845             res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i))
   1846                    && validate_dotted_as_name(CHILD(tree, i + 1)));
   1847         return (res);
   1848 }
   1849 
   1850 
   1851 /* import_as_name (',' import_as_name)* [','] */
   1852 static int
   1853 validate_import_as_names(node *tree)
   1854 {
   1855     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1856     int res = validate_import_as_name(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1857     int i;
   1858 
   1859     for (i = 1; res && (i + 1 < nch); i += 2)
   1860         res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i))
   1861                && validate_import_as_name(CHILD(tree, i + 1)));
   1862     return (res);
   1863 }
   1864 
   1865 
   1866 /* 'import' dotted_as_names */
   1867 static int
   1868 validate_import_name(node *tree)
   1869 {
   1870         return (validate_ntype(tree, import_name)
   1871                 && validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "import_name")
   1872                 && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "import")
   1873                 && validate_dotted_as_names(CHILD(tree, 1)));
   1874 }
   1875 
   1876 /* Helper function to count the number of leading dots in
   1877  * 'from ...module import name'
   1878  */
   1879 static int
   1880 count_from_dots(node *tree)
   1881 {
   1882         int i;
   1883         for (i = 1; i < NCH(tree); i++)
   1884                 if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, i)) != DOT)
   1885                         break;
   1886         return i-1;
   1887 }
   1888 
   1889 /* import_from: ('from' ('.'* dotted_name | '.'+)
   1890  *               'import' ('*' | '(' import_as_names ')' | import_as_names))
   1891  */
   1892 static int
   1893 validate_import_from(node *tree)
   1894 {
   1895         int nch = NCH(tree);
   1896         int ndots = count_from_dots(tree);
   1897         int havename = (TYPE(CHILD(tree, ndots + 1)) == dotted_name);
   1898         int offset = ndots + havename;
   1899         int res = validate_ntype(tree, import_from)
   1900                 && (offset >= 1)
   1901                 && (nch >= 3 + offset)
   1902                 && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "from")
   1903                 && (!havename || validate_dotted_name(CHILD(tree, ndots + 1)))
   1904                 && validate_name(CHILD(tree, offset + 1), "import");
   1905 
   1906         if (res && TYPE(CHILD(tree, offset + 2)) == LPAR)
   1907             res = ((nch == offset + 5)
   1908                    && validate_lparen(CHILD(tree, offset + 2))
   1909                    && validate_import_as_names(CHILD(tree, offset + 3))
   1910                    && validate_rparen(CHILD(tree, offset + 4)));
   1911         else if (res && TYPE(CHILD(tree, offset + 2)) != STAR)
   1912             res = validate_import_as_names(CHILD(tree, offset + 2));
   1913         return (res);
   1914 }
   1915 
   1916 
   1917 /* import_stmt: import_name | import_from */
   1918 static int
   1919 validate_import_stmt(node *tree)
   1920 {
   1921     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1922     int res = validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "import_stmt");
   1923 
   1924     if (res) {
   1925         int ntype = TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1926 
   1927         if (ntype == import_name || ntype == import_from)
   1928             res = validate_node(CHILD(tree, 0));
   1929         else {
   1930             res = 0;
   1931             err_string("illegal import_stmt child type");
   1932         }
   1933     }
   1934     else if (nch == 1) {
   1935         res = 0;
   1936         PyErr_Format(parser_error,
   1937                      "Unrecognized child node of import_stmt: %d.",
   1938                      TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   1939     }
   1940     return (res);
   1941 }
   1942 
   1943 
   1944 
   1945 
   1946 static int
   1947 validate_global_stmt(node *tree)
   1948 {
   1949     int j;
   1950     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1951     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, global_stmt)
   1952                && is_even(nch) && (nch >= 2));
   1953 
   1954     if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   1955         err_string("illegal global statement");
   1956 
   1957     if (res)
   1958         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "global")
   1959                && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 1), NAME));
   1960     for (j = 2; res && (j < nch); j += 2)
   1961         res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, j))
   1962                && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, j + 1), NAME));
   1963 
   1964     return (res);
   1965 }
   1966 
   1967 
   1968 /*  exec_stmt:
   1969  *
   1970  *  'exec' expr ['in' test [',' test]]
   1971  */
   1972 static int
   1973 validate_exec_stmt(node *tree)
   1974 {
   1975     int nch = NCH(tree);
   1976     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, exec_stmt)
   1977                && ((nch == 2) || (nch == 4) || (nch == 6))
   1978                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "exec")
   1979                && validate_expr(CHILD(tree, 1)));
   1980 
   1981     if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   1982         err_string("illegal exec statement");
   1983     if (res && (nch > 2))
   1984         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 2), "in")
   1985                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 3)));
   1986     if (res && (nch == 6))
   1987         res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, 4))
   1988                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 5)));
   1989 
   1990     return (res);
   1991 }
   1992 
   1993 
   1994 /*  assert_stmt:
   1995  *
   1996  *  'assert' test [',' test]
   1997  */
   1998 static int
   1999 validate_assert_stmt(node *tree)
   2000 {
   2001     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2002     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, assert_stmt)
   2003                && ((nch == 2) || (nch == 4))
   2004                && (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "assert"))
   2005                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 1)));
   2006 
   2007     if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   2008         err_string("illegal assert statement");
   2009     if (res && (nch > 2))
   2010         res = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, 2))
   2011                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 3)));
   2012 
   2013     return (res);
   2014 }
   2015 
   2016 
   2017 static int
   2018 validate_while(node *tree)
   2019 {
   2020     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2021     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, while_stmt)
   2022                && ((nch == 4) || (nch == 7))
   2023                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "while")
   2024                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 1))
   2025                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 2))
   2026                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, 3)));
   2027 
   2028     if (res && (nch == 7))
   2029         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 4), "else")
   2030                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 5))
   2031                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, 6)));
   2032 
   2033     return (res);
   2034 }
   2035 
   2036 
   2037 static int
   2038 validate_for(node *tree)
   2039 {
   2040     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2041     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, for_stmt)
   2042                && ((nch == 6) || (nch == 9))
   2043                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "for")
   2044                && validate_exprlist(CHILD(tree, 1))
   2045                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 2), "in")
   2046                && validate_testlist(CHILD(tree, 3))
   2047                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 4))
   2048                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, 5)));
   2049 
