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      1 // Reference-counted versatile string base -*- C++ -*-
      2 
      3 // Copyright (C) 2005-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
      4 //
      5 // This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library.  This library is free
      6 // software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
      7 // terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
      8 // Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
      9 // any later version.
     10 
     11 // This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
     12 // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
     13 // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
     14 // GNU General Public License for more details.
     15 
     16 // Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional
     17 // permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version
     18 // 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
     19 
     20 // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and
     21 // a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;
     22 // see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively.  If not, see
     23 // <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
     24 
     25 /** @file ext/rc_string_base.h
     26  *  This is an internal header file, included by other library headers.
     27  *  Do not attempt to use it directly. @headername{ext/vstring.h}
     28  */
     29 
     30 #ifndef _RC_STRING_BASE_H
     31 #define _RC_STRING_BASE_H 1
     32 
     33 #include <ext/atomicity.h>
     34 #include <bits/stl_iterator_base_funcs.h>
     35 
     36 namespace __gnu_cxx _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
     37 {
     38 _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
     39 
     40   /**
     41    *  Documentation?  What's that?
     42    *  Nathan Myers <ncm (at) cantrip.org>.
     43    *
     44    *  A string looks like this:
     45    *
     46    *  @code
     47    *                                        [_Rep]
     48    *                                        _M_length
     49    *   [__rc_string_base<char_type>]        _M_capacity
     50    *   _M_dataplus                          _M_refcount
     51    *   _M_p ---------------->               unnamed array of char_type
     52    *  @endcode
     53    *
     54    *  Where the _M_p points to the first character in the string, and
     55    *  you cast it to a pointer-to-_Rep and subtract 1 to get a
     56    *  pointer to the header.
     57    *
     58    *  This approach has the enormous advantage that a string object
     59    *  requires only one allocation.  All the ugliness is confined
     60    *  within a single pair of inline functions, which each compile to
     61    *  a single @a add instruction: _Rep::_M_refdata(), and
     62    *  __rc_string_base::_M_rep(); and the allocation function which gets a
     63    *  block of raw bytes and with room enough and constructs a _Rep
     64    *  object at the front.
     65    *
     66    *  The reason you want _M_data pointing to the character array and
     67    *  not the _Rep is so that the debugger can see the string
     68    *  contents. (Probably we should add a non-inline member to get
     69    *  the _Rep for the debugger to use, so users can check the actual
     70    *  string length.)
     71    *
     72    *  Note that the _Rep object is a POD so that you can have a
     73    *  static <em>empty string</em> _Rep object already @a constructed before
     74    *  static constructors have run.  The reference-count encoding is
     75    *  chosen so that a 0 indicates one reference, so you never try to
     76    *  destroy the empty-string _Rep object.
     77    *
     78    *  All but the last paragraph is considered pretty conventional
     79    *  for a C++ string implementation.
     80   */
     81  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
     82     class __rc_string_base
     83     : protected __vstring_utility<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>
     84     {
     85     public:
     86       typedef _Traits					    traits_type;
     87       typedef typename _Traits::char_type		    value_type;
     88       typedef _Alloc					    allocator_type;
     89 
     90       typedef __vstring_utility<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>    _Util_Base;
     91       typedef typename _Util_Base::_CharT_alloc_type        _CharT_alloc_type;
     92       typedef typename _CharT_alloc_type::size_type	    size_type;
     93 
     94     private:
     95       // _Rep: string representation
     96       //   Invariants:
     97       //   1. String really contains _M_length + 1 characters: due to 21.3.4
     98       //      must be kept null-terminated.
     99       //   2. _M_capacity >= _M_length
    100       //      Allocated memory is always (_M_capacity + 1) * sizeof(_CharT).
    101       //   3. _M_refcount has three states:
    102       //      -1: leaked, one reference, no ref-copies allowed, non-const.
    103       //       0: one reference, non-const.
    104       //     n>0: n + 1 references, operations require a lock, const.
    105       //   4. All fields == 0 is an empty string, given the extra storage
    106       //      beyond-the-end for a null terminator; thus, the shared
    107       //      empty string representation needs no constructor.
