1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> 2 <HTML 3 ><HEAD 4 ><TITLE 5 >Video for Linux Two API Specification</TITLE 6 ><META 7 NAME="GENERATOR" 8 CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK 9 REL="NEXT" 10 TITLE="Introduction" 11 HREF="f163.htm"></HEAD 12 ><BODY 13 CLASS="BOOK" 14 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" 15 TEXT="#000000" 16 LINK="#0000FF" 17 VLINK="#840084" 18 ALINK="#0000FF" 19 ><DIV 20 CLASS="BOOK" 21 ><A 22 NAME="V4L2SPEC" 23 ></A 24 ><DIV 25 CLASS="TITLEPAGE" 26 ><H1 27 CLASS="TITLE" 28 ><A 29 NAME="AEN2" 30 >Video for Linux Two API Specification</A 31 ></H1 32 ><H2 33 CLASS="SUBTITLE" 34 >Revision 0.24</H2 35 ><H3 36 CLASS="AUTHOR" 37 ><A 38 NAME="AEN6" 39 ></A 40 >Michael H Schimek</H3 41 ><DIV 42 CLASS="AFFILIATION" 43 ><DIV 44 CLASS="ADDRESS" 45 ><P 46 CLASS="ADDRESS" 47 > <CODE 48 CLASS="EMAIL" 49 ><<A 50 HREF="mailto:mschimek (a] gmx.at" 51 >mschimek (a] gmx.at</A 52 >></CODE 53 ><br> 54 </P 55 ></DIV 56 ></DIV 57 ><H3 58 CLASS="AUTHOR" 59 ><A 60 NAME="AEN13" 61 ></A 62 >Bill Dirks</H3 63 ><H3 64 CLASS="AUTHOR" 65 ><A 66 NAME="AEN17" 67 ></A 68 >Hans Verkuil</H3 69 ><H3 70 CLASS="AUTHOR" 71 ><A 72 NAME="AEN21" 73 ></A 74 >Martin Rubli</H3 75 ><P 76 CLASS="COPYRIGHT" 77 >Copyright © 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Bill Dirks, Michael H. Schimek, Hans Verkuil, Martin 78 Rubli</P 79 ><DIV 80 CLASS="LEGALNOTICE" 81 ><P 82 ></P 83 ><A 84 NAME="AEN37" 85 ></A 86 ><P 87 >This document is copyrighted © 1999-2008 by Bill 88 Dirks, Michael H. Schimek, Hans Verkuil and Martin Rubli.</P 89 ><P 90 >Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify 91 this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, 92 Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software 93 Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and 94 with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the 95 appendix entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".</P 96 ><P 97 >Programming examples can be used and distributed without 98 restrictions.</P 99 ><P 100 ></P 101 ></DIV 102 ><HR></DIV 103 ><DIV 104 CLASS="TOC" 105 ><DL 106 ><DT 107 ><B 108 >Table of Contents</B 109 ></DT 110 ><DT 111 ><A 112 HREF="f163.htm" 113 >Introduction</A 114 ></DT 115 ><DT 116 >1. <A 117 HREF="c174.htm" 118 >Common API Elements</A 119 ></DT 120 ><DD 121 ><DL 122 ><DT 123 >1.1. <A 124 HREF="c174.htm#OPEN" 125 >Opening and Closing Devices</A 126 ></DT 127 ><DD 128 ><DL 129 ><DT 130 >1.1.1. <A 131 HREF="c174.htm#AEN194" 132 >Device Naming</A 133 ></DT 134 ><DT 135 >1.1.2. <A 136 HREF="c174.htm#RELATED" 137 >Related Devices</A 138 ></DT 139 ><DT 140 >1.1.3. <A 141 HREF="c174.htm#AEN249" 142 >Multiple Opens</A 143 ></DT 144 ><DT 145 >1.1.4. <A 146 HREF="c174.htm#AEN270" 147 >Shared Data Streams</A 148 ></DT 149 ><DT 150 >1.1.5. <A 151 HREF="c174.htm#AEN273" 152 >Functions</A 153 ></DT 154 ></DL 155 ></DD 156 ><DT 157 >1.2. <A 158 HREF="x282.htm" 159 >Querying Capabilities</A 160 ></DT 161 ><DT 162 >1.3. <A 163 HREF="x294.htm" 164 >Application Priority</A 165 ></DT 166 ><DT 167 >1.4. <A 168 HREF="x309.htm" 169 >Video Inputs and Outputs</A 170 ></DT 171 ><DT 172 >1.5. <A 173 HREF="x341.htm" 174 >Audio Inputs and Outputs</A 175 ></DT 176 ><DT 177 >1.6. <A 178 HREF="x394.htm" 179 >Tuners and Modulators</A 180 ></DT 181 ><DD 182 ><DL 183 ><DT 184 >1.6.1. <A 185 HREF="x394.htm#AEN396" 186 >Tuners</A 187 ></DT 188 ><DT 189 >1.6.2. <A 190 HREF="x394.htm#AEN418" 191 >Modulators</A 192 ></DT 193 ><DT 194 >1.6.3. <A 195 HREF="x394.htm#AEN437" 196 >Radio Frequency</A 197 ></DT 198 ><DT 199 >1.6.4. <A 200 HREF="x394.htm#AEN445" 201 >Satellite Receivers</A 202 ></DT 203 ></DL 204 ></DD 205 ><DT 206 >1.7. <A 207 HREF="x448.htm" 208 >Video Standards</A 209 ></DT 210 ><DT 211 >1.8. <A 212 HREF="x542.htm" 213 >User Controls</A 214 ></DT 215 ><DT 216 >1.9. <A 217 HREF="x802.htm" 218 >Extended Controls</A 219 ></DT 220 ><DD 221 ><DL 222 ><DT 223 >1.9.1. <A 224 HREF="x802.htm#AEN804" 225 >Introduction</A 226 ></DT 227 ><DT 228 >1.9.2. <A 229 HREF="x802.htm#AEN809" 230 >The Extended Control API</A 231 ></DT 232 ><DT 233 >1.9.3. <A 234 HREF="x802.htm#AEN840" 235 >Enumerating Extended Controls</A 236 ></DT 237 ><DT 238 >1.9.4. <A 