   2050     if (res && (nch == 9))
   2051         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 6), "else")
   2052                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 7))
   2053                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, 8)));
   2054 
   2055     return (res);
   2056 }
   2057 
   2058 
   2059 /*  try_stmt:
   2060  *      'try' ':' suite (except_clause ':' suite)+ ['else' ':' suite]
   2061                                                    ['finally' ':' suite]
   2062  *    | 'try' ':' suite 'finally' ':' suite
   2063  *
   2064  */
   2065 static int
   2066 validate_try(node *tree)
   2067 {
   2068     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2069     int pos = 3;
   2070     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, try_stmt)
   2071                && (nch >= 6) && ((nch % 3) == 0));
   2072 
   2073     if (res)
   2074         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "try")
   2075                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 1))
   2076                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, 2))
   2077                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, nch - 2))
   2078                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, nch - 1)));
   2079     else if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
   2080         const char* name = "except";
   2081         if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, nch - 3)) != except_clause)
   2082             name = STR(CHILD(tree, nch - 3));
   2083 
   2084         PyErr_Format(parser_error,
   2085                      "Illegal number of children for try/%s node.", name);
   2086     }
   2087     /* Handle try/finally statement */
   2088     if (res && (TYPE(CHILD(tree, pos)) == NAME) &&
   2089         (strcmp(STR(CHILD(tree, pos)), "finally") == 0)) {
   2090         res = (validate_numnodes(tree, 6, "try/finally")
   2091                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 4))
   2092                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, 5)));
   2093         return (res);
   2094     }
   2095     /* try/except statement: skip past except_clause sections */
   2096     while (res && pos < nch && (TYPE(CHILD(tree, pos)) == except_clause)) {
   2097         res = (validate_except_clause(CHILD(tree, pos))
   2098                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, pos + 1))
   2099                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, pos + 2)));
   2100         pos += 3;
   2101     }
   2102     /* skip else clause */
   2103     if (res && pos < nch && (TYPE(CHILD(tree, pos)) == NAME) &&
   2104         (strcmp(STR(CHILD(tree, pos)), "else") == 0)) {
   2105         res = (validate_colon(CHILD(tree, pos + 1))
   2106                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, pos + 2)));
   2107         pos += 3;
   2108     }
   2109     if (res && pos < nch) {
   2110         /* last clause must be a finally */
   2111         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, pos), "finally")
   2112                && validate_numnodes(tree, pos + 3, "try/except/finally")
   2113                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, pos + 1))
   2114                && validate_suite(CHILD(tree, pos + 2)));
   2115     }
   2116     return (res);
   2117 }
   2118 
   2119 
   2120 static int
   2121 validate_except_clause(node *tree)
   2122 {
   2123     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2124     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, except_clause)
   2125                && ((nch == 1) || (nch == 2) || (nch == 4))
   2126                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "except"));
   2127 
   2128     if (res && (nch > 1))
   2129         res = validate_test(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2130     if (res && (nch == 4)) {
   2131         if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 2)) == NAME)
   2132             res = validate_name(CHILD(tree, 2), "as");
   2133         else
   2134             res = validate_comma(CHILD(tree, 2));
   2135         res = res && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 3));
   2136     }
   2137     return (res);
   2138 }
   2139 
   2140 
   2141 static int
   2142 validate_test(node *tree)
   2143 {
   2144     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2145     int res = validate_ntype(tree, test) && is_odd(nch);
   2146 
   2147     if (res && (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == lambdef))
   2148         res = ((nch == 1)
   2149                && validate_lambdef(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2150     else if (res) {
   2151         res = validate_or_test(CHILD(tree, 0));
   2152         res = (res && (nch == 1 || (nch == 5 &&
   2153             validate_name(CHILD(tree, 1), "if") &&
   2154             validate_or_test(CHILD(tree, 2)) &&
   2155             validate_name(CHILD(tree, 3), "else") &&
   2156             validate_test(CHILD(tree, 4)))));
   2157     }
   2158     return (res);
   2159 }
   2160 
   2161 static int
   2162 validate_old_test(node *tree)
   2163 {
   2164     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2165     int res = validate_ntype(tree, old_test) && (nch == 1);
   2166 
   2167     if (res && (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == old_lambdef))
   2168         res = (validate_old_lambdef(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2169     else if (res) {
   2170         res = (validate_or_test(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2171     }
   2172     return (res);
   2173 }
   2174 
   2175 static int
   2176 validate_or_test(node *tree)
   2177 {
   2178     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2179     int res = validate_ntype(tree, or_test) && is_odd(nch);
   2180 
   2181     if (res) {
   2182         int pos;
   2183         res = validate_and_test(CHILD(tree, 0));
   2184         for (pos = 1; res && (pos < nch); pos += 2)
   2185             res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, pos), "or")
   2186                    && validate_and_test(CHILD(tree, pos + 1)));
   2187     }
   2188     return (res);
   2189 }
   2190 
   2191 
   2192 static int
   2193 validate_and_test(node *tree)
   2194 {
   2195     int pos;
   2196     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2197     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, and_test)
   2198                && is_odd(nch)
   2199                && validate_not_test(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2200 
   2201     for (pos = 1; res && (pos < nch); pos += 2)
   2202         res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, pos), "and")
   2203                && validate_not_test(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2204 
   2205     return (res);
   2206 }
   2207 
   2208 
   2209 static int
   2210 validate_not_test(node *tree)
   2211 {
   2212     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2213     int res = validate_ntype(tree, not_test) && ((nch == 1) || (nch == 2));
   2214 
   2215     if (res) {
   2216         if (nch == 2)
   2217             res = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "not")
   2218                    && validate_not_test(CHILD(tree, 1)));
   2219         else if (nch == 1)
   2220             res = validate_comparison(CHILD(tree, 0));
   2221     }
   2222     return (res);
   2223 }
   2224 
   2225 
   2226 static int
   2227 validate_comparison(node *tree)
   2228 {
   2229     int pos;
   2230     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2231     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, comparison)
   2232                && is_odd(nch)
   2233                && validate_expr(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2234 
   2235     for (pos = 1; res && (pos < nch); pos += 2)
   2236         res = (validate_comp_op(CHILD(tree, pos))
   2237                && validate_expr(CHILD(tree, pos + 1)));
   2238 
   2239     return (res);
   2240 }
   2241 
   2242 
   2243 static int
   2244 validate_comp_op(node *tree)
   2245 {
   2246     int res = 0;
   2247     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2248 
   2249     if (!validate_ntype(tree, comp_op))
   2250         return (0);
   2251     if (nch == 1) {
   2252         /*
   2253          *  Only child will be a terminal with a well-defined symbolic name