    108       struct _Rep
    109       {
    110 	union
    111 	{
    112 	  struct
    113 	  {
    114 	    size_type	    _M_length;
    115 	    size_type	    _M_capacity;
    116 	    _Atomic_word    _M_refcount;
    117 	  }                 _M_info;
    118 
    119 	  // Only for alignment purposes.
    120 	  _CharT            _M_align;
    121 	};
    122 
    123 	typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<_Rep>::other _Rep_alloc_type;
    124 
    125  	_CharT*
    126 	_M_refdata() throw()
    127 	{ return reinterpret_cast<_CharT*>(this + 1); }
    128 
    129 	_CharT*
    130 	_M_refcopy() throw()
    131 	{
    132 	  __atomic_add_dispatch(&_M_info._M_refcount, 1);
    133 	  return _M_refdata();
    134 	}  // XXX MT
    135 
    136 	void
    137 	_M_set_length(size_type __n)
    138 	{
    139 	  _M_info._M_refcount = 0;  // One reference.
    140 	  _M_info._M_length = __n;
    141 	  // grrr. (per 21.3.4)
    142 	  // You cannot leave those LWG people alone for a second.
    143 	  traits_type::assign(_M_refdata()[__n], _CharT());
    144 	}
    145 
    146 	// Create & Destroy
    147 	static _Rep*
    148 	_S_create(size_type, size_type, const _Alloc&);
    149 
    150 	void
    151 	_M_destroy(const _Alloc&) throw();
    152 
    153 	_CharT*
    154 	_M_clone(const _Alloc&, size_type __res = 0);
    155       };
    156 
    157       struct _Rep_empty
    158       : public _Rep
    159       {
    160 	_CharT              _M_terminal;
    161       };
    162 
    163       static _Rep_empty     _S_empty_rep;
    164 
    165       // The maximum number of individual char_type elements of an
    166       // individual string is determined by _S_max_size. This is the
    167       // value that will be returned by max_size().  (Whereas npos
    168       // is the maximum number of bytes the allocator can allocate.)
    169       // If one was to divvy up the theoretical largest size string,
    170       // with a terminating character and m _CharT elements, it'd
    171       // look like this:
    172       // npos = sizeof(_Rep) + (m * sizeof(_CharT)) + sizeof(_CharT)
    173       //        + sizeof(_Rep) - 1
    174       // (NB: last two terms for rounding reasons, see _M_create below)
    175       // Solving for m:
    176       // m = ((npos - 2 * sizeof(_Rep) + 1) / sizeof(_CharT)) - 1
    177       // In addition, this implementation halves this amount.
    178       enum { _S_max_size = (((static_cast<size_type>(-1) - 2 * sizeof(_Rep)
    179 			      + 1) / sizeof(_CharT)) - 1) / 2 };
    180 
    181       // Data Member (private):
    182       mutable typename _Util_Base::template _Alloc_hider<_Alloc>  _M_dataplus;
    183 
    184       void
    185       _M_data(_CharT* __p)
    186       { _M_dataplus._M_p = __p; }
    187 
    188       _Rep*
    189       _M_rep() const
    190       { return &((reinterpret_cast<_Rep*>(_M_data()))[-1]); }
    191 
    192       _CharT*
    193       _M_grab(const _Alloc& __alloc) const
    194       {
    195 	return (!_M_is_leaked() && _M_get_allocator() == __alloc)
    196 		? _M_rep()->_M_refcopy() : _M_rep()->_M_clone(__alloc);
    197       }
    198 
    199       void
    200       _M_dispose()
    201       {
    202 	// Be race-detector-friendly.  For more info see bits/c++config.
    203 	_GLIBCXX_SYNCHRONIZATION_HAPPENS_BEFORE(&_M_rep()->_M_info.
    204 						_M_refcount);
    205 	if (__exchange_and_add_dispatch(&_M_rep()->_M_info._M_refcount,
    206 					-1) <= 0)
    207 	  {
    208 	    _GLIBCXX_SYNCHRONIZATION_HAPPENS_AFTER(&_M_rep()->_M_info.
