1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> 2 <HTML 3 ><HEAD 4 ><TITLE 5 >Colorspaces</TITLE 6 ><META 7 NAME="GENERATOR" 8 CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK 9 REL="HOME" 10 TITLE="Video for Linux Two API Specification" 11 HREF="book1.htm"><LINK 12 REL="UP" 13 TITLE="Image Formats" 14 HREF="c2030.htm"><LINK 15 REL="PREVIOUS" 16 TITLE="Image Formats" 17 HREF="c2030.htm"><LINK 18 REL="NEXT" 19 TITLE="Indexed Format" 20 HREF="x2428.htm"></HEAD 21 ><BODY 22 CLASS="SECTION" 23 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" 24 TEXT="#000000" 25 LINK="#0000FF" 26 VLINK="#840084" 27 ALINK="#0000FF" 28 ><DIV 29 CLASS="NAVHEADER" 30 ><TABLE 31 SUMMARY="Header navigation table" 32 WIDTH="100%" 33 BORDER="0" 34 CELLPADDING="0" 35 CELLSPACING="0" 36 ><TR 37 ><TH 38 COLSPAN="3" 39 ALIGN="center" 40 >Video for Linux Two API Specification: Revision 0.24</TH 41 ></TR 42 ><TR 43 ><TD 44 WIDTH="10%" 45 ALIGN="left" 46 VALIGN="bottom" 47 ><A 48 HREF="c2030.htm" 49 ACCESSKEY="P" 50 >Prev</A 51 ></TD 52 ><TD 53 WIDTH="80%" 54 ALIGN="center" 55 VALIGN="bottom" 56 >Chapter 2. Image Formats</TD 57 ><TD 58 WIDTH="10%" 59 ALIGN="right" 60 VALIGN="bottom" 61 ><A 62 HREF="x2428.htm" 63 ACCESSKEY="N" 64 >Next</A 65 ></TD 66 ></TR 67 ></TABLE 68 ><HR 69 ALIGN="LEFT" 70 WIDTH="100%"></DIV 71 ><DIV 72 CLASS="SECTION" 73 ><H1 74 CLASS="SECTION" 75 ><A 76 NAME="COLORSPACES" 77 >2.2. Colorspaces</A 78 ></H1 79 ><P 80 >[intro]</P 81 ><P 82 > <P 83 ></P 84 ><DIV 85 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" 86 ><DL 87 ><DT 88 >Gamma Correction</DT 89 ><DD 90 ><P 91 >[to do]</P 92 ><P 93 >E'<SUB 94 >R</SUB 95 > = f(R)</P 96 ><P 97 >E'<SUB 98 >G</SUB 99 > = f(G)</P 100 ><P 101 >E'<SUB 102 >B</SUB 103 > = f(B)</P 104 ></DD 105 ><DT 106 >Construction of luminance and color-difference 107 signals</DT 108 ><DD 109 ><P 110 >[to do]</P 111 ><P 112 >E'<SUB 113 >Y</SUB 114 > = 115 Coeff<SUB 116 >R</SUB 117 > E'<SUB 118 >R</SUB 119 > 120 + Coeff<SUB 121 >G</SUB 122 > E'<SUB 123 >G</SUB 124 > 125 + Coeff<SUB 126 >B</SUB 127 > E'<SUB 128 >B</SUB 129 ></P 130 ><P 131 >(E'<SUB 132 >R</SUB 133 > - E'<SUB 134 >Y</SUB 135 >) = E'<SUB 136 >R</SUB 137 > 138 - Coeff<SUB 139 >R</SUB 140 > E'<SUB 141 >R</SUB 142 > 143 - Coeff<SUB 144 >G</SUB 145 > E'<SUB 146 >G</SUB 147 > 148 - Coeff<SUB 149 >B</SUB 150 > E'<SUB 151 >B</SUB 152 ></P 153 ><P 154 >(E'<SUB 155 >B</SUB 156 > - E'<SUB 157 >Y</SUB 158 >) = E'<SUB 159 >B</SUB 160 > 161 - Coeff<SUB 162 >R</SUB 163 > E'<SUB 164 >R</SUB 165 > 166 - Coeff<SUB 167 >G</SUB 168 > E'<SUB 169 >G</SUB 170 > 171 - Coeff<SUB 172 >B</SUB 173 > E'<SUB 174 >B</SUB 175 ></P 176 ></DD 