   2254          *  or a NAME with a string of either 'is' or 'in'
   2255          */
   2256         tree = CHILD(tree, 0);
   2257         switch (TYPE(tree)) {
   2258             case LESS:
   2259             case GREATER:
   2260             case EQEQUAL:
   2261             case EQUAL:
   2262             case LESSEQUAL:
   2263             case GREATEREQUAL:
   2264             case NOTEQUAL:
   2265               res = 1;
   2266               break;
   2267             case NAME:
   2268               res = ((strcmp(STR(tree), "in") == 0)
   2269                      || (strcmp(STR(tree), "is") == 0));
   2270               if (!res) {
   2271                   PyErr_Format(parser_error,
   2272                                "illegal operator '%s'", STR(tree));
   2273               }
   2274               break;
   2275           default:
   2276               err_string("illegal comparison operator type");
   2277               break;
   2278         }
   2279     }
   2280     else if ((res = validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "comp_op")) != 0) {
   2281         res = (validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 0), NAME)
   2282                && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 1), NAME)
   2283                && (((strcmp(STR(CHILD(tree, 0)), "is") == 0)
   2284                     && (strcmp(STR(CHILD(tree, 1)), "not") == 0))
   2285                    || ((strcmp(STR(CHILD(tree, 0)), "not") == 0)
   2286                        && (strcmp(STR(CHILD(tree, 1)), "in") == 0))));
   2287         if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   2288             err_string("unknown comparison operator");
   2289     }
   2290     return (res);
   2291 }
   2292 
   2293 
   2294 static int
   2295 validate_expr(node *tree)
   2296 {
   2297     int j;
   2298     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2299     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, expr)
   2300                && is_odd(nch)
   2301                && validate_xor_expr(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2302 
   2303     for (j = 2; res && (j < nch); j += 2)
   2304         res = (validate_xor_expr(CHILD(tree, j))
   2305                && validate_vbar(CHILD(tree, j - 1)));
   2306 
   2307     return (res);
   2308 }
   2309 
   2310 
   2311 static int
   2312 validate_xor_expr(node *tree)
   2313 {
   2314     int j;
   2315     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2316     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, xor_expr)
   2317                && is_odd(nch)
   2318                && validate_and_expr(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2319 
   2320     for (j = 2; res && (j < nch); j += 2)
   2321         res = (validate_circumflex(CHILD(tree, j - 1))
   2322                && validate_and_expr(CHILD(tree, j)));
   2323 
   2324     return (res);
   2325 }
   2326 
   2327 
   2328 static int
   2329 validate_and_expr(node *tree)
   2330 {
   2331     int pos;
   2332     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2333     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, and_expr)
   2334                && is_odd(nch)
   2335                && validate_shift_expr(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2336 
   2337     for (pos = 1; res && (pos < nch); pos += 2)
   2338         res = (validate_ampersand(CHILD(tree, pos))
   2339                && validate_shift_expr(CHILD(tree, pos + 1)));
   2340 
   2341     return (res);
   2342 }
   2343 
   2344 
   2345 static int
   2346 validate_chain_two_ops(node *tree, int (*termvalid)(node *), int op1, int op2)
   2347  {
   2348     int pos = 1;
   2349     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2350     int res = (is_odd(nch)
   2351                && (*termvalid)(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2352 
   2353     for ( ; res && (pos < nch); pos += 2) {
   2354         if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, pos)) != op1)
   2355             res = validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, pos), op2);
   2356         if (res)
   2357             res = (*termvalid)(CHILD(tree, pos + 1));
   2358     }
   2359     return (res);
   2360 }
   2361 
   2362 
   2363 static int
   2364 validate_shift_expr(node *tree)
   2365 {
   2366     return (validate_ntype(tree, shift_expr)
   2367             && validate_chain_two_ops(tree, validate_arith_expr,
   2368                                       LEFTSHIFT, RIGHTSHIFT));
   2369 }
   2370 
   2371 
   2372 static int
   2373 validate_arith_expr(node *tree)
   2374 {
   2375     return (validate_ntype(tree, arith_expr)
   2376             && validate_chain_two_ops(tree, validate_term, PLUS, MINUS));
   2377 }
   2378 
   2379 
   2380 static int
   2381 validate_term(node *tree)
   2382 {
   2383     int pos = 1;
   2384     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2385     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, term)
   2386                && is_odd(nch)
   2387                && validate_factor(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2388 
   2389     for ( ; res && (pos < nch); pos += 2)
   2390         res = (((TYPE(CHILD(tree, pos)) == STAR)
   2391                || (TYPE(CHILD(tree, pos)) == SLASH)
   2392                || (TYPE(CHILD(tree, pos)) == DOUBLESLASH)
   2393                || (TYPE(CHILD(tree, pos)) == PERCENT))
   2394                && validate_factor(CHILD(tree, pos + 1)));
   2395 
   2396     return (res);
   2397 }
   2398 
   2399 
   2400 /*  factor:
   2401  *
   2402  *  factor: ('+'|'-'|'~') factor | power
   2403  */
   2404 static int
   2405 validate_factor(node *tree)
   2406 {
   2407     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2408     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, factor)
   2409                && (((nch == 2)
   2410                     && ((TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == PLUS)
   2411                         || (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == MINUS)
   2412                         || (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == TILDE))
   2413                     && validate_factor(CHILD(tree, 1)))
   2414                    || ((nch == 1)
   2415                        && validate_power(CHILD(tree, 0)))));
   2416     return (res);
   2417 }
   2418 
   2419 
   2420 /*  power:
   2421  *
   2422  *  power: atom trailer* ('**' factor)*
   2423  */
   2424 static int
   2425 validate_power(node *tree)
   2426 {
   2427     int pos = 1;
   2428     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2429     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, power) && (nch >= 1)
   2430                && validate_atom(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2431 
   2432     while (res && (pos < nch) && (TYPE(CHILD(tree, pos)) == trailer))
   2433         res = validate_trailer(CHILD(tree, pos++));
   2434     if (res && (pos < nch)) {
   2435         if (!is_even(nch - pos)) {
   2436             err_string("illegal number of nodes for 'power'");
   2437             return (0);
   2438         }
   2439         for ( ; res && (pos < (nch - 1)); pos += 2)
   2440             res = (validate_doublestar(CHILD(tree, pos))
   2441                    && validate_factor(CHILD(tree, pos + 1)));
   2442     }
   2443     return (res);
   2444 }
   2445 
   2446 
   2447 static int
   2448 validate_atom(node *tree)
   2449 {
   2450     int pos;
   2451     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2452     int res = validate_ntype(tree, atom);
   2453 
   2454     if (res && nch < 1)
   2455         res = validate_numnodes(tree, nch+1, "atom");
   2456     if (res) {
   2457         switch (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0))) {
   2458           case LPAR:
   2459             res = ((nch <= 3)
   2460                    && (validate_rparen(CHILD(tree, nch - 1))));
   2461 
   2462             if (res && (nch == 3)) {
   2463                 if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 1))==yield_expr)
   2464                         res = validate_yield_expr(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2465                 else
   2466                         res = validate_testlist_comp(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2467             }
   2468             break;
   2469           case LSQB:
   2470             if (nch == 2)