239 HREF="x802.htm#AEN867" 240 >Creating Control Panels</A 241 ></DT 242 ><DT 243 >1.9.5. <A 244 HREF="x802.htm#MPEG-CONTROLS" 245 >MPEG Control Reference</A 246 ></DT 247 ><DT 248 >1.9.6. <A 249 HREF="x802.htm#CAMERA-CONTROLS" 250 >Camera Control Reference</A 251 ></DT 252 ></DL 253 ></DD 254 ><DT 255 >1.10. <A 256 HREF="x1859.htm" 257 >Data Formats</A 258 ></DT 259 ><DD 260 ><DL 261 ><DT 262 >1.10.1. <A 263 HREF="x1859.htm#AEN1861" 264 >Data Format Negotiation</A 265 ></DT 266 ><DT 267 >1.10.2. <A 268 HREF="x1859.htm#AEN1894" 269 >Image Format Enumeration</A 270 ></DT 271 ></DL 272 ></DD 273 ><DT 274 >1.11. <A 275 HREF="x1904.htm" 276 >Image Cropping, Insertion and Scaling</A 277 ></DT 278 ><DD 279 ><DL 280 ><DT 281 >1.11.1. <A 282 HREF="x1904.htm#AEN1926" 283 >Cropping Structures</A 284 ></DT 285 ><DT 286 >1.11.2. <A 287 HREF="x1904.htm#AEN1954" 288 >Scaling Adjustments</A 289 ></DT 290 ><DT 291 >1.11.3. <A 292 HREF="x1904.htm#AEN1969" 293 >Examples</A 294 ></DT 295 ></DL 296 ></DD 297 ><DT 298 >1.12. <A 299 HREF="x2009.htm" 300 >Streaming Parameters</A 301 ></DT 302 ></DL 303 ></DD 304 ><DT 305 >2. <A 306 HREF="c2030.htm" 307 >Image Formats</A 308 ></DT 309 ><DD 310 ><DL 311 ><DT 312 >2.1. <A 313 HREF="c2030.htm#AEN2113" 314 >Standard Image Formats</A 315 ></DT 316 ><DT 317 >2.2. <A 318 HREF="x2123.htm" 319 >Colorspaces</A 320 ></DT 321 ><DT 322 >2.3. <A 323 HREF="x2428.htm" 324 >Indexed Format</A 325 ></DT 326 ><DT 327 >2.4. <A 328 HREF="x2490.htm" 329 >RGB Formats</A 330 ></DT 331 ><DD 332 ><DL 333 ><DT 334 ><A 335 HREF="r2492.htm" 336 >Packed RGB formats</A 337 > -- Packed RGB formats</DT 338 ><DT 339 ><A 340 HREF="r3735.htm" 341 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_SBGGR8 ('BA81')</A 342 > -- Bayer RGB format</DT 343 ><DT 344 ><A 345 HREF="r3796.htm" 346 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_SBGGR16 ('BA82')</A 347 > -- Bayer RGB format</DT 348 ></DL 349 ></DD 350 ><DT 351 >2.5. <A 352 HREF="x3891.htm" 353 >YUV Formats</A 354 ></DT 355 ><DD 356 ><DL 357 ><DT 358 ><A 359 HREF="r3896.htm" 360 >Packed YUV formats</A 361 > -- Packed YUV formats</DT 362 ><DT 363 ><A 364 HREF="r4185.htm" 365 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_GREY ('GREY')</A 366 > -- Grey-scale image</DT 367 ><DT 368 ><A 369 HREF="r4246.htm" 370 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_Y16 ('Y16 ')</A 371 > -- Grey-scale image</DT 372 ><DT 373 ><A 374 HREF="r4339.htm" 375 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUYV ('YUYV')</A 376 > -- Packed format with ½ horizontal chroma 377 resolution, also known as YUV 4:2:2</DT 378 ><DT 379 ><A 380 HREF="r4484.htm" 381 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_UYVY ('UYVY')</A 382 > -- Variation of 383 <CODE 384 CLASS="CONSTANT" 385 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUYV</CODE 386 > with different order of samples 387 in memory</DT 388 ><DT 389 ><A 390 HREF="r4629.htm" 391 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_Y41P ('Y41P')</A 392 > -- Format with ¼ horizontal chroma 393 resolution, also known as YUV 4:1:1</DT 394 ><DT 395 ><A 396 HREF="r4850.htm" 397 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_YVU420 ('YV12'), V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUV420 ('YU12')</A 398 > -- Planar formats with ½ horizontal and 399 vertical chroma resolution, also known as YUV 4:2:0</DT 400 ><DT 401 ><A 402 HREF="r5016.htm" 403 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_YVU410 ('YVU9'), V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUV410 ('YUV9')</A 404 > -- Planar formats with ¼ horizontal and 405 vertical chroma resolution, also known as YUV 4:1:0</DT 406 ><DT 407 ><A 408 HREF="r5154.htm" 409 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUV422P ('422P')</A 410 > -- Format with ½ horizontal chroma resolution, 411 also known as YUV 4:2:2. Planar layout as opposed to 412 <CODE 413 CLASS="CONSTANT" 414 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUYV</CODE 415 ></DT 416 ><DT 417 ><A 418 HREF="r5319.htm" 419 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUV411P ('411P')</A 420 > -- Format with ¼ horizontal chroma resolution, 421 also known as YUV 4:1:1. Planar layout as opposed to 422 <CODE 