177 ><DT 178 >Re-normalized color-difference signals</DT 179 ><DD 180 ><P 181 >The color-difference signals are scaled back to unity 182 range [-0.5;+0.5]:</P 183 ><P 184 >K<SUB 185 >B</SUB 186 > = 0.5 / (1 - Coeff<SUB 187 >B</SUB 188 >)</P 189 ><P 190 >K<SUB 191 >R</SUB 192 > = 0.5 / (1 - Coeff<SUB 193 >R</SUB 194 >)</P 195 ><P 196 >P<SUB 197 >B</SUB 198 > = 199 K<SUB 200 >B</SUB 201 > (E'<SUB 202 >B</SUB 203 > - E'<SUB 204 >Y</SUB 205 >) = 206 0.5 (Coeff<SUB 207 >R</SUB 208 > / Coeff<SUB 209 >B</SUB 210 >) E'<SUB 211 >R</SUB 212 > 213 + 0.5 (Coeff<SUB 214 >G</SUB 215 > / Coeff<SUB 216 >B</SUB 217 >) E'<SUB 218 >G</SUB 219 > 220 + 0.5 E'<SUB 221 >B</SUB 222 ></P 223 ><P 224 >P<SUB 225 >R</SUB 226 > = 227 K<SUB 228 >R</SUB 229 > (E'<SUB 230 >R</SUB 231 > - E'<SUB 232 >Y</SUB 233 >) = 234 0.5 E'<SUB 235 >R</SUB 236 > 237 + 0.5 (Coeff<SUB 238 >G</SUB 239 > / Coeff<SUB 240 >R</SUB 241 >) E'<SUB 242 >G</SUB 243 > 244 + 0.5 (Coeff<SUB 245 >B</SUB 246 > / Coeff<SUB 247 >R</SUB 248 >) E'<SUB 249 >B</SUB 250 ></P 251 ></DD 252 ><DT 253 >Quantization</DT 254 ><DD 255 ><P 256 >[to do]</P 257 ><P 258 >Y' = (Lum. Levels - 1) · E'<SUB 259 >Y</SUB 260 > + Lum. Offset</P 261 ><P 262 >C<SUB 263 >B</SUB 264 > = (Chrom. Levels - 1) 265 · P<SUB 266 >B</SUB 267 > + Chrom. Offset</P 268 ><P 269 >C<SUB 270 >R</SUB 271 > = (Chrom. Levels - 1) 272 · P<SUB 273 >R</SUB 274 > + Chrom. Offset</P 275 ><P 276 >Rounding to the nearest integer and clamping to the range 277 [0;255] finally yields the digital color components Y'CbCr 278 stored in YUV images.</P 279 ></DD 280 ></DL 281 ></DIV 282 > 283 </P 284 ><DIV 285 CLASS="EXAMPLE" 286 ><A 287 NAME="AEN2217" 288 ></A 289 ><P 290 ><B 291 >Example 2-1. ITU-R Rec. BT.601 color conversion</B 292 ></P 293 ><P 294 >Forward Transformation</P 295 ><PRE 296 CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 297 >int ER, EG, EB; /* gamma corrected RGB input [0;255] */ 298 int Y1, Cb, Cr; /* output [0;255] */ 299 300 double r, g, b; /* temporaries */ 301 double y1, pb, pr; 302 303 int 304 clamp (double x) 305 { 306 int r = x; /* round to nearest */ 307 308 if (r < 0) return 0; 309 else if (r > 255) return 255; 310 else return r; 311 } 312 313 r = ER / 255.0; 314 g = EG / 255.0; 315 b = EB / 255.0; 316 317 y1 = 0.299 * r + 0.587 * g + 0.114 * b; 318 pb = -0.169 * r - 0.331 * g + 0.5 * b; 319 pr = 0.5 * r - 0.419 * g - 0.081 * b; 320 321 Y1 = clamp (219 * y1 + 16); 322 Cb = clamp (224 * pb + 128); 323 Cr = clamp (224 * pr + 128); 324 325 /* or shorter */ 326 327 y1 = 0.299 * ER + 0.587 * EG + 0.114 * EB; 328 329 Y1 = clamp ( (219 / 255.0) * y1 + 16); 330 Cb = clamp (((224 / 255.0) / (2 - 2 * 0.114)) * (EB - y1) + 128); 331 Cr = clamp (((224 / 255.0) / (2 - 2 * 0.299)) * (ER - y1) + 128); 332 </PRE 333 ><P 334 >Inverse Transformation</P 335 ><PRE 336 CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" 337 >int Y1, Cb, Cr; /* gamma pre-corrected input [0;255] */ 338 int ER, EG, EB; /* output [0;255] */ 339 340 double r, g, b; /* temporaries */ 341 double y1, pb, pr; 342 343 int 344 clamp (double x) 345 { 346 int r = x; /* round to nearest */ 347 348 if (r < 0) return 0; 349 else if (r > 255) return 255; 350 else return r; 351 } 352 353 y1 = (255 / 219.0) * (Y1 - 16); 354 pb = (255 / 224.0) * (Cb - 128); 355 pr = (255 / 224.0) * (Cr - 128); 356 357 r = 1.0 * y1 + 0 * pb + 1.402 * pr; 358 g = 1.0 * y1 - 0.344 * pb - 0.714 * pr; 359 b = 1.0 * y1 + 1.772 * pb + 0 * pr; 360 361 ER = clamp (r * 255); /* [ok? one should prob. limit y1,pb,pr] */ 362 EG = clamp (g * 255); 363 EB = clamp (b * 255); 364 </PRE 365 ></DIV 366 ><DIV 367 CLASS="TABLE" 368 ><A 369 NAME="V4L2-COLORSPACE" 370 ></A 371 ><P 372 ><B 373 >Table 2-2. enum v4l2_colorspace</B 374 ></P 375 ><TABLE 376 BORDER="1" 377 WIDTH="100%" 378 CLASS="CALSTABLE" 379 ><COL 380 WIDTH="9%" 381 ALIGN="LEFT"><COL 382 WIDTH="9%" 383 ALIGN="CENTER"><COL 384 WIDTH="9%" 385 ALIGN="LEFT"><COL 386 WIDTH="9%" 387 TITLE="CR"><COL 388 WIDTH="9%" 389 TITLE="CG"><COL 390 WIDTH="9%" 391 TITLE="CB"><COL 392 WIDTH="9%" 393 TITLE="WP"><COL 394 WIDTH="9%" 395 TITLE="GC"><COL 396 WIDTH="9%" 397 TITLE="LUM"><COL 398 WIDTH="9%" 399 TITLE="QY"><COL 400 WIDTH="9%" 401 TITLE="QC"><THEAD 402 ><TR 403 ><TH 404 ROWSPAN="2" 405 >Identifier</TH 406 ><TH 407 ROWSPAN="2" 408 >Value</TH 409 ><TH 410 ROWSPAN="2" 411 >Description</TH 412 ><TH 413 COLSPAN="3" 414 >Chromaticities<A 415 NAME="AEN2246" 416 HREF="x2123.htm#FTN.AEN2246" 417 ><SPAN 418 CLASS="footnote" 419 >[a]</SPAN 420 ></A 421 ></TH 422 ><TH 423 ROWSPAN="2" 424 >White Point</TH 425 ><TH 426 ROWSPAN="2" 427 >Gamma Correction</TH 428 ><TH 429 ROWSPAN="2" 430 >Luminance E'<SUB 431 >Y</SUB 432 ></TH 433 ><TH 434 COLSPAN="2" 435 >Quantization</TH 436 ></TR 437 ><TR 438 ><TH 439 >Red</TH 440 ><TH 441 >Green</TH 442 ><TH 443 >Blue</TH 444 ><TH 445 >Y'</TH 446 ><TH 447 >Cb, Cr</TH 448 ></TR 449 ></THEAD 450 ><TBODY 451 VALIGN="TOP" 452 ><TR 453 ><TD 454 ><CODE 455 CLASS="CONSTANT" 456 >V4L2_COLORSPACE_SMPTE170M</CODE 457 ></TD 458 ><TD 459 >1</TD 460 ><TD 461 >NTSC/PAL according to <A 462 HREF="b17127.htm#SMPTE170M" 463 ><ABBR 464 CLASS="ABBREV" 465 >SMPTE 170M</ABBR 466 ></A 467 >, 468 <A 469 HREF="b17127.htm#ITU601" 470 ><ABBR 471 CLASS="ABBREV" 472 >ITU BT.601</ABBR 473 ></A 474 ></TD 475 ><TD 476 >x = 0.630, y = 