   2471                 res = validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 1), RSQB);
   2472             else if (nch == 3)
   2473                 res = (validate_listmaker(CHILD(tree, 1))
   2474                        && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 2), RSQB));
   2475             else {
   2476                 res = 0;
   2477                 err_string("illegal list display atom");
   2478             }
   2479             break;
   2480           case LBRACE:
   2481             res = ((nch <= 3)
   2482                    && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, nch - 1), RBRACE));
   2483 
   2484             if (res && (nch == 3))
   2485                 res = validate_dictorsetmaker(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2486             break;
   2487           case BACKQUOTE:
   2488             res = ((nch == 3)
   2489                    && validate_testlist1(CHILD(tree, 1))
   2490                    && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 2), BACKQUOTE));
   2491             break;
   2492           case NAME:
   2493           case NUMBER:
   2494             res = (nch == 1);
   2495             break;
   2496           case STRING:
   2497             for (pos = 1; res && (pos < nch); ++pos)
   2498                 res = validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, pos), STRING);
   2499             break;
   2500           default:
   2501             res = 0;
   2502             break;
   2503         }
   2504     }
   2505     return (res);
   2506 }
   2507 
   2508 
   2509 /*  listmaker:
   2510  *    test ( list_for | (',' test)* [','] )
   2511  */
   2512 static int
   2513 validate_listmaker(node *tree)
   2514 {
   2515     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2516     int ok = nch;
   2517 
   2518     if (nch == 0)
   2519         err_string("missing child nodes of listmaker");
   2520     else
   2521         ok = validate_test(CHILD(tree, 0));
   2522 
   2523     /*
   2524      *  list_for | (',' test)* [',']
   2525      */
   2526     if (nch == 2 && TYPE(CHILD(tree, 1)) == list_for)
   2527         ok = validate_list_for(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2528     else {
   2529         /*  (',' test)* [',']  */
   2530         int i = 1;
   2531         while (ok && nch - i >= 2) {
   2532             ok = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i))
   2533                   && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   2534             i += 2;
   2535         }
   2536         if (ok && i == nch-1)
   2537             ok = validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i));
   2538         else if (i != nch) {
   2539             ok = 0;
   2540             err_string("illegal trailing nodes for listmaker");
   2541         }
   2542     }
   2543     return ok;
   2544 }
   2545 
   2546 /*  testlist_comp:
   2547  *    test ( comp_for | (',' test)* [','] )
   2548  */
   2549 static int
   2550 validate_testlist_comp(node *tree)
   2551 {
   2552     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2553     int ok = nch;
   2554 
   2555     if (nch == 0)
   2556         err_string("missing child nodes of testlist_comp");
   2557     else {
   2558         ok = validate_test(CHILD(tree, 0));
   2559     }
   2560 
   2561     /*
   2562      *  comp_for | (',' test)* [',']
   2563      */
   2564     if (nch == 2 && TYPE(CHILD(tree, 1)) == comp_for)
   2565         ok = validate_comp_for(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2566     else {
   2567         /*  (',' test)* [',']  */
   2568         int i = 1;
   2569         while (ok && nch - i >= 2) {
   2570             ok = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i))
   2571                   && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   2572             i += 2;
   2573         }
   2574         if (ok && i == nch-1)
   2575             ok = validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i));
   2576         else if (i != nch) {
   2577             ok = 0;
   2578             err_string("illegal trailing nodes for testlist_comp");
   2579         }
   2580     }
   2581     return ok;
   2582 }
   2583 
   2584 /*  decorator:
   2585  *    '@' dotted_name [ '(' [arglist] ')' ] NEWLINE
   2586  */
   2587 static int
   2588 validate_decorator(node *tree)
   2589 {
   2590     int ok;
   2591     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2592     ok = (validate_ntype(tree, decorator) &&
   2593           (nch == 3 || nch == 5 || nch == 6) &&
   2594           validate_at(CHILD(tree, 0)) &&
   2595           validate_dotted_name(CHILD(tree, 1)) &&
   2596           validate_newline(RCHILD(tree, -1)));
   2597 
   2598     if (ok && nch != 3) {
   2599         ok = (validate_lparen(CHILD(tree, 2)) &&
   2600               validate_rparen(RCHILD(tree, -2)));
   2601 
   2602         if (ok && nch == 6)
   2603             ok = validate_arglist(CHILD(tree, 3));
   2604     }
   2605 
   2606     return ok;
   2607 }
   2608 
   2609 /*  decorators:
   2610  *    decorator+
   2611  */
   2612 static int
   2613 validate_decorators(node *tree)
   2614 {
   2615     int i, nch, ok;
   2616     nch = NCH(tree);
   2617     ok = validate_ntype(tree, decorators) && nch >= 1;
   2618 
   2619     for (i = 0; ok && i < nch; ++i)
   2620         ok = validate_decorator(CHILD(tree, i));
   2621 
   2622     return ok;
   2623 }
   2624 
   2625 /*  with_item:
   2626  *   test ['as' expr]
   2627  */
   2628 static int
   2629 validate_with_item(node *tree)
   2630 {
   2631     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2632     int ok = (validate_ntype(tree, with_item)
   2633               && (nch == 1 || nch == 3)
   2634               && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2635     if (ok && nch == 3)
   2636         ok = (validate_name(CHILD(tree, 1), "as")
   2637               && validate_expr(CHILD(tree, 2)));
   2638     return ok;
   2639 }
   2640 
   2641 /*  with_stmt:
   2642  *    0      1          ...             -2   -1
   2643  *   'with' with_item (',' with_item)* ':' suite
   2644  */
   2645 static int
   2646 validate_with_stmt(node *tree)
   2647 {
   2648     int i;
   2649     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2650     int ok = (validate_ntype(tree, with_stmt)
   2651         && (nch % 2 == 0)
   2652         && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "with")
   2653         && validate_colon(RCHILD(tree, -2))
   2654         && validate_suite(RCHILD(tree, -1)));
   2655     for (i = 1; ok && i < nch - 2; i += 2)
   2656         ok = validate_with_item(CHILD(tree, i));
   2657     return ok;
   2658 }
   2659 
   2660 /*  funcdef:
   2661  *
   2662  *     -5   -4         -3  -2    -1
   2663  *  'def' NAME parameters ':' suite
   2664  */
   2665 static int
   2666 validate_funcdef(node *tree)
   2667 {
   2668     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2669     int ok = (validate_ntype(tree, funcdef)
   2670                && (nch == 5)
   2671                && validate_name(RCHILD(tree, -5), "def")
   2672                && validate_ntype(RCHILD(tree, -4), NAME)
   2673                && validate_colon(RCHILD(tree, -2))
   2674                && validate_parameters(RCHILD(tree, -3))
   2675                && validate_suite(RCHILD(tree, -1)));
   2676     return ok;
   2677 }
   2678 
   2679 
   2680 /* decorated
   2681  *   decorators (classdef | funcdef)
   2682  */
   2683 static int
   2684 validate_decorated(node *tree)
   2685 {
   2686     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2687     int ok = (validate_ntype(tree, decorated)
   2688               && (nch == 2)
   2689               && validate_decorators(RCHILD(tree, -2)));
   2690     if (TYPE(RCHILD(tree, -1)) == funcdef)
   2691         ok = ok && validate_funcdef(RCHILD(tree, -1));
   2692     else
   2693         ok = ok && validate_class(RCHILD(tree, -1));
   2694     return ok;
   2695 }
   2696 
   2697 static int
   2698 validate_lambdef(node *tree)
   2699 {
   2700     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2701     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, lambdef)
   2702                && ((nch == 3) || (nch == 4))
   2703                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "lambda")
   2704                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, nch - 2))
   2705                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, nch - 1)));