423 CLASS="CONSTANT" 424 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_Y41P</CODE 425 ></DT 426 ><DT 427 ><A 428 HREF="r5470.htm" 429 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_NV12 ('NV12'), V4L2_PIX_FMT_NV21 ('NV21')</A 430 > -- Formats with ½ horizontal and vertical 431 chroma resolution, also known as YUV 4:2:0. One luminance and one 432 chrominance plane with alternating chroma samples as opposed to 433 <CODE 434 CLASS="CONSTANT" 435 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_YVU420</CODE 436 ></DT 437 ></DL 438 ></DD 439 ><DT 440 >2.6. <A 441 HREF="x5634.htm" 442 >Compressed Formats</A 443 ></DT 444 ><DT 445 >2.7. <A 446 HREF="x5665.htm" 447 >Reserved Format Identifiers</A 448 ></DT 449 ></DL 450 ></DD 451 ><DT 452 >3. <A 453 HREF="c5742.htm" 454 >Input/Output</A 455 ></DT 456 ><DD 457 ><DL 458 ><DT 459 >3.1. <A 460 HREF="c5742.htm#RW" 461 >Read/Write</A 462 ></DT 463 ><DT 464 >3.2. <A 465 HREF="x5791.htm" 466 >Streaming I/O (Memory Mapping)</A 467 ></DT 468 ><DT 469 >3.3. <A 470 HREF="x5884.htm" 471 >Streaming I/O (User Pointers)</A 472 ></DT 473 ><DT 474 >3.4. <A 475 HREF="x5950.htm" 476 >Asynchronous I/O</A 477 ></DT 478 ><DT 479 >3.5. <A 480 HREF="x5953.htm" 481 >Buffers</A 482 ></DT 483 ><DD 484 ><DL 485 ><DT 486 >3.5.1. <A 487 HREF="x5953.htm#AEN6266" 488 >Timecodes</A 489 ></DT 490 ></DL 491 ></DD 492 ><DT 493 >3.6. <A 494 HREF="x6386.htm" 495 >Field Order</A 496 ></DT 497 ></DL 498 ></DD 499 ><DT 500 >4. <A 501 HREF="c6488.htm" 502 >Interfaces</A 503 ></DT 504 ><DD 505 ><DL 506 ><DT 507 >4.1. <A 508 HREF="c6488.htm#CAPTURE" 509 >Video Capture Interface</A 510 ></DT 511 ><DD 512 ><DL 513 ><DT 514 >4.1.1. <A 515 HREF="c6488.htm#AEN6498" 516 >Querying Capabilities</A 517 ></DT 518 ><DT 519 >4.1.2. <A 520 HREF="c6488.htm#AEN6510" 521 >Supplemental Functions</A 522 ></DT 523 ><DT 524 >4.1.3. <A 525 HREF="c6488.htm#AEN6520" 526 >Image Format Negotiation</A 527 ></DT 528 ><DT 529 >4.1.4. <A 530 HREF="c6488.htm#AEN6563" 531 >Reading Images</A 532 ></DT 533 ></DL 534 ></DD 535 ><DT 536 >4.2. <A 537 HREF="x6570.htm" 538 >Video Overlay Interface</A 539 ></DT 540 ><DD 541 ><DL 542 ><DT 543 >4.2.1. <A 544 HREF="x6570.htm#AEN6587" 545 >Querying Capabilities</A 546 ></DT 547 ><DT 548 >4.2.2. <A 549 HREF="x6570.htm#AEN6595" 550 >Supplemental Functions</A 551 ></DT 552 ><DT 553 >4.2.3. <A 554 HREF="x6570.htm#AEN6605" 555 >Setup</A 556 ></DT 557 ><DT 558 >4.2.4. <A 559 HREF="x6570.htm#AEN6635" 560 >Overlay Window</A 561 ></DT 562 ><DT 563 >4.2.5. <A 564 HREF="x6570.htm#AEN6826" 565 >Enabling Overlay</A 566 ></DT 567 ></DL 568 ></DD 569 ><DT 570 >4.3. <A 571 HREF="x6831.htm" 572 >Video Output Interface</A 573 ></DT 574 ><DD 575 ><DL 576 ><DT 577 >4.3.1. <A 578 HREF="x6831.htm#AEN6839" 579 >Querying Capabilities</A 580 ></DT 581 ><DT 582 >4.3.2. <A 583 HREF="x6831.htm#AEN6849" 584 >Supplemental Functions</A 585 ></DT 586 ><DT 587 >4.3.3. <A 588 HREF="x6831.htm#AEN6859" 589 >Image Format Negotiation</A 590 ></DT 591 ><DT 592 >4.3.4. <A 593 HREF="x6831.htm#AEN6902" 594 >Writing Images</A 595 ></DT 596 ></DL 597 ></DD 598 ><DT 599 >4.4. <A 600 HREF="x6909.htm" 601 >Video Output Overlay Interface</A 602 ></DT 603 ><DD 604 ><DL 605 ><DT 606 >4.4.1. <A 607 HREF="x6909.htm#AEN6923" 608 >Querying Capabilities</A 609 ></DT 610 ><DT 611 >4.4.2. <A 612 HREF="x6909.htm#AEN6932" 613 >Framebuffer</A 614 ></DT 615 ><DT 616 >4.4.3. <A 617 HREF="x6909.htm#AEN6953" 618 >Overlay Window and Scaling</A 619 ></DT 620 ><DT 621 >4.4.4. <A 622 HREF="x6909.htm#AEN6987" 623 >Enabling Overlay</A 624 ></DT 625 ></DL 626 ></DD 627 ><DT 628 >4.5. <A 629 HREF="x6991.htm" 630 >Codec Interface</A 631 ></DT 632 ><DT 633 >4.6. <A 634 HREF="x7002.htm" 635 >Effect Devices Interface</A 636 ></DT 637 ><DT 638 >4.7. <A 639 HREF="x7013.htm" 640 >Raw VBI Data Interface</A 641 ></DT 642 ><DD 643 ><DL 644 ><DT 645 >4.7.1. <A 646 HREF="x7013.htm#AEN7029" 647 >Querying Capabilities</A 648 ></DT 649 ><DT 650 >4.7.2. <A 651 HREF="x7013.htm#AEN7038" 652 >Supplemental Functions</A 653 ></DT 654 ><DT 655 >4.7.3. <A 656 HREF="x7013.htm#AEN7045" 657 >Raw VBI Format Negotiation</A 658 ></DT 659 ><DT 660 >4.7.4. <A 661 HREF="x7013.htm#AEN7218" 662 >Reading and writing VBI images</A 663 ></DT 664 ></DL 665 ></DD 666 ><DT 667 >4.8. <A 668 HREF="x7236.htm" 669 >Sliced VBI Data Interface</A 670 ></DT 671 ><DD 672 ><DL 673 ><DT 674 >4.8.1. <A 675 HREF="x7236.htm#AEN7248" 676 >Querying Capabilities</A 677 ></DT 678 ><DT 679 >4.8.2. <A 680 HREF="x7236.htm#AEN7258" 681 >Supplemental Functions</A 682 ></DT 683 ><DT 684 >4.8.3. <A 685 HREF="x7236.htm#AEN7265" 686 >Sliced VBI Format Negotiation</A 687 ></DT 688 ><DT 689 >4.8.4. <A 690 HREF="x7236.htm#AEN7483" 691 >Reading and writing sliced VBI data</A 692 ></DT 693 ></DL 694 ></DD 695 ><DT 696 >4.9. <A 697 HREF="x7561.htm" 698 >Teletext Interface</A 699 ></DT 700 ><DT 701 >4.10. <A 702 HREF="x7578.htm" 703 >Radio Interface</A 704 ></DT 705 ><DD 706 ><DL 707 ><DT 708 >4.10.1. <A 709 HREF="x7578.htm#AEN7585" 710 >Querying Capabilities</A 711 ></DT 712 ><DT 713 >4.10.2. <A 714 HREF="x7578.htm#AEN7594" 715 >Supplemental Functions</A 716 ></DT 717 ><DT 718 >4.10.3. <A 719 HREF="x7578.htm#AEN7600" 720 >Programming</A 721 ></DT 722 ></DL 723 ></DD 724 ><DT 725 >4.11. <A 726 HREF="x7607.htm" 727 >RDS Interface</A 728 ></DT 729 ></DL 730 ></DD 731 ><DT 732 >I. <A 733 HREF="r7624.htm" 734 >Function Reference</A 735 ></DT 736 ><DD 737 ><DL 738 ><DT 739 ><A 740 HREF="r7626.htm" 741 >V4L2 close()</A 742 > -- Close a V4L2 device</DT 743 ><DT 744 ><A 745 HREF="r7667.htm" 746 >V4L2 ioctl()</A 747 > -- Program a V4L2 device</DT 748 ><DT 749 ><A 750 HREF="r7771.htm" 751 >ioctl VIDIOC_CROPCAP</A 752 > -- Information about the video cropping and scaling abilities</DT 753 ><DT 754 ><A 755 HREF="r7900.htm" 756 >ioctl VIDIOC_DBG_G_REGISTER, VIDIOC_DBG_S_REGISTER</A 757 > -- Read or write hardware registers</DT 758 ><DT 759 ><A 760 HREF="r8087.htm" 761 >ioctl VIDIOC_ENCODER_CMD, VIDIOC_TRY_ENCODER_CMD</A 762 > -- Execute an encoder command</DT 763 ><DT 764 ><A 765 HREF="r8242.htm" 766 >ioctl VIDIOC_ENUMAUDIO</A 767 > -- Enumerate audio inputs</DT 768 ><DT 769 ><A 770 HREF="r8304.htm" 771 >ioctl VIDIOC_ENUMAUDOUT</A 772 > -- Enumerate audio outputs</DT 773 ><DT 774 ><A 775 HREF="r8367.htm" 776 >ioctl VIDIOC_ENUM_FMT</A 777 > -- Enumerate image formats</DT 778 ><DT 779 ><A 780 HREF="r8494.htm" 781 >ioctl VIDIOC_ENUM_FRAMESIZES</A 782 > -- Enumerate frame sizes</DT 783 ><DT 784 ><A 785 HREF="r8724.htm" 786 >ioctl VIDIOC_ENUM_FRAMEINTERVALS</A 787 > -- Enumerate frame intervals</DT 788 ><DT 789 ><A 790 HREF="r8936.htm" 791 >ioctl VIDIOC_ENUMINPUT</A 792 > -- Enumerate video inputs</DT 793 ><DT 794 ><A 795 HREF="r9149.htm" 796 >ioctl VIDIOC_ENUMOUTPUT</A 797 > -- Enumerate video outputs</DT 798 ><DT 799 ><A 800 HREF="r9288.htm" 801 >ioctl VIDIOC_ENUMSTD</A 802 > -- Enumerate supported video standards</DT 803 ><DT 804 ><A 805 HREF="r9539.htm" 806 >ioctl VIDIOC_G_AUDIO, VIDIOC_S_AUDIO</A 807 > -- Query or select the current audio input and its 808 attributes</DT 809 ><DT 810 ><A 811 HREF="r9688.htm" 812 >ioctl VIDIOC_G_AUDOUT, VIDIOC_S_AUDOUT</A 813 > -- Query or select the current audio output</DT 814 ><DT 815 ><A 816 HREF="r9804.htm" 817 >ioctl VIDIOC_G_CHIP_IDENT</A 818 > -- Identify the chips on a TV card</DT 819 ><DT 820 ><A 821 HREF="r9994.htm" 822 >ioctl VIDIOC_G_CROP, VIDIOC_S_CROP</A 823 > -- Get or set the current cropping rectangle</DT 824 ><DT 825 ><A 826 HREF="r10104.htm" 827 >ioctl VIDIOC_G_CTRL, VIDIOC_S_CTRL</A 828 > -- Get or set the value of a control</DT 829 ><DT 830 ><A 831 HREF="r10211.htm" 832 >ioctl VIDIOC_G_ENC_INDEX</A 833 > -- Get meta data about a compressed video stream</DT 834 ><DT 835 ><A 836 HREF="r10386.htm" 837 >ioctl VIDIOC_G_EXT_CTRLS, VIDIOC_S_EXT_CTRLS, 838 VIDIOC_TRY_EXT_CTRLS</A 839 > -- Get or set the value of several controls, try control 840 values</DT 841 ><DT 842 ><A 843 HREF="r10595.htm" 844 >ioctl VIDIOC_G_FBUF, VIDIOC_S_FBUF</A 845 > -- Get or set frame buffer overlay parameters</DT 846 ><DT 847 ><A 848 HREF="r10944.htm" 849 >ioctl VIDIOC_G_FMT, VIDIOC_S_FMT, 850 VIDIOC_TRY_FMT</A 851 > -- Get or set the data format, try a format</DT 852 ><DT 853 ><A 854 HREF="r11094.htm" 855 >ioctl VIDIOC_G_FREQUENCY, VIDIOC_S_FREQUENCY</A 856 > -- Get or set tuner or modulator radio 857 frequency</DT 858 ><DT 859 ><A 860 HREF="r11217.htm" 861 >ioctl VIDIOC_G_INPUT, VIDIOC_S_INPUT</A 862 > -- Query or select the current