media/midi/package.html

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<p>
Provides classes for sending and receiving messages using the standard MIDI
event protocol over USB, Bluetooth LE, and virtual (inter-app) transports.
</p>

<h1 id=overview>Overview</h1>

<p>The Android MIDI package allows users to:</p>

<ul>
  <li> Connect a MIDI keyboard to Android to play a synthesizer or drive music apps.</li>
  <li> Connect alternative MIDI controllers to Android.</li>
  <li> Drive external MIDI synths from Android.</li>
  <li> Drive external peripherals, lights, show control, etc from Android.</li>
  <li> Generate music dynamically from games or music creation apps.</li>
  <li> Generate MIDI messages in one app and send them to a second app.</li>
  <li> Use an Android device running in <em>peripheral mode</em> as a multitouch controller
  connected to a laptop.</li>
</ul>

<h2 id=the_api_features_include>The API features include:</h2>

<ul>
  <li> Enumeration of currently available devices. Information includes name, vendor,
capabilities, etc.</li>
  <li> Provide notification when MIDI devices are plugged in or unplugged.</li>
  <li> Support efficient transmission of single or multiple short 1-3 byte MIDI messages.</li>
  <li> Support transmission of arbitrary length data for SysEx, etc.</li>
  <li> Timestamps to avoid jitter.</li>
  <li> Support creation of <em>virtual MIDI devices</em> that can be connected to other devices.
  An example might be a synthesizer app that can be controlled by a composing app.</li>
  <li> Support direct connection or &ldquo;patching&rdquo; of devices for lower latency.</li>
</ul>

<h2 id=transports_supported>Transports Supported</h2>


<p>The API is &ldquo;transport agnostic&rdquo;. But there are several transports currently
supported:</p>

<ul>
  <li> USB
  <li> software routing
  <li> BTLE
</ul>

<h1 id=android_midi_terminology>Android MIDI Terminology</h1>


<h2 id=terminology>Terminology</h2>


<p>A <strong>Device</strong> is a MIDI capable object that has zero or more InputPorts and OutputPorts.</p>

<p>An <strong>InputPort</strong> has 16 channels and can <strong>receive</strong> MIDI messages from an OutputPort or an app.</p>

<p>An <strong>OutputPort</strong> has 16 channels and can <strong>send</strong> MIDI messages to an InputPort or an app.</p>

<p><strong>MidiService</strong> is a centralized process that keeps track of all devices and brokers
communication between them.</p>

<p><strong>MidiManager</strong> is a class that the application or a device manager calls to communicate with
the MidiService.</p>

<h1 id=writing_a_midi_application>Writing a MIDI Application</h1>

<h2 id=manifest_feature>Declare Feature in Manifest</h2>

<p>An app that requires the MIDI API should declare that in the AndroidManifest.xml file.
Then the app will not appear in the Play Store for old devices that do not support the MIDI API.</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
&lt;uses-feature android:name="android.software.midi" android:required="true"/>
</pre>

<h2 id=check_feature>Check for Feature Support</h2>

<p>An app can also check at run-time whether the MIDI feature is supported on a platform.
This is particularly useful during development when you install apps directly on a device.
</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
if (context.getPackageManager().hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_MIDI)) {
    // do MIDI stuff
}
</pre>

<h2 id=the_midimanager>The MidiManager</h2>


<p>The primary class for accessing the MIDI package is through the MidiManager.</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
MidiManager m = (MidiManager)context.getSystemService(Context.MIDI_SERVICE);
</pre>


<h2 id=get_list_of_already_plugged_in_entities>Get List of Already Plugged In Entities</h2>


<p>When an app starts, it can get a list of all the available MIDI devices. This
information can be presented to a user, allowing them to choose a device.</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
MidiDeviceInfo[] infos = m.getDevices();
</pre>


<h2 id=notification_of_midi_devices_hotplug_events>Notification of MIDI Devices HotPlug Events</h2>


<p>The application can request notification when, for example, keyboards are
plugged in or unplugged.</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
m.registerDeviceCallback(new MidiManager.DeviceCallback() {
    public void onDeviceAdded( MidiDeviceInfo info ) {
      ...
    }
    public void onDeviceRemoved( MidiDeviceInfo info ) {
      ...
    }
  });
</pre>