   2706 
   2707     if (res && (nch == 4))
   2708         res = validate_varargslist(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2709     else if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   2710         (void) validate_numnodes(tree, 3, "lambdef");
   2711 
   2712     return (res);
   2713 }
   2714 
   2715 
   2716 static int
   2717 validate_old_lambdef(node *tree)
   2718 {
   2719     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2720     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, old_lambdef)
   2721                && ((nch == 3) || (nch == 4))
   2722                && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "lambda")
   2723                && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, nch - 2))
   2724                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, nch - 1)));
   2725 
   2726     if (res && (nch == 4))
   2727         res = validate_varargslist(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2728     else if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   2729         (void) validate_numnodes(tree, 3, "old_lambdef");
   2730 
   2731     return (res);
   2732 }
   2733 
   2734 
   2735 /*  arglist:
   2736  *
   2737  *  (argument ',')* (argument [','] | '*' test [',' '**' test] | '**' test)
   2738  */
   2739 static int
   2740 validate_arglist(node *tree)
   2741 {
   2742     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2743     int i = 0;
   2744     int ok = 1;
   2745 
   2746     if (nch <= 0)
   2747         /* raise the right error from having an invalid number of children */
   2748         return validate_numnodes(tree, nch + 1, "arglist");
   2749 
   2750     if (nch > 1) {
   2751         for (i=0; i<nch; i++) {
   2752             if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, i)) == argument) {
   2753                 node *ch = CHILD(tree, i);
   2754                 if (NCH(ch) == 2 && TYPE(CHILD(ch, 1)) == comp_for) {
   2755                     err_string("need '(', ')' for generator expression");
   2756                     return 0;
   2757                 }
   2758             }
   2759         }
   2760     }
   2761 
   2762     while (ok && nch-i >= 2) {
   2763         /* skip leading (argument ',') */
   2764         ok = (validate_argument(CHILD(tree, i))
   2765               && validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   2766         if (ok)
   2767             i += 2;
   2768         else
   2769             PyErr_Clear();
   2770     }
   2771     ok = 1;
   2772     if (nch-i > 0) {
   2773         /*
   2774          * argument | '*' test [',' '**' test] | '**' test
   2775          */
   2776         int sym = TYPE(CHILD(tree, i));
   2777 
   2778         if (sym == argument) {
   2779             ok = validate_argument(CHILD(tree, i));
   2780             if (ok && i+1 != nch) {
   2781                 err_string("illegal arglist specification"
   2782                            " (extra stuff on end)");
   2783                 ok = 0;
   2784             }
   2785         }
   2786         else if (sym == STAR) {
   2787             ok = validate_star(CHILD(tree, i));
   2788             if (ok && (nch-i == 2))
   2789                 ok = validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1));
   2790             else if (ok && (nch-i == 5))
   2791                 ok = (validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1))
   2792                       && validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i+2))
   2793                       && validate_doublestar(CHILD(tree, i+3))
   2794                       && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+4)));
   2795             else {
   2796                 err_string("illegal use of '*' in arglist");
   2797                 ok = 0;
   2798             }
   2799         }
   2800         else if (sym == DOUBLESTAR) {
   2801             if (nch-i == 2)
   2802                 ok = (validate_doublestar(CHILD(tree, i))
   2803                       && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   2804             else {
   2805                 err_string("illegal use of '**' in arglist");
   2806                 ok = 0;
   2807             }
   2808         }
   2809         else {
   2810             err_string("illegal arglist specification");
   2811             ok = 0;
   2812         }
   2813     }
   2814     return (ok);
   2815 }
   2816 
   2817 
   2818 
   2819 /*  argument:
   2820  *
   2821  *  [test '='] test [comp_for]
   2822  */
   2823 static int
   2824 validate_argument(node *tree)
   2825 {
   2826     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2827     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, argument)
   2828                && ((nch == 1) || (nch == 2) || (nch == 3))
   2829                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   2830 
   2831     if (res && (nch == 2))
   2832         res = validate_comp_for(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2833     else if (res && (nch == 3))
   2834         res = (validate_equal(CHILD(tree, 1))
   2835                && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 2)));
   2836 
   2837     return (res);
   2838 }
   2839 
   2840 
   2841 
   2842 /*  trailer:
   2843  *
   2844  *  '(' [arglist] ')' | '[' subscriptlist ']' | '.' NAME
   2845  */
   2846 static int
   2847 validate_trailer(node *tree)
   2848 {
   2849     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2850     int res = validate_ntype(tree, trailer) && ((nch == 2) || (nch == 3));
   2851 
   2852     if (res) {
   2853         switch (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0))) {
   2854           case LPAR:
   2855             res = validate_rparen(CHILD(tree, nch - 1));
   2856             if (res && (nch == 3))
   2857                 res = validate_arglist(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2858             break;
   2859           case LSQB:
   2860             res = (validate_numnodes(tree, 3, "trailer")
   2861                    && validate_subscriptlist(CHILD(tree, 1))
   2862                    && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 2), RSQB));
   2863             break;
   2864           case DOT:
   2865             res = (validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "trailer")
   2866                    && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, 1), NAME));
   2867             break;
   2868           default:
   2869             res = 0;
   2870             break;
   2871         }
   2872     }
   2873     else {
   2874         (void) validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "trailer");
   2875     }
   2876     return (res);
   2877 }
   2878 
   2879 
   2880 /*  subscriptlist:
   2881  *
   2882  *  subscript (',' subscript)* [',']
   2883  */
   2884 static int
   2885 validate_subscriptlist(node *tree)
   2886 {
   2887     return (validate_repeating_list(tree, subscriptlist,
   2888                                     validate_subscript, "subscriptlist"));
   2889 }
   2890 
   2891 
   2892 /*  subscript:
   2893  *
   2894  *  '.' '.' '.' | test | [test] ':' [test] [sliceop]
   2895  */
   2896 static int
   2897 validate_subscript(node *tree)
   2898 {
   2899     int offset = 0;
   2900     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2901     int res = validate_ntype(tree, subscript) && (nch >= 1) && (nch <= 4);
   2902 
   2903     if (!res) {
   2904         if (!PyErr_Occurred())
   2905             err_string("invalid number of arguments for subscript node");
   2906         return (0);
   2907     }
   2908     if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == DOT)
   2909         /* take care of ('.' '.' '.') possibility */
   2910         return (validate_numnodes(tree, 3, "subscript")
   2911                 && validate_dot(CHILD(tree, 0))
   2912                 && validate_dot(CHILD(tree, 1))
   2913                 && validate_dot(CHILD(tree, 2)));
   2914     if (nch == 1) {
   2915         if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == test)
   2916             res = validate_test(CHILD(tree, 0));
   2917         else
   2918             res = validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 0));
   2919         return (res);
   2920     }
   2921     /*  Must be [test] ':' [test] [sliceop],
   2922      *  but at least one of the optional components will
   2923      *  be present, but we don't know which yet.