video input</DT 863 ><DT 864 ><A 865 HREF="r11285.htm" 866 >ioctl VIDIOC_G_JPEGCOMP, VIDIOC_S_JPEGCOMP</A 867 > -- </DT 868 ><DT 869 ><A 870 HREF="r11430.htm" 871 >ioctl VIDIOC_G_MODULATOR, VIDIOC_S_MODULATOR</A 872 > -- Get or set modulator attributes</DT 873 ><DT 874 ><A 875 HREF="r11612.htm" 876 >ioctl VIDIOC_G_OUTPUT, VIDIOC_S_OUTPUT</A 877 > -- Query or select the current video output</DT 878 ><DT 879 ><A 880 HREF="r11680.htm" 881 >ioctl VIDIOC_G_PARM, VIDIOC_S_PARM</A 882 > -- Get or set streaming parameters</DT 883 ><DT 884 ><A 885 HREF="r11946.htm" 886 >ioctl VIDIOC_G_PRIORITY, VIDIOC_S_PRIORITY</A 887 > -- Query or request the access priority associated with a 888 file descriptor</DT 889 ><DT 890 ><A 891 HREF="r12051.htm" 892 >ioctl VIDIOC_G_SLICED_VBI_CAP</A 893 > -- Query sliced VBI capabilities</DT 894 ><DT 895 ><A 896 HREF="r12265.htm" 897 >ioctl VIDIOC_G_STD, VIDIOC_S_STD</A 898 > -- Query or select the video standard of the current input</DT 899 ><DT 900 ><A 901 HREF="r12342.htm" 902 >ioctl VIDIOC_G_TUNER, VIDIOC_S_TUNER</A 903 > -- Get or set tuner attributes</DT 904 ><DT 905 ><A 906 HREF="r12784.htm" 907 >ioctl VIDIOC_LOG_STATUS</A 908 > -- Log driver status information</DT 909 ><DT 910 ><A 911 HREF="r12816.htm" 912 >ioctl VIDIOC_OVERLAY</A 913 > -- Start or stop video overlay</DT 914 ><DT 915 ><A 916 HREF="r12878.htm" 917 >ioctl VIDIOC_QBUF, VIDIOC_DQBUF</A 918 > -- Exchange a buffer with the driver</DT 919 ><DT 920 ><A 921 HREF="r13022.htm" 922 >ioctl VIDIOC_QUERYBUF</A 923 > -- Query the status of a buffer</DT 924 ><DT 925 ><A 926 HREF="r13105.htm" 927 >ioctl VIDIOC_QUERYCAP</A 928 > -- Query device capabilities</DT 929 ><DT 930 ><A 931 HREF="r13317.htm" 932 >ioctl VIDIOC_QUERYCTRL, VIDIOC_QUERYMENU</A 933 > -- Enumerate controls and menu control items</DT 934 ><DT 935 ><A 936 HREF="r13641.htm" 937 >ioctl VIDIOC_QUERYSTD</A 938 > -- Sense the video standard received by the current 939 input</DT 940 ><DT 941 ><A 942 HREF="r13696.htm" 943 >ioctl VIDIOC_REQBUFS</A 944 > -- Initiate Memory Mapping or User Pointer I/O</DT 945 ><DT 946 ><A 947 HREF="r13817.htm" 948 >ioctl VIDIOC_STREAMON, VIDIOC_STREAMOFF</A 949 > -- Start or stop streaming I/O</DT 950 ><DT 951 ><A 952 HREF="r13889.htm" 953 >V4L2 mmap()</A 954 > -- Map device memory into application address space</DT 955 ><DT 956 ><A 957 HREF="r14037.htm" 958 >V4L2 munmap()</A 959 > -- Unmap device memory</DT 960 ><DT 961 ><A 962 HREF="r14090.htm" 963 >V4L2 open()</A 964 > -- Open a V4L2 device</DT 965 ><DT 966 ><A 967 HREF="r14169.htm" 968 >V4L2 poll()</A 969 > -- Wait for some event on a file descriptor</DT 970 ><DT 971 ><A 972 HREF="r14264.htm" 973 >V4L2 read()</A 974 > -- Read from a V4L2 device</DT 975 ><DT 976 ><A 977 HREF="r14390.htm" 978 >V4L2 select()</A 979 > -- Synchronous I/O multiplexing</DT 980 ><DT 981 ><A 982 HREF="r14496.htm" 983 >V4L2 write()</A 984 > -- Write to a V4L2 device</DT 985 ></DL 986 ></DD 987 ><DT 988 >5. <A 989 HREF="c14592.htm" 990 >V4L2 Driver Programming</A 991 ></DT 992 ><DT 993 >6. <A 994 HREF="c14595.htm" 995 >Changes</A 996 ></DT 997 ><DD 998 ><DL 999 ><DT 1000 >6.1. <A 1001 HREF="c14595.htm#DIFF-V4L" 1002 >Differences between V4L and V4L2</A 1003 ></DT 1004 ><DD 1005 ><DL 1006 ><DT 1007 >6.1.1. <A 1008 HREF="c14595.htm#AEN14602" 1009 >Opening and Closing Devices</A 1010 ></DT 1011 ><DT 1012 >6.1.2. <A 1013 HREF="c14595.htm#AEN14665" 1014 >Querying Capabilities</A 1015 ></DT 1016 ><DT 1017 >6.1.3. <A 1018 HREF="c14595.htm#AEN14821" 1019 >Video Sources</A 1020 ></DT 1021 ><DT 1022 >6.1.4. <A 1023 HREF="c14595.htm#AEN14877" 1024 >Tuning</A 1025 ></DT 1026 ><DT 1027 >6.1.5. <A 1028 HREF="c14595.htm#V4L-IMAGE-PROPERTIES" 1029 >Image Properties</A 1030 ></DT 1031 ><DT 1032 >6.1.6. <A 1033 HREF="c14595.htm#AEN15120" 1034 >Audio</A 1035 ></DT 1036 ><DT 1037 >6.1.7. <A 1038 HREF="c14595.htm#AEN15205" 1039 >Frame Buffer Overlay</A 1040 ></DT 1041 ><DT 1042 >6.1.8. <A 1043 HREF="c14595.htm#AEN15269" 1044 >Cropping</A 1045 ></DT 1046 ><DT 1047 >6.1.9. <A 1048 HREF="c14595.htm#AEN15302" 1049 >Reading Images, Memory Mapping</A 1050 ></DT 1051 ><DT 1052 >6.1.10. <A 1053 HREF="c14595.htm#AEN15385" 1054 >Reading Raw VBI Data</A 1055 ></DT 1056 ><DT 1057 >6.1.11. <A 1058 