<h2 id=device_and_port_information>Device and Port Information</h2>


<p>You can query the number of input and output ports.</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
int numInputs = info.getInputPortCount();
int numOutputs = info.getOutputPortCount();
</pre>


<p>Note that &ldquo;input&rdquo; and &ldquo;output&rdquo; are from the standpoint of the device. So a
synthesizer will have an &ldquo;input&rdquo; port that receives messages. A keyboard will
have an &ldquo;output&rdquo; port that sends messages.</p>

<p>The MidiDeviceInfo has a bundle of properties.</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
Bundle properties = info.getProperties();
String manufacturer = properties
      .getString(MidiDeviceInfo.PROPERTY_MANUFACTURER);
</pre>


<p>Other properties include PROPERTY_PRODUCT, PROPERTY_NAME,
PROPERTY_SERIAL_NUMBER</p>

<p>You can get the names and types of the ports from a PortInfo object.
The type will be either TYPE_INPUT or TYPE_OUTPUT.</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
MidiDeviceInfo.PortInfo[] portInfos = info.getPorts();
String portName = portInfos[0].getName();
if (portInfos[0].getType() == MidiDeviceInfo.PortInfo.TYPE_INPUT) {
    ...
}
</pre>


<h2 id=open_a_midi_device>Open a MIDI Device</h2>


<p>To access a MIDI device you need to open it first. The open is asynchronous so
you need to provide a callback for completion. You can specify an optional
Handler if you want the callback to occur on a specific Thread.</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
m.openDevice(info, new MidiManager.OnDeviceOpenedListener() {
    &#64;Override
    public void onDeviceOpened(MidiDevice device) {
        if (device == null) {
            Log.e(TAG, "could not open device " + info);
        } else {
            ...
        }
    }, new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper())
    );
</pre>


<h2 id=open_a_midi_input_port>Open a MIDI Input Port</h2>


<p>If you want to send a message to a MIDI Device then you need to open an &ldquo;input&rdquo;
port with exclusive access.</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
MidiInputPort inputPort = device.openInputPort(index);
</pre>


<h2 id=send_a_noteon>Send a NoteOn</h2>


<p>MIDI messages are sent as byte arrays. Here we encode a NoteOn message.</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
byte[] buffer = new byte[32];
int numBytes = 0;
int channel = 3; // MIDI channels 1-16 are encoded as 0-15.
buffer[numBytes++] = (byte)(0x90 + (channel - 1)); // note on
buffer[numBytes++] = (byte)60; // pitch is middle C
buffer[numBytes++] = (byte)127; // max velocity
int offset = 0;
// post is non-blocking
inputPort.send(buffer, offset, numBytes);
</pre>


<p>Sometimes it is convenient to send MIDI messages with a timestamp. By
scheduling events in the future we can mask scheduling jitter. Android MIDI
timestamps are based on the monotonic nanosecond system timer. This is
consistent with the other audio and input timers.</p>

<p>Here we send a message with a timestamp 2 seconds in the future.</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
final long NANOS_PER_SECOND = 1000000000L;
long now = System.nanoTime();
long future = now + (2 * NANOS_PER_SECOND);
inputPort.send(buffer, offset, numBytes, future);
</pre>


<p>If you want to cancel events that you have scheduled in the future then call
flush().</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
inputPort.flush(); // discard events
</pre>


<p>If there were any MIDI NoteOff message left in the buffer then they will be
discarded and you may get stuck notes. So we recommend sending &ldquo;all notes off&rdquo;
after doing a flush.</p>

<h2 id=receive_a_note>Receive a Note</h2>


<p>To receive MIDI data from a device you need to extend MidiReceiver. Then
connect your receiver to an output port of the device.</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
class MyReceiver extends MidiReceiver {
    public void onSend(byte[] data, int offset,
            int count, long timestamp) throws IOException {
        // parse MIDI or whatever
    }
}
MidiOutputPort outputPort = device.openOutputPort(index);
outputPort.connect(new MyReceiver());
</pre>


<p>The data that arrives is not validated or aligned in any particular way. It is
raw MIDI data and can contain multiple messages or partial messages. It might
contain System Real-Time messages, which can be interleaved inside other
messages.</p>

<h1 id=creating_a_midi_virtual_device_service>Creating a MIDI Virtual Device Service</h1>


<p>An app can provide a MIDI Service that can be used by other apps. For example,
an app can provide a custom synthesizer that other apps can send messages to.
The service must be guarded with permission &quot;android.permission.BIND_MIDI_DEVICE_SERVICE&quot;.</p>