0.340</TD 477 ><TD 478 >x = 0.310, y = 0.595</TD 479 ><TD 480 >x = 0.155, y = 0.070</TD 481 ><TD 482 >x = 0.3127, y = 0.3290, 483 Illuminant D<SUB 484 >65</SUB 485 ></TD 486 ><TD 487 >E' = 4.5 I for I ≤0.018, 488 1.099 I<SUP 489 >0.45</SUP 490 > - 0.099 for 0.018 < I</TD 491 ><TD 492 >0.299 E'<SUB 493 >R</SUB 494 > 495 + 0.587 E'<SUB 496 >G</SUB 497 > 498 + 0.114 E'<SUB 499 >B</SUB 500 ></TD 501 ><TD 502 >219 E'<SUB 503 >Y</SUB 504 > + 16</TD 505 ><TD 506 >224 P<SUB 507 >B,R</SUB 508 > + 128</TD 509 ></TR 510 ><TR 511 ><TD 512 ><CODE 513 CLASS="CONSTANT" 514 >V4L2_COLORSPACE_SMPTE240M</CODE 515 ></TD 516 ><TD 517 >2</TD 518 ><TD 519 >1125-Line (US) HDTV, see <A 520 HREF="b17127.htm#SMPTE240M" 521 ><ABBR 522 CLASS="ABBREV" 523 >SMPTE 240M</ABBR 524 ></A 525 ></TD 526 ><TD 527 >x = 0.630, y = 0.340</TD 528 ><TD 529 >x = 0.310, y = 0.595</TD 530 ><TD 531 >x = 0.155, y = 0.070</TD 532 ><TD 533 >x = 0.3127, y = 0.3290, 534 Illuminant D<SUB 535 >65</SUB 536 ></TD 537 ><TD 538 >E' = 4 I for I ≤0.0228, 539 1.1115 I<SUP 540 >0.45</SUP 541 > - 0.1115 for 0.0228 < I</TD 542 ><TD 543 >0.212 E'<SUB 544 >R</SUB 545 > 546 + 0.701 E'<SUB 547 >G</SUB 548 > 549 + 0.087 E'<SUB 550 >B</SUB 551 ></TD 552 ><TD 553 >219 E'<SUB 554 >Y</SUB 555 > + 16</TD 556 ><TD 557 >224 P<SUB 558 >B,R</SUB 559 > + 128</TD 560 ></TR 561 ><TR 562 ><TD 563 ><CODE 564 CLASS="CONSTANT" 565 >V4L2_COLORSPACE_REC709</CODE 566 ></TD 567 ><TD 568 >3</TD 569 ><TD 570 >HDTV and modern devices, see <A 571 HREF="b17127.htm#ITU709" 572 ><ABBR 573 CLASS="ABBREV" 574 >ITU BT.709</ABBR 575 ></A 576 ></TD 577 ><TD 578 >x = 0.640, y = 0.330</TD 579 ><TD 580 >x = 0.300, y = 0.600</TD 581 ><TD 582 >x = 0.150, y = 0.060</TD 583 ><TD 584 >x = 0.3127, y = 0.3290, 585 Illuminant D<SUB 586 >65</SUB 587 ></TD 588 ><TD 589 >E' = 4.5 I for I ≤0.018, 590 1.099 I<SUP 591 >0.45</SUP 592 > - 0.099 for 0.018 < I</TD 593 ><TD 594 >0.2125 E'<SUB 595 >R</SUB 596 > 597 + 0.7154 E'<SUB 598 >G</SUB 599 > 600 + 0.0721 E'<SUB 601 >B</SUB 602 ></TD 603 ><TD 604 >219 E'<SUB 605 >Y</SUB 606 > + 16</TD 607 ><TD 608 >224 P<SUB 609 >B,R</SUB 610 > + 128</TD 611 ></TR 612 ><TR 613 ><TD 614 ><CODE 615 CLASS="CONSTANT" 616 >V4L2_COLORSPACE_BT878</CODE 617 ></TD 618 ><TD 619 >4</TD 620 ><TD 621 >Broken Bt878 extents<A 622 NAME="AEN2329" 623 HREF="x2123.htm#FTN.AEN2329" 624 ><SPAN 625 CLASS="footnote" 626 >[b]</SPAN 627 ></A 628 >, <A 629 HREF="b17127.htm#ITU601" 630 ><ABBR 631 CLASS="ABBREV" 632 >ITU BT.601</ABBR 633 ></A 634 ></TD 635 ><TD 636 >?</TD 637 ><TD 638 >?</TD 639 ><TD 640 >?</TD 641 ><TD 642 >?</TD 643 ><TD 644 >?