HREF="c14595.htm#AEN15438" 1059 >Miscellaneous</A 1060 ></DT 1061 ></DL 1062 ></DD 1063 ><DT 1064 >6.2. <A 1065 HREF="x15446.htm" 1066 >Changes of the V4L2 API</A 1067 ></DT 1068 ><DD 1069 ><DL 1070 ><DT 1071 >6.2.1. <A 1072 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN15449" 1073 >Early Versions</A 1074 ></DT 1075 ><DT 1076 >6.2.2. <A 1077 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN15499" 1078 >V4L2 Version 0.16 1999-01-31</A 1079 ></DT 1080 ><DT 1081 >6.2.3. <A 1082 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN15502" 1083 >V4L2 Version 0.18 1999-03-16</A 1084 ></DT 1085 ><DT 1086 >6.2.4. <A 1087 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN15505" 1088 >V4L2 Version 0.19 1999-06-05</A 1089 ></DT 1090 ><DT 1091 >6.2.5. <A 1092 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN15514" 1093 >V4L2 Version 0.20 (1999-09-10)</A 1094 ></DT 1095 ><DT 1096 >6.2.6. <A 1097 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN15575" 1098 >V4L2 Version 0.20 incremental changes</A 1099 ></DT 1100 ><DT 1101 >6.2.7. <A 1102 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN15628" 1103 >V4L2 Version 0.20 2000-11-23</A 1104 ></DT 1105 ><DT 1106 >6.2.8. <A 1107 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN15657" 1108 >V4L2 Version 0.20 2002-07-25</A 1109 ></DT 1110 ><DT 1111 >6.2.9. <A 1112 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN15660" 1113 >V4L2 in Linux 2.5.46, 2002-10</A 1114 ></DT 1115 ><DT 1116 >6.2.10. <A 1117 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16046" 1118 >V4L2 2003-06-19</A 1119 ></DT 1120 ><DT 1121 >6.2.11. <A 1122 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16089" 1123 >V4L2 2003-11-05</A 1124 ></DT 1125 ><DT 1126 >6.2.12. <A 1127 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16131" 1128 >V4L2 in Linux 2.6.6, 2004-05-09</A 1129 ></DT 1130 ><DT 1131 >6.2.13. <A 1132 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16139" 1133 >V4L2 in Linux 2.6.8</A 1134 ></DT 1135 ><DT 1136 >6.2.14. <A 1137 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16149" 1138 >V4L2 spec erratum 2004-08-01</A 1139 ></DT 1140 ><DT 1141 >6.2.15. <A 1142 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16170" 1143 >V4L2 in Linux 2.6.14</A 1144 ></DT 1145 ><DT 1146 >6.2.16. <A 1147 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16176" 1148 >V4L2 in Linux 2.6.15</A 1149 ></DT 1150 ><DT 1151 >6.2.17. <A 1152 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16203" 1153 >V4L2 spec erratum 2005-11-27</A 1154 ></DT 1155 ><DT 1156 >6.2.18. <A 1157 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16212" 1158 >V4L2 spec erratum 2006-01-10</A 1159 ></DT 1160 ><DT 1161 >6.2.19. <A 1162 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16223" 1163 >V4L2 spec erratum 2006-02-03</A 1164 ></DT 1165 ><DT 1166 >6.2.20. <A 1167 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16231" 1168 >V4L2 spec erratum 2006-02-04</A 1169 ></DT 1170 ><DT 1171 >6.2.21. <A 1172 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16241" 1173 >V4L2 in Linux 2.6.17</A 1174 ></DT 1175 ><DT 1176 >6.2.22. <A 1177 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16261" 1178 >V4L2 spec erratum 2006-09-23 (Draft 0.15)</A 1179 ></DT 1180 ><DT 1181 >6.2.23. <A 1182 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16297" 1183 >V4L2 in Linux 2.6.18</A 1184 ></DT 1185 ><DT 1186 >6.2.24. <A 1187 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16319" 1188 >V4L2 in Linux 2.6.19</A 1189 ></DT 1190 ><DT 1191 >6.2.25. <A 1192 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16338" 1193 >V4L2 spec erratum 2006-10-12 (Draft 0.17)</A 1194 ></DT 1195 ><DT 1196 >6.2.26. <A 1197 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16345" 1198 >V4L2 in Linux 2.6.21</A 1199 ></DT 1200 ><DT 1201 >6.2.27. <A 1202 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16351" 1203 >V4L2 in Linux 2.6.22</A 1204 ></DT 1205 ><DT 1206 >6.2.28. <A 1207 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16378" 1208 >V4L2 in Linux 2.6.24</A 1209 ></DT 1210 ><DT 1211 >6.2.29. <A 1212 HREF="x15446.htm#AEN16388" 1213 >V4L2 in Linux 2.6.25</A 1214 ></DT 1215 ></DL 1216 ></DD 1217 ><DT 1218 >6.3. <A 1219 HREF="x16430.htm" 1220 >Relation of