    209 						   _M_refcount);
    210 	    _M_rep()->_M_destroy(_M_get_allocator());
    211 	  }
    212       }  // XXX MT
    213 
    214       bool
    215       _M_is_leaked() const
    216       { return _M_rep()->_M_info._M_refcount < 0; }
    217 
    218       void
    219       _M_set_sharable()
    220       { _M_rep()->_M_info._M_refcount = 0; }
    221 
    222       void
    223       _M_leak_hard();
    224 
    225       // _S_construct_aux is used to implement the 21.3.1 para 15 which
    226       // requires special behaviour if _InIterator is an integral type
    227       template<typename _InIterator>
    228 	static _CharT*
    229 	_S_construct_aux(_InIterator __beg, _InIterator __end,
    230 			 const _Alloc& __a, std::__false_type)
    231 	{
    232 	  typedef typename iterator_traits<_InIterator>::iterator_category _Tag;
    233 	  return _S_construct(__beg, __end, __a, _Tag());
    234 	}
    235 
    236       // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
    237       // 438. Ambiguity in the "do the right thing" clause
    238       template<typename _Integer>
    239 	static _CharT*
    240 	_S_construct_aux(_Integer __beg, _Integer __end,
    241 			 const _Alloc& __a, std::__true_type)
    242 	{ return _S_construct_aux_2(static_cast<size_type>(__beg),
    243 				    __end, __a); }
    244 
    245       static _CharT*
    246       _S_construct_aux_2(size_type __req, _CharT __c, const _Alloc& __a)
    247       { return _S_construct(__req, __c, __a); }
    248 
    249       template<typename _InIterator>
    250 	static _CharT*
    251 	_S_construct(_InIterator __beg, _InIterator __end, const _Alloc& __a)
    252 	{
    253 	  typedef typename std::__is_integer<_InIterator>::__type _Integral;
    254 	  return _S_construct_aux(__beg, __end, __a, _Integral());
    255 	}
    256 
    257       // For Input Iterators, used in istreambuf_iterators, etc.
    258       template<typename _InIterator>
    259 	static _CharT*
    260 	 _S_construct(_InIterator __beg, _InIterator __end, const _Alloc& __a,
    261 		      std::input_iterator_tag);
    262 
    263       // For forward_iterators up to random_access_iterators, used for
    264       // string::iterator, _CharT*, etc.
    265       template<typename _FwdIterator>
    266 	static _CharT*
    267 	_S_construct(_FwdIterator __beg, _FwdIterator __end, const _Alloc& __a,
    268 		     std::forward_iterator_tag);
    269 
    270       static _CharT*
    271       _S_construct(size_type __req, _CharT __c, const _Alloc& __a);
    272 
    273     public:
    274       size_type
    275       _M_max_size() const
    276       { return size_type(_S_max_size); }
    277 
    278       _CharT*
    279       _M_data() const
    280       { return _M_dataplus._M_p; }
    281 
    282       size_type
    283       _M_length() const
    284       { return _M_rep()->_M_info._M_length; }
    285 
    286       size_type
    287       _M_capacity() const
    288       { return _M_rep()->_M_info._M_capacity; }
    289 
    290       bool
    291       _M_is_shared() const
    292       { return _M_rep()->_M_info._M_refcount > 0; }
    293 
    294       void
    295       _M_set_leaked()
    296       { _M_rep()->_M_info._M_refcount = -1; }
    297 
    298       void
    299       _M_leak()    // for use in begin() & non-const op[]
    300       {
    301 	if (!_M_is_leaked())
    302 	  _M_leak_hard();
    303       }
    304 
    305       void
    306       _M_set_length(size_type __n)
    307       { _M_rep()->_M_set_length(__n); }
    308 
    309       __rc_string_base()
    310       : _M_dataplus(_S_empty_rep._M_refcopy()) { }
    311 
    312       __rc_string_base(const _Alloc& __a);
    313 
    314       __rc_string_base(const __rc_string_base& __rcs);
    315 
    316 #if __cplusplus >= 201103L
    317       __rc_string_base(__rc_string_base&& __rcs)
    318       : _M_dataplus(__rcs._M_dataplus)
    319       { __rcs._M_data(_S_empty_rep._M_refcopy()); }
    320 #endif
    321 
    322       __rc_string_base(size_type __n, _CharT __c, const _Alloc& __a);
    323 
    324       template<typename _InputIterator>
    325 	__rc_string_base(_InputIterator __beg, _InputIterator __end,
    326 			 const _Alloc& __a);
    327 
    328       ~__rc_string_base()
    329       { _M_dispose(); }
    330 