</TD 645 ><TD 646 >0.299 E'<SUB 647 >R</SUB 648 > 649 + 0.587 E'<SUB 650 >G</SUB 651 > 652 + 0.114 E'<SUB 653 >B</SUB 654 ></TD 655 ><TD 656 ><SPAN 657 CLASS="emphasis" 658 ><I 659 CLASS="EMPHASIS" 660 >237</I 661 ></SPAN 662 > E'<SUB 663 >Y</SUB 664 > + 16</TD 665 ><TD 666 >224 P<SUB 667 >B,R</SUB 668 > + 128 (probably)</TD 669 ></TR 670 ><TR 671 ><TD 672 ><CODE 673 CLASS="CONSTANT" 674 >V4L2_COLORSPACE_470_SYSTEM_M</CODE 675 ></TD 676 ><TD 677 >5</TD 678 ><TD 679 >M/NTSC<A 680 NAME="AEN2352" 681 HREF="x2123.htm#FTN.AEN2352" 682 ><SPAN 683 CLASS="footnote" 684 >[c]</SPAN 685 ></A 686 > according to <A 687 HREF="b17127.htm#ITU470" 688 ><ABBR 689 CLASS="ABBREV" 690 >ITU BT.470</ABBR 691 ></A 692 >, <A 693 HREF="b17127.htm#ITU601" 694 ><ABBR 695 CLASS="ABBREV" 696 >ITU BT.601</ABBR 697 ></A 698 ></TD 699 ><TD 700 >x = 0.67, y = 0.33</TD 701 ><TD 702 >x = 0.21, y = 0.71</TD 703 ><TD 704 >x = 0.14, y = 0.08</TD 705 ><TD 706 >x = 0.310, y = 0.316, Illuminant C</TD 707 ><TD 708 >?</TD 709 ><TD 710 >0.299 E'<SUB 711 >R</SUB 712 > 713 + 0.587 E'<SUB 714 >G</SUB 715 > 716 + 0.114 E'<SUB 717 >B</SUB 718 ></TD 719 ><TD 720 >219 E'<SUB 721 >Y</SUB 722 > + 16</TD 723 ><TD 724 >224 P<SUB 725 >B,R</SUB 726 > + 128</TD 727 ></TR 728 ><TR 729 ><TD 730 ><CODE 731 CLASS="CONSTANT" 732 >V4L2_COLORSPACE_470_SYSTEM_BG</CODE 733 ></TD 734 ><TD 735 >6</TD 736 ><TD 737 >625-line PAL and SECAM systems according to <A 738 HREF="b17127.htm#ITU470" 739 ><ABBR 740 CLASS="ABBREV" 741 >ITU BT.470</ABBR 742 ></A 743 >, <A 744 HREF="b17127.htm#ITU601" 745 ><ABBR 746 CLASS="ABBREV" 747 >ITU BT.601</ABBR 748 ></A 749 ></TD 750 ><TD 751 >x = 0.64, y = 0.33</TD 752 ><TD 753 >x = 0.29, y = 0.60</TD 754 ><TD 755 >x = 0.15, y = 0.06</TD 756 ><TD 757 >x = 0.313, y = 0.329, 758 Illuminant D<SUB 759 >65</SUB 760 ></TD 761 ><TD 762 >?</TD 763 ><TD 764 >0.299 E'<SUB 765 >R</SUB 766 > 767 + 0.587 E'<SUB 768 >G</SUB 769 > 770 + 0.114 E'<SUB 771 >B</SUB 772 ></TD 773 ><TD 774 >219 E'<SUB 775 >Y</SUB 776 > + 16</TD 777 ><TD 778 >224 P<SUB 779 >B,R</SUB 780 > + 128</TD 781 ></TR 782 ><TR 783 ><TD 784 ><CODE 785 CLASS="CONSTANT" 786 >V4L2_COLORSPACE_JPEG</CODE 787 ></TD 788 ><TD 789 >7</TD 790 ><TD 791 >JPEG Y'CbCr, see <A 792 HREF="b17127.htm#JFIF" 793 ><ABBR 794 CLASS="ABBREV" 795 >JFIF</ABBR 796 ></A 797 >, <A 798 HREF="b17127.htm#ITU601" 799 ><ABBR 800 CLASS="ABBREV" 801 >ITU BT.601</ABBR 802 ></A 803 ></TD 804 ><TD 805 >?</TD 806 ><TD 807 >?</TD 808 ><TD 809 >?</TD 810 ><TD 811 >?</TD 812 ><TD 813 >?