V4L2 to other Linux multimedia APIs</A 1221 ></DT 1222 ><DD 1223 ><DL 1224 ><DT 1225 >6.3.1. <A 1226 HREF="x16430.htm#XVIDEO" 1227 >X Video Extension</A 1228 ></DT 1229 ><DT 1230 >6.3.2. <A 1231 HREF="x16430.htm#AEN16446" 1232 >Digital Video</A 1233 ></DT 1234 ><DT 1235 >6.3.3. <A 1236 HREF="x16430.htm#AEN16450" 1237 >Audio Interfaces</A 1238 ></DT 1239 ></DL 1240 ></DD 1241 ><DT 1242 >6.4. <A 1243 HREF="x16453.htm" 1244 >Experimental API Elements</A 1245 ></DT 1246 ><DT 1247 >6.5. <A 1248 HREF="x16497.htm" 1249 >Obsolete API Elements</A 1250 ></DT 1251 ></DL 1252 ></DD 1253 ><DT 1254 >A. <A 1255 HREF="a16506.htm" 1256 >Video For Linux Two Header File</A 1257 ></DT 1258 ><DT 1259 >B. <A 1260 HREF="a16706.htm" 1261 >Video Capture Example</A 1262 ></DT 1263 ><DT 1264 >C. <A 1265 HREF="a16721.htm" 1266 >GNU Free Documentation License</A 1267 ></DT 1268 ><DD 1269 ><DL 1270 ><DT 1271 >C.1. <A 1272 HREF="a16721.htm#FDL-PREAMBLE" 1273 >0. PREAMBLE</A 1274 ></DT 1275 ><DT 1276 >C.2. <A 1277 HREF="x16743.htm" 1278 >1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</A 1279 ></DT 1280 ><DT 1281 >C.3. <A 1282 HREF="x16769.htm" 1283 >2. VERBATIM COPYING</A 1284 ></DT 1285 ><DT 1286 >C.4. <A 1287 HREF="x16775.htm" 1288 >3. COPYING IN QUANTITY</A 1289 ></DT 1290 ><DT 1291 >C.5. <A 1292 HREF="x16788.htm" 1293 >4. MODIFICATIONS</A 1294 ></DT 1295 ><DT 1296 >C.6. <A 1297 HREF="x16896.htm" 1298 >5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS</A 1299 ></DT 1300 ><DT 1301 >C.7. <A 1302 HREF="x16910.htm" 1303 >6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</A 1304 ></DT 1305 ><DT 1306 >C.8. <A 1307 HREF="x16915.htm" 1308 >7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</A 1309 ></DT 1310 ><DT 1311 >C.9. <A 1312 HREF="x16923.htm" 1313 >8. TRANSLATION</A 1314 ></DT 1315 ><DT 1316 >C.10. <A 1317 HREF="x16929.htm" 1318 >9. TERMINATION</A 1319 ></DT 1320 ><DT 1321 >C.11. <A 1322 HREF="x16933.htm" 1323 >10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</A 1324 ></DT 1325 ><DT 1326 >C.12. <A 1327 HREF="x16941.htm" 1328 >Addendum</A 1329 ></DT 1330 ></DL 1331 ></DD 1332 ><DT 1333 ><A 1334 HREF="i16960.htm" 1335 >List of Types</A 1336 ></DT 1337 ><DT 1338 ><A 1339 HREF="b17127.htm" 1340 >References</A 1341 ></DT 1342 ></DL 1343 ></DIV 1344 ><DIV 1345 CLASS="LOT" 1346 ><DL 1347 CLASS="LOT" 1348 ><DT 1349 ><B 1350 >List of Figures</B 1351 ></DT 1352 ><DT 1353 >1-1. <A 1354 HREF="x1904.htm#CROP-SCALE" 1355 >Image Cropping, Insertion and Scaling</A 1356 ></DT 1357 ><DT 1358 >3-1. <A 1359 HREF="x6386.htm#FIELDSEQ-TB" 1360 >Field Order, Top Field First Transmitted</A 1361 ></DT 1362 ><DT 1363 >3-2. <A 1364 HREF="x6386.htm#FIELDSEQ-BT" 1365 >Field Order, Bottom Field First Transmitted</A 1366 ></DT 1367 ><DT 1368 >4-1. <A 1369 HREF="x7013.htm#VBI-HSYNC" 1370 >Line synchronization</A 1371 ></DT 1372 ><DT 1373 >4-2. <A 1374 HREF="x7013.htm#VBI-525" 1375 >ITU-R 525 line numbering (M/NTSC and M/PAL)</A 1376 ></DT 1377 ><DT 1378 >4-3. <A 1379 HREF="x7013.htm#VBI-625" 1380 >ITU-R 625 line numbering</A 1381 ></DT 1382 ></DL 1383 ></DIV 1384 ><DIV 1385 CLASS="LOT" 1386 ><DL 1387 CLASS="LOT" 1388 ><DT 1389 ><B 1390 >List of Examples</B 1391 ></DT 1392 ><DT 1393 >1-1. <A 1394 HREF="x309.htm#AEN328" 1395 >Information about the current video input</A 1396 ></DT 1397 ><DT 1398 >1-2. <A 1399 HREF="x309.htm#AEN336" 1400 >Switching to the first video input</A 1401 ></DT 1402 ><DT 1403 >1-3. <A 1404 HREF="x341.htm#AEN382" 1405 >Information about the current audio input</A 1406 ></DT 1407 ><DT 1408 >1-4. <A 1409 HREF="x341.htm#AEN388" 1410 >Switching to the first audio input</A 1411 ></DT 1412 ><DT 1413 >1-5. <A 1414 HREF="x448.htm#AEN510" 1415 >Information about the current video standard</A 1416 ></DT 1417 ><DT 1418 >1-6. <A 1419 HREF="x448.htm#AEN519" 1420 >Listing the video standards supported by the current 1421 input</A 1422 ></DT 1423 ><DT 1424 >1-7. <A 1425 HREF="x448.htm#AEN530" 1426 >Selecting a new video standard</A 1427 ></DT 1428 ><DT 1429 >1-8. <A 1430 HREF="x542.htm#AEN778" 1431 >Enumerating all controls</A 1432 ></DT 1433 ><DT 1434 >1-9. <A 1435 HREF="x542.htm#AEN789" 1436 >Changing controls</A 1437 ></DT 1438 ><DT 1439 >1-10. <A 1440 HREF="x1904.htm#AEN1972" 1441 >Resetting