    331       allocator_type&
    332       _M_get_allocator()
    333       { return _M_dataplus; }
    334 
    335       const allocator_type&
    336       _M_get_allocator() const
    337       { return _M_dataplus; }
    338 
    339       void
    340       _M_swap(__rc_string_base& __rcs);
    341 
    342       void
    343       _M_assign(const __rc_string_base& __rcs);
    344 
    345       void
    346       _M_reserve(size_type __res);
    347 
    348       void
    349       _M_mutate(size_type __pos, size_type __len1, const _CharT* __s,
    350 		size_type __len2);
    351 
    352       void
    353       _M_erase(size_type __pos, size_type __n);
    354 
    355       void
    356       _M_clear()
    357       { _M_erase(size_type(0), _M_length()); }
    358 
    359       bool
    360       _M_compare(const __rc_string_base&) const
    361       { return false; }
    362     };
    363 
    364   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    365     typename __rc_string_base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::_Rep_empty
    366     __rc_string_base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::_S_empty_rep;
    367 
    368   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    369     typename __rc_string_base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::_Rep*
    370     __rc_string_base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::_Rep::
    371     _S_create(size_type __capacity, size_type __old_capacity,
    372 	      const _Alloc& __alloc)
    373     {
    374       // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
    375       // 83.  String::npos vs. string::max_size()
    376       if (__capacity > size_type(_S_max_size))
    377 	std::__throw_length_error(__N("__rc_string_base::_Rep::_S_create"));
    378 
    379       // The standard places no restriction on allocating more memory
    380       // than is strictly needed within this layer at the moment or as
    381       // requested by an explicit application call to reserve().
    382 
    383       // Many malloc implementations perform quite poorly when an
    384       // application attempts to allocate memory in a stepwise fashion
    385       // growing each allocation size by only 1 char.  Additionally,
    386       // it makes little sense to allocate less linear memory than the
    387       // natural blocking size of the malloc implementation.
    388       // Unfortunately, we would need a somewhat low-level calculation
    389       // with tuned parameters to get this perfect for any particular
    390       // malloc implementation.  Fortunately, generalizations about
    391       // common features seen among implementations seems to suffice.
    392 
    393       // __pagesize need not match the actual VM page size for good
    394       // results in practice, thus we pick a common value on the low
    395       // side.  __malloc_header_size is an estimate of the amount of
    396       // overhead per memory allocation (in practice seen N * sizeof
    397       // (void*) where N is 0, 2 or 4).  According to folklore,
    398       // picking this value on the high side is better than
    399       // low-balling it (especially when this algorithm is used with
    400       // malloc implementations that allocate memory blocks rounded up
    401       // to a size which is a power of 2).
    402       const size_type __pagesize = 4096;
    403       const size_type __malloc_header_size = 4 * sizeof(void*);
    404 
    405       // The below implements an exponential growth policy, necessary to
    406       // meet amortized linear time requirements of the library: see
    407       // http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2001-07/msg00085.html.
    408       if (__capacity > __old_capacity && __capacity < 2 * __old_capacity)
    409 	{
    410 	  __capacity = 2 * __old_capacity;
    411 	  // Never allocate a string bigger than _S_max_size.
    412 	  if (__capacity > size_type(_S_max_size))
    413 	    __capacity = size_type(_S_max_size);
    414 	}
    415 
    416       // NB: Need an array of char_type[__capacity], plus a terminating
    417       // null char_type() element, plus enough for the _Rep data structure,
    418       // plus sizeof(_Rep) - 1 to upper round to a size multiple of
    419       // sizeof(_Rep).