</TD 814 ><TD 815 >0.299 E'<SUB 816 >R</SUB 817 > 818 + 0.587 E'<SUB 819 >G</SUB 820 > 821 + 0.114 E'<SUB 822 >B</SUB 823 ></TD 824 ><TD 825 >256 E'<SUB 826 >Y</SUB 827 > + 16<A 828 NAME="AEN2408" 829 HREF="x2123.htm#FTN.AEN2408" 830 ><SPAN 831 CLASS="footnote" 832 >[d]</SPAN 833 ></A 834 ></TD 835 ><TD 836 >256 P<SUB 837 >B,R</SUB 838 > + 128</TD 839 ></TR 840 ><TR 841 ><TD 842 ><CODE 843 CLASS="CONSTANT" 844 >V4L2_COLORSPACE_SRGB</CODE 845 ></TD 846 ><TD 847 >8</TD 848 ><TD 849 >[?]</TD 850 ><TD 851 >x = 0.640, y = 0.330</TD 852 ><TD 853 >x = 0.300, y = 0.600</TD 854 ><TD 855 >x = 0.150, y = 0.060</TD 856 ><TD 857 >x = 0.3127, y = 0.3290, 858 Illuminant D<SUB 859 >65</SUB 860 ></TD 861 ><TD 862 >E' = 4.5 I for I ≤0.018, 863 1.099 I<SUP 864 >0.45</SUP 865 > - 0.099 for 0.018 < I</TD 866 ><TD 867 COLSPAN="3" 868 >n/a</TD 869 ></TR 870 ></TBODY 871 ><TR 872 ><TD 873 COLSPAN="11" 874 >Notes:<BR><A 875 NAME="FTN.AEN2246" 876 >a. </A 877 >The coordinates of the color primaries are 878 given in the CIE system (1931)<BR><A 879 NAME="FTN.AEN2329" 880 >b. </A 881 >The ubiquitous Bt878 video capture chip 882 quantizes E'<SUB 883 >Y</SUB 884 > to 238 levels, yielding a range 885 of Y' = 16 … 253, unlike Rec. 601 Y' = 16 … 886 235. This is not a typo in the Bt878 documentation, it has been 887 implemented in silicon. The chroma extents are unclear.<BR><A 888 NAME="FTN.AEN2352" 889 >c. </A 890 >No identifier exists for M/PAL which uses 891 the chromaticities of M/NTSC, the remaining parameters are equal to B and 892 G/PAL.<BR><A 893 NAME="FTN.AEN2408" 894 >d. </A 895 >Note JFIF quantizes 896 Y'P<SUB 897 >B</SUB 898 >P<SUB 899 >R</SUB 900 > in range [0;+1] and 901 [-0.5;+0.5] to <SPAN 902 CLASS="emphasis" 903 ><I 904 CLASS="EMPHASIS" 905 >257</I 906 ></SPAN 907 > levels, however Y'CbCr signals 908 are still clamped to [0;255].<BR></TD 909 ></TR 910 ></TABLE 911 ></DIV 912 ></DIV 913 ><DIV 914 CLASS="NAVFOOTER" 915 ><HR 916 ALIGN="LEFT" 917 WIDTH="100%"><TABLE 918 SUMMARY="Footer navigation table" 919 WIDTH="100%" 920 BORDER="0" 921 CELLPADDING="0" 922 CELLSPACING="0" 923 ><TR 924 ><TD 925 WIDTH="33%" 926 ALIGN="left" 927 VALIGN="top" 928 ><A 929 HREF="c2030.htm" 930 ACCESSKEY="P" 931 >Prev</A 932 ></TD 933 ><TD 934 WIDTH="34%" 935 ALIGN="center" 936 VALIGN="top" 937 ><A 938 HREF="book1.htm" 939 ACCESSKEY="H" 940 >Home</A 941 ></TD 942 ><TD 943 WIDTH="33%" 944 ALIGN="right" 945 VALIGN="top" 946 ><A 947 HREF="x2428.htm" 948 ACCESSKEY="N" 949 >Next</A 950 ></TD 951 ></TR 952 ><TR 953 ><TD 954 WIDTH="33%" 955 ALIGN="left" 956 VALIGN="top" 957 >Image Formats</TD 958 ><TD 959 WIDTH="34%" 960 ALIGN="center" 961 VALIGN="top" 962 ><A 963 HREF="c2030.htm" 964 ACCESSKEY="U" 965 >Up</A 966 ></TD 967 ><TD 968 WIDTH="33%" 969 ALIGN="right" 970 VALIGN="top" 971 >Indexed Format</TD 972 ></TR 973 ></TABLE 974 ></DIV 975 ></BODY 976 ></HTML 977 > 978