the cropping parameters</A 1442 ></DT 1443 ><DT 1444 >1-11. <A 1445 HREF="x1904.htm#AEN1983" 1446 >Simple downscaling</A 1447 ></DT 1448 ><DT 1449 >1-12. <A 1450 HREF="x1904.htm#AEN1991" 1451 >Selecting an output area</A 1452 ></DT 1453 ><DT 1454 >1-13. <A 1455 HREF="x1904.htm#AEN1996" 1456 >Current scaling factor and pixel aspect</A 1457 ></DT 1458 ><DT 1459 >2-1. <A 1460 HREF="x2123.htm#AEN2217" 1461 >ITU-R Rec. BT.601 color conversion</A 1462 ></DT 1463 ><DT 1464 >2-1. <A 1465 HREF="r2492.htm#AEN3061" 1466 ><CODE 1467 CLASS="CONSTANT" 1468 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_BGR24</CODE 1469 > 4 × 4 pixel 1470 image</A 1471 ></DT 1472 ><DT 1473 >2-1. <A 1474 HREF="r3735.htm#AEN3746" 1475 ><CODE 1476 CLASS="CONSTANT" 1477 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_SBGGR8</CODE 1478 > 4 × 4 1479 pixel image</A 1480 ></DT 1481 ><DT 1482 >2-1. <A 1483 HREF="r3796.htm#AEN3809" 1484 ><CODE 1485 CLASS="CONSTANT" 1486 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_SBGGR16</CODE 1487 > 4 × 4 1488 pixel image</A 1489 ></DT 1490 ><DT 1491 >2-1. <A 1492 HREF="r4185.htm#AEN4196" 1493 ><CODE 1494 CLASS="CONSTANT" 1495 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_GREY</CODE 1496 > 4 × 4 1497 pixel image</A 1498 ></DT 1499 ><DT 1500 >2-1. <A 1501 HREF="r4246.htm#AEN4257" 1502 ><CODE 1503 CLASS="CONSTANT" 1504 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_Y16</CODE 1505 > 4 × 4 1506 pixel image</A 1507 ></DT 1508 ><DT 1509 >2-1. <A 1510 HREF="r4339.htm#AEN4351" 1511 ><CODE 1512 CLASS="CONSTANT" 1513 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUYV</CODE 1514 > 4 × 4 1515 pixel image</A 1516 ></DT 1517 ><DT 1518 >2-1. <A 1519 HREF="r4484.htm#AEN4496" 1520 ><CODE 1521 CLASS="CONSTANT" 1522 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_UYVY</CODE 1523 > 4 × 4 1524 pixel image</A 1525 ></DT 1526 ><DT 1527 >2-1. <A 1528 HREF="r4629.htm#AEN4645" 1529 ><CODE 1530 CLASS="CONSTANT" 1531 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_Y41P</CODE 1532 > 8 × 4 1533 pixel image</A 1534 ></DT 1535 ><DT 1536 >2-1. <A 1537 HREF="r4850.htm#AEN4871" 1538 ><CODE 1539 CLASS="CONSTANT" 1540 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_YVU420</CODE 1541 > 4 × 4 1542 pixel image</A 1543 ></DT 1544 ><DT 1545 >2-1. <A 1546 HREF="r5016.htm#AEN5032" 1547 ><CODE 1548 CLASS="CONSTANT" 1549 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_YVU410</CODE 1550 > 4 × 4 1551 pixel image</A 1552 ></DT 1553 ><DT 1554 >2-1. <A 1555 HREF="r5154.htm#AEN5170" 1556 ><CODE 1557 CLASS="CONSTANT" 1558 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUV422P</CODE 1559 > 4 × 4 1560 pixel image</A 1561 ></DT 1562 ><DT 1563 >2-1. <A 1564 HREF="r5319.htm#AEN5337" 1565 ><CODE 1566 CLASS="CONSTANT" 1567 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUV411P</CODE 1568 > 4 × 4 1569 pixel image</A 1570 ></DT 1571 ><DT 1572 >2-1. <A 1573 HREF="r5470.htm#AEN5493" 1574 ><CODE 1575 CLASS="CONSTANT" 1576 >V4L2_PIX_FMT_NV12</CODE 1577 > 4 × 4 1578 pixel image</A 1579 ></DT 1580 ><DT 1581 >3-1. <A 1582 HREF="x5791.htm#AEN5823" 1583 >Mapping buffers</A 1584 ></DT 1585 ><DT 1586 >3-2. <A 1587 HREF="x5884.htm#AEN5899" 1588 >Initiating streaming I/O with user pointers</A 1589 ></DT 1590 ><DT 1591 >4-1. <A 1592 HREF="x6909.htm#AEN6949" 1593 >Finding a framebuffer device for OSD</A 1594 ></DT 1595 ></DL 1596 ></DIV 1597 ></DIV 1598 ><DIV 1599 CLASS="NAVFOOTER" 1600 ><HR 1601 ALIGN="LEFT" 1602 WIDTH="100%"><TABLE 1603 SUMMARY="Footer navigation table" 1604 WIDTH="100%" 1605 BORDER="0" 1606 CELLPADDING="0" 1607 CELLSPACING="0" 1608 ><TR 1609 ><TD 1610 WIDTH="33%" 1611 ALIGN="left" 1612 VALIGN="top" 1613 > </TD 1614 ><TD 1615 WIDTH="34%" 1616 ALIGN="center" 1617 VALIGN="top" 1618 > </TD 1619 ><TD 1620 WIDTH="33%" 1621 ALIGN="right" 1622 VALIGN="top" 1623 ><A 1624 HREF="f163.htm" 1625 ACCESSKEY="N" 1626 >Next</A 1627 ></TD 1628 ></TR 1629 ><TR 1630 ><TD 1631 WIDTH="33%" 1632 ALIGN="left" 1633 VALIGN="top" 1634 > </TD 1635 ><TD 1636 WIDTH="34%" 1637 ALIGN="center" 1638 VALIGN="top" 1639 > </TD 1640 ><TD 1641 WIDTH="33%" 1642 ALIGN="right" 1643 VALIGN="top" 1644 >Introduction</TD 1645 ></TR 1646 ></TABLE 1647 ></DIV 1648 ></BODY 1649 ></HTML 1650 > 1651