<h2 id=manifest_files>Manifest Files</h2>


<p>An app declares that it will function as a MIDI server in the
AndroidManifest.xml file.</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
&lt;service android:name="<strong>MySynthDeviceService</strong>"
  android:permission="android.permission.BIND_MIDI_DEVICE_SERVICE">
  &lt;intent-filter>
    &lt;action android:name="android.media.midi.MidiDeviceService" />
  &lt;/intent-filter>
  &lt;meta-data android:name="android.media.midi.MidiDeviceService"
      android:resource="@xml/<strong>synth_device_info</strong>" />
&lt;/service>
</pre>


<p>The details of the resource in this example is stored in
&ldquo;res/xml/synth_device_info.xml&rdquo;. The port names that you
declare in this file will be available from PortInfo.getName().</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
&lt;devices>
    &lt;device manufacturer="MyCompany" product="MidiSynthBasic">
        &lt;input-port name="input" />
    &lt;/device>
&lt;/devices>
</pre>


<h2 id=extend_midideviceservice>Extend MidiDeviceService</h2>


<p>You then define your server by extending android.media.midi.MidiDeviceService.
Let&lsquo;s assume you have a MySynthEngine class that extends MidiReceiver.</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
import android.media.midi.MidiDeviceService;
import android.media.midi.MidiDeviceStatus;
import android.media.midi.MidiReceiver;

public class MidiSynthDeviceService extends MidiDeviceService {
    private static final String TAG = "MidiSynthDeviceService";
    private MySynthEngine mSynthEngine = new MySynthEngine();
    private boolean synthStarted = false;

    &#64;Override
    public void onCreate() {
        super.onCreate();
    }

    &#64;Override
    public void onDestroy() {
        mSynthEngine.stop();
        super.onDestroy();
    }

    &#64;Override
    // Declare the receivers associated with your input ports.
    public MidiReceiver[] onGetInputPortReceivers() {
        return new MidiReceiver[] { mSynthEngine };
    }

    /**
     * This will get called when clients connect or disconnect.
     * You can use it to turn on your synth only when needed.
     */
    &#64;Override
    public void onDeviceStatusChanged(MidiDeviceStatus status) {
        if (status.isInputPortOpen(0) && !synthStarted) {
            mSynthEngine.start();
            synthStarted = true;
        } else if (!status.isInputPortOpen(0) && synthStarted){
            mSynthEngine.stop();
            synthStarted = false;
        }
    }
}
</pre>

<h1 id=using_midi_btle>Using MIDI Over Bluetooth LE</h1>

<p>MIDI devices can be connected to Android using Bluetooth LE.</p>

<p>Before using the device, the app must scan for available BTLE devices and then allow
the user to connect. An example program
will be provided so look for it on the Android developer website.</p>

<h2 id=btle_location_permissions>Request Location Permission for BTLE</h2>

<p>Applications that scan for Bluetooth devices must request permission in the
manifest file. This LOCATION permission is required because it may be possible to
guess the location of an Android device by seeing which BTLE devices are nearby.</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
&lt;uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH"/>
&lt;uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN"/>
&lt;uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION"/>
</pre>

<p>Apps must also request location permission from the user at run-time.
See the documentation for <code>Activity.requestPermissions()</code> for details and an example.
</p>

<h2 id=btle_scan_devices>Scan for MIDI Devices</h2>

<p>The app will only want to see MIDI devices and not mice or other non-MIDI devices.
So construct a ScanFilter using the UUID for standard MIDI over BTLE.</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
MIDI over BTLE UUID = "03B80E5A-EDE8-4B33-A751-6CE34EC4C700"
</pre>

<h2 id=btle_open_device>Open a MIDI Bluetooth Device</h2>

<p>See the documentation for <code>android.bluetooth.le.BluetoothLeScanner.startScan()</code>
method for details. When the user selects a MIDI/BTLE device then you can open it
using the MidiManager.</p>

<pre class=prettyprint>
m.openBluetoothDevice(bluetoothDevice, callback, handler);
</pre>

<p>Once the MIDI/BTLE device has been opened by one app then it will also become available to other
apps using the
<a href="#get_list_of_already_plugged_in_entities">MIDI device discovery calls described above</a>.
</p>

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