   2924      */
   2925     if ((TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) != COLON) || (nch == 4)) {
   2926         res = validate_test(CHILD(tree, 0));
   2927         offset = 1;
   2928     }
   2929     if (res)
   2930         res = validate_colon(CHILD(tree, offset));
   2931     if (res) {
   2932         int rem = nch - ++offset;
   2933         if (rem) {
   2934             if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, offset)) == test) {
   2935                 res = validate_test(CHILD(tree, offset));
   2936                 ++offset;
   2937                 --rem;
   2938             }
   2939             if (res && rem)
   2940                 res = validate_sliceop(CHILD(tree, offset));
   2941         }
   2942     }
   2943     return (res);
   2944 }
   2945 
   2946 
   2947 static int
   2948 validate_sliceop(node *tree)
   2949 {
   2950     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2951     int res = ((nch == 1) || validate_numnodes(tree, 2, "sliceop"))
   2952               && validate_ntype(tree, sliceop);
   2953     if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred()) {
   2954         res = validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "sliceop");
   2955     }
   2956     if (res)
   2957         res = validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 0));
   2958     if (res && (nch == 2))
   2959         res = validate_test(CHILD(tree, 1));
   2960 
   2961     return (res);
   2962 }
   2963 
   2964 
   2965 static int
   2966 validate_exprlist(node *tree)
   2967 {
   2968     return (validate_repeating_list(tree, exprlist,
   2969                                     validate_expr, "exprlist"));
   2970 }
   2971 
   2972 
   2973 /*
   2974  * dictorsetmaker:
   2975  *
   2976  * (test ':' test (comp_for | (',' test ':' test)* [','])) |
   2977  * (test (comp_for | (',' test)* [',']))
   2978  */
   2979 static int
   2980 validate_dictorsetmaker(node *tree)
   2981 {
   2982     int nch = NCH(tree);
   2983     int ok = validate_ntype(tree, dictorsetmaker);
   2984     int i = 0;
   2985     int check_trailing_comma = 0;
   2986 
   2987     assert(nch > 0);
   2988 
   2989     if (ok && (nch == 1 || TYPE(CHILD(tree, 1)) == COMMA)) {
   2990         /* We got a set:
   2991          *     test (',' test)* [',']
   2992          */
   2993         ok = validate_test(CHILD(tree, i++));
   2994         while (ok && nch - i >= 2) {
   2995             ok = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i))
   2996                    && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1)));
   2997             i += 2;
   2998         }
   2999         check_trailing_comma = 1;
   3000     }
   3001     else if (ok && TYPE(CHILD(tree, 1)) == comp_for) {
   3002         /* We got a set comprehension:
   3003          *     test comp_for
   3004          */
   3005         ok = (validate_test(CHILD(tree, 0))
   3006               && validate_comp_for(CHILD(tree, 1)));
   3007     }
   3008     else if (ok && NCH(tree) > 3 && TYPE(CHILD(tree, 3)) == comp_for) {
   3009         /* We got a dict comprehension:
   3010          *     test ':' test comp_for
   3011          */
   3012         ok = (validate_test(CHILD(tree, 0))
   3013               && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, 1))
   3014               && validate_test(CHILD(tree, 2))
   3015               && validate_comp_for(CHILD(tree, 3)));
   3016     }
   3017     else if (ok) {
   3018         /* We got a dict:
   3019          *     test ':' test (',' test ':' test)* [',']
   3020          */
   3021         if (nch >= 3) {
   3022             ok = (validate_test(CHILD(tree, i))
   3023                   && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, i+1))
   3024                   && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+2)));
   3025             i += 3;
   3026         }
   3027         else {
   3028             ok = 0;
   3029             err_string("illegal number of nodes for dictorsetmaker");
   3030         }
   3031 
   3032         while (ok && nch - i >= 4) {
   3033             ok = (validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i))
   3034                   && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+1))
   3035                   && validate_colon(CHILD(tree, i+2))
   3036                   && validate_test(CHILD(tree, i+3)));
   3037             i += 4;
   3038         }
   3039         check_trailing_comma = 1;
   3040     }
   3041     if (ok && check_trailing_comma) {
   3042         if (i == nch-1)
   3043             ok = validate_comma(CHILD(tree, i));
   3044         else if (i != nch) {
   3045             ok = 0;
   3046             err_string("illegal trailing nodes for dictorsetmaker");
   3047         }
   3048     }
   3049 
   3050     return ok;
   3051 }
   3052 
   3053 
   3054 static int
   3055 validate_eval_input(node *tree)
   3056 {
   3057     int pos;
   3058     int nch = NCH(tree);
   3059     int res = (validate_ntype(tree, eval_input)
   3060                && (nch >= 2)
   3061                && validate_testlist(CHILD(tree, 0))
   3062                && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, nch - 1), ENDMARKER));
   3063 
   3064     for (pos = 1; res && (pos < (nch - 1)); ++pos)
   3065         res = validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, pos), NEWLINE);
   3066 
   3067     return (res);
   3068 }
   3069 
   3070 
   3071 static int
   3072 validate_node(node *tree)
   3073 {
   3074     int   nch  = 0;                     /* num. children on current node  */
   3075     int   res  = 1;                     /* result value                   */
   3076     node* next = 0;                     /* node to process after this one */
   3077 
   3078     while (res && (tree != 0)) {
   3079         nch  = NCH(tree);
   3080         next = 0;
   3081         switch (TYPE(tree)) {
   3082             /*
   3083              *  Definition nodes.
   3084              */
   3085           case funcdef:
   3086             res = validate_funcdef(tree);
   3087             break;
   3088           case with_stmt:
   3089             res = validate_with_stmt(tree);
   3090             break;
   3091           case classdef:
   3092             res = validate_class(tree);
   3093             break;
   3094           case decorated:
   3095             res = validate_decorated(tree);
   3096             break;
   3097             /*
   3098              *  "Trivial" parse tree nodes.
   3099              *  (Why did I call these trivial?)
   3100              */
   3101           case stmt:
   3102             res = validate_stmt(tree);
   3103             break;
   3104           case small_stmt:
   3105             /*
   3106              *  expr_stmt | print_stmt | del_stmt | pass_stmt | flow_stmt
   3107              *  | import_stmt | global_stmt | exec_stmt | assert_stmt
   3108              */
   3109             res = validate_small_stmt(tree);
   3110             break;
   3111           case flow_stmt:
   3112             res  = (validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "flow_stmt")
   3113                     && ((TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == break_stmt)
   3114                         || (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == continue_stmt)
   3115                         || (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == yield_stmt)
   3116                         || (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == return_stmt)
   3117                         || (TYPE(CHILD(tree, 0)) == raise_stmt)));
   3118             if (res)
   3119                 next = CHILD(tree, 0);
   3120             else if (nch == 1)
   3121                 err_string("illegal flow_stmt type");
   3122             break;
   3123           case yield_stmt:
   3124             res = validate_yield_stmt(tree);
   3125             break;
   3126             /*
   3127              *  Compound statements.
   3128              */
   3129           case simple_stmt:
   3130             res = validate_simple_stmt(tree);
   3131             break;
   3132           case compound_stmt:
   3133             res = validate_compound_stmt(tree);
   3134             break;
   3135             /*
   3136              *  Fundamental statements.
   3137              */
   3138           case expr_stmt:
   3139             res = validate_expr_stmt(tree);
   3140             break;
   3141           case print_stmt:
   3142             res = validate_print_stmt(tree);
   3143             break;
   3144           case del_stmt:
   3145             res = validate_del_stmt(tree);
   3146             break;
   3147           case pass_stmt:
   3148             res = (validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "pass")
   3149                    && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "pass"));
   3150             break;
   3151           case break_stmt:
   3152             res = (validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "break")
   3153                    && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "break"));
   3154             break;
   3155           case continue_stmt:
   3156             res = (validate_numnodes(tree, 1, "continue")
   3157                    && validate_name(CHILD(tree, 0), "continue"));
   3158             break;
   3159           case return_stmt:
   3160             res = validate_return_stmt(tree);
   3161             break;
   3162           case raise_stmt:
   3163             res = validate_raise_stmt(tree);
   3164             break;
   3165           case import_stmt:
   3166             res = validate_import_stmt(tree);
   3167             break;
   3168           case import_name:
   3169             res = validate_import_name(tree);
   3170             break;
   3171           case import_from:
   3172             res = validate_import_from(tree);
   3173             break;
   3174           case global_stmt:
   3175             res = validate_global_stmt(tree);
   3176             break;
   3177           case exec_stmt:
   3178             res = validate_exec_stmt(tree);
   3179             break;
   3180           case assert_stmt:
   3181             res = validate_assert_stmt(tree);
   3182             break;
   3183           case if_stmt:
   3184             res = validate_if(tree);
   3185             break;
   3186           case while_stmt:
   3187             res = validate_while(tree);
   3188             break;
   3189           case for_stmt:
   3190             res = validate_for(tree);
   3191             break;
   3192           case try_stmt:
   3193             res = validate_try(tree);
   3194             break;
   3195           case suite:
   3196             res = validate_suite(tree);
   3197             break;
   3198             /*
   3199              *  Expression nodes.
   3200              */
   3201           case testlist:
   3202             res = validate_testlist(tree);
   3203             break;
   3204           case yield_expr:
   3205             res = validate_yield_expr(tree);
   3206             break;
   3207           case testlist1:
   3208             res = validate_testlist1(tree);
   3209             break;
   3210           case test:
   3211             res = validate_test(tree);
   3212             break;
   3213           case and_test:
   3214             res = validate_and_test(tree);
   3215             break;
   3216           case not_test:
   3217             res = validate_not_test(tree);
   3218             break;
   3219           case comparison:
   3220             res = validate_comparison(tree);
   3221             break;
   3222           case exprlist:
   3223             res = validate_exprlist(tree);
   3224             break;
   3225           case comp_op:
   3226             res = validate_comp_op(tree);
   3227             break;
   3228           case expr:
   3229             res = validate_expr(tree);
   3230             break;
   3231           case xor_expr:
   3232             res = validate_xor_expr(tree);
   3233             break;
   3234           case and_expr:
   3235             res = validate_and_expr(tree);
   3236             break;
   3237           case shift_expr:
   3238             res = validate_shift_expr(tree);
   3239             break;
   3240           case arith_expr:
   3241             res = validate_arith_expr(tree);
   3242             break;
   3243           case term:
   3244             res = validate_term(tree);
   3245             break;
   3246           case factor:
   3247             res = validate_factor(tree);
   3248             break;
   3249           case power:
   3250             res = validate_power(tree);
   3251             break;
   3252           case atom:
   3253             res = validate_atom(tree);
   3254             break;
   3255 
   3256           default:
   3257             /* Hopefully never reached! */
   3258             err_string("unrecognized node type");
   3259             res = 0;
   3260             break;
   3261         }
   3262         tree = next;
   3263     }
   3264     return (res);
   3265 }
   3266 
   3267 
   3268 static int
   3269 validate_expr_tree(node *tree)
   3270 {
   3271     int res = validate_eval_input(tree);
   3272 
   3273     if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   3274         err_string("could not validate expression tuple");
   3275 
   3276     return (res);
   3277 }
   3278 
   3279 
   3280 /*  file_input:
   3281  *      (NEWLINE | stmt)* ENDMARKER
   3282  */
   3283 static int
   3284 validate_file_input(node *tree)
   3285 {
   3286     int j;
   3287     int nch = NCH(tree) - 1;
   3288     int res = ((nch >= 0)
   3289                && validate_ntype(CHILD(tree, nch), ENDMARKER));
   3290 
   3291     for (j = 0; res && (j < nch); ++j) {
   3292         if (TYPE(CHILD(tree, j)) == stmt)
   3293             res = validate_stmt(CHILD(tree, j));
   3294         else
   3295             res = validate_newline(CHILD(tree, j));
   3296     }
   3297     /*  This stays in to prevent any internal failures from getting to the
   3298      *  user.  Hopefully, this won't be needed.  If a user reports getting
   3299      *  this, we have some debugging to do.
   3300      */
   3301     if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   3302         err_string("VALIDATION FAILURE: report this to the maintainer!");
   3303 
   3304     return (res);
   3305 }
   3306 
   3307 static int
   3308 validate_encoding_decl(node *tree)
   3309 {
   3310     int nch = NCH(tree);
   3311     int res = ((nch == 1)
   3312         && validate_file_input(CHILD(tree, 0)));
   3313 
   3314     if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred())
   3315         err_string("Error Parsing encoding_decl");
   3316 
   3317     return res;
   3318 }
   3319 
   3320 static PyObject*
   3321 pickle_constructor = NULL;
   3322 
   3323 
   3324 static PyObject*
   3325 parser__pickler(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
   3326 {
   3327     NOTE(ARGUNUSED(self))
   3328     PyObject *result = NULL;
   3329     PyObject *st = NULL;
   3330     PyObject *empty_dict = NULL;
   3331 
   3332     if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O!:_pickler", &PyST_Type, &st)) {
   3333         PyObject *newargs;
   3334         PyObject *tuple;
   3335 
   3336         if ((empty_dict = PyDict_New()) == NULL)
   3337             goto finally;
   3338         if ((newargs = Py_BuildValue("Oi", st, 1)) == NULL)
   3339             goto finally;
   3340         tuple = parser_st2tuple((PyST_Object*)NULL, newargs, empty_dict);
   3341         if (tuple != NULL) {
   3342             result = Py_BuildValue("O(O)", pickle_constructor, tuple);
   3343             Py_DECREF(tuple);
   3344         }
   3345         Py_DECREF(empty_dict);
   3346         Py_DECREF(newargs);
   3347     }
   3348   finally:
   3349     Py_XDECREF(empty_dict);
   3350 
   3351     return (result);
   3352 }
   3353 
   3354 
   3355 /*  Functions exported by this module.  Most of this should probably
   3356  *  be converted into an ST object with methods, but that is better
   3357  *  done directly in Python, allowing subclasses to be created directly.
   3358  *  We'd really have to write a wrapper around it all anyway to allow
   3359  *  inheritance.
   3360  */
   3361 static PyMethodDef parser_functions[] =  {
   3362     {"ast2tuple",       (PyCFunction)parser_ast2tuple, PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3363         PyDoc_STR("Creates a tuple-tree representation of an ST.")},
   3364     {"ast2list",        (PyCFunction)parser_ast2list,  PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3365         PyDoc_STR("Creates a list-tree representation of an ST.")},
   3366     {"compileast",      (PyCFunction)parser_compileast,PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3367         PyDoc_STR("Compiles an ST object into a code object.")},
   3368     {"compilest",      (PyCFunction)parser_compilest,  PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3369         PyDoc_STR("Compiles an ST object into a code object.")},
   3370     {"expr",            (PyCFunction)parser_expr,      PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3371         PyDoc_STR("Creates an ST object from an expression.")},
   3372     {"isexpr",          (PyCFunction)parser_isexpr,    PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3373         PyDoc_STR("Determines if an ST object was created from an expression.")},
   3374     {"issuite",         (PyCFunction)parser_issuite,   PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3375         PyDoc_STR("Determines if an ST object was created from a suite.")},
   3376     {"suite",           (PyCFunction)parser_suite,     PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3377         PyDoc_STR("Creates an ST object from a suite.")},
   3378     {"sequence2ast",    (PyCFunction)parser_tuple2ast, PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3379         PyDoc_STR("Creates an ST object from a tree representation.")},
   3380     {"sequence2st",     (PyCFunction)parser_tuple2st,  PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3381         PyDoc_STR("Creates an ST object from a tree representation.")},
   3382     {"st2tuple",        (PyCFunction)parser_st2tuple,  PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3383         PyDoc_STR("Creates a tuple-tree representation of an ST.")},
   3384     {"st2list",         (PyCFunction)parser_st2list,   PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3385         PyDoc_STR("Creates a list-tree representation of an ST.")},
   3386     {"tuple2ast",       (PyCFunction)parser_tuple2ast, PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3387         PyDoc_STR("Creates an ST object from a tree representation.")},
   3388     {"tuple2st",        (PyCFunction)parser_tuple2st,  PUBLIC_METHOD_TYPE,
   3389         PyDoc_STR("Creates an ST object from a tree representation.")},
   3390 
   3391     /* private stuff: support pickle module */
   3392     {"_pickler",        (PyCFunction)parser__pickler,  METH_VARARGS,
   3393         PyDoc_STR("Returns the pickle magic to allow ST objects to be pickled.")},
   3394 
   3395     {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
   3396     };
   3397 
   3398 
   3399 PyMODINIT_FUNC initparser(void);  /* supply a prototype */
   3400 
   3401 PyMODINIT_FUNC
   3402 initparser(void)
   3403 {
   3404     PyObject *module, *copyreg;
   3405 
   3406     Py_TYPE(&PyST_Type) = &PyType_Type;
   3407     module = Py_InitModule("parser", parser_functions);
   3408     if (module == NULL)
   3409         return;
   3410 
   3411     if (parser_error == 0)
   3412         parser_error = PyErr_NewException("parser.ParserError", NULL, NULL);
   3413 
   3414     if (parser_error == 0)
   3415         /* caller will check PyErr_Occurred() */
   3416         return;
   3417     /* CAUTION:  The code next used to skip bumping the refcount on
   3418      * parser_error.  That's a disaster if initparser() gets called more
   3419      * than once.  By incref'ing, we ensure that each module dict that
   3420      * gets created owns its reference to the shared parser_error object,
   3421      * and the file static parser_error vrbl owns a reference too.
   3422      */
   3423     Py_INCREF(parser_error);
   3424     if (PyModule_AddObject(module, "ParserError", parser_error) != 0)
   3425         return;
   3426 
   3427     Py_INCREF(&PyST_Type);
   3428     PyModule_AddObject(module, "ASTType", (PyObject*)&PyST_Type);
   3429     Py_INCREF(&PyST_Type);
   3430     PyModule_AddObject(module, "STType", (PyObject*)&PyST_Type);
   3431 
   3432     PyModule_AddStringConstant(module, "__copyright__",
   3433                                parser_copyright_string);
   3434     PyModule_AddStringConstant(module, "__doc__",
   3435                                parser_doc_string);
   3436     PyModule_AddStringConstant(module, "__version__",
   3437                                parser_version_string);
   3438 
   3439     /* Register to support pickling.
   3440      * If this fails, the import of this module will fail because an
   3441      * exception will be raised here; should we clear the exception?
   3442      */
   3443     copyreg = PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock("copy_reg");
   3444     if (copyreg != NULL) {
   3445         PyObject *func, *pickler;
   3446 
   3447         func = PyObject_GetAttrString(copyreg, "pickle");
   3448         pickle_constructor = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, "sequence2st");
   3449         pickler = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, "_pickler");
   3450         Py_XINCREF(pickle_constructor);
   3451         if ((func != NULL) && (pickle_constructor != NULL)
   3452             && (pickler != NULL)) {
   3453             PyObject *res;
   3454 
   3455             res = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(func, &PyST_Type, pickler,
   3456                                                pickle_constructor, NULL);
   3457             Py_XDECREF(res);
   3458         }
   3459         Py_XDECREF(func);
   3460         Py_XDECREF(pickle_constructor);
   3461         Py_XDECREF(pickler);
   3462         Py_DECREF(copyreg);
   3463     }
   3464 }
   3465