    420       // Whew. Seemingly so needy, yet so elemental.
    421       size_type __size = ((__capacity + 1) * sizeof(_CharT)
    422 			  + 2 * sizeof(_Rep) - 1);
    423 
    424       const size_type __adj_size = __size + __malloc_header_size;
    425       if (__adj_size > __pagesize && __capacity > __old_capacity)
    426 	{
    427 	  const size_type __extra = __pagesize - __adj_size % __pagesize;
    428 	  __capacity += __extra / sizeof(_CharT);
    429 	  if (__capacity > size_type(_S_max_size))
    430 	    __capacity = size_type(_S_max_size);
    431 	  __size = (__capacity + 1) * sizeof(_CharT) + 2 * sizeof(_Rep) - 1;
    432 	}
    433 
    434       // NB: Might throw, but no worries about a leak, mate: _Rep()
    435       // does not throw.
    436       _Rep* __place = _Rep_alloc_type(__alloc).allocate(__size / sizeof(_Rep));
    437       _Rep* __p = new (__place) _Rep;
    438       __p->_M_info._M_capacity = __capacity;
    439       return __p;
    440     }
    441 
    442   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    443     void
    444     __rc_string_base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::_Rep::
    445     _M_destroy(const _Alloc& __a) throw ()
    446     {
    447       const size_type __size = ((_M_info._M_capacity + 1) * sizeof(_CharT)
    448 				+ 2 * sizeof(_Rep) - 1);
    449       _Rep_alloc_type(__a).deallocate(this, __size / sizeof(_Rep));
    450     }
    451 
    452   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    453     _CharT*
    454     __rc_string_base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::_Rep::
    455     _M_clone(const _Alloc& __alloc, size_type __res)
    456     {
    457       // Requested capacity of the clone.
    458       const size_type __requested_cap = _M_info._M_length + __res;
    459       _Rep* __r = _Rep::_S_create(__requested_cap, _M_info._M_capacity,
    460 				  __alloc);
    461 
    462       if (_M_info._M_length)
    463 	__rc_string_base::_S_copy(__r->_M_refdata(), _M_refdata(), _M_info._M_length);
    464 
    465       __r->_M_set_length(_M_info._M_length);
    466       return __r->_M_refdata();
    467     }
    468 
    469   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    470     __rc_string_base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    471     __rc_string_base(const _Alloc& __a)
    472     : _M_dataplus(__a, _S_construct(size_type(), _CharT(), __a)) { }
    473 
    474   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    475     __rc_string_base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    476     __rc_string_base(const __rc_string_base& __rcs)
    477     : _M_dataplus(__rcs._M_get_allocator(),
    478 		  __rcs._M_grab(__rcs._M_get_allocator())) { }
    479 
    480   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    481     __rc_string_base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    482     __rc_string_base(size_type __n, _CharT __c, const _Alloc& __a)
    483     : _M_dataplus(__a, _S_construct(__n, __c, __a)) { }
    484 
    485   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    486     template<typename _InputIterator>
    487     __rc_string_base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    488     __rc_string_base(_InputIterator __beg, _InputIterator __end,
    489 		     const _Alloc& __a)
    490     : _M_dataplus(__a, _S_construct(__beg, __end, __a)) { }
    491 
    492   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    493     void
    494     __rc_string_base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    495     _M_leak_hard()
    496     {
    497       if (_M_is_shared())
    498 	_M_erase(0, 0);
    499       _M_set_leaked();
    500     }
    501 
    502   // NB: This is the special case for Input Iterators, used in
    503   // istreambuf_iterators, etc.
    504   // Input Iterators have a cost structure very different from
    505   // pointers, calling for a different coding style.
    506   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    507     template<typename _InIterator>
    508       _CharT*
    509       __rc_string_base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    510       _S_construct(_InIterator __beg, _InIterator __end, const _Alloc& __a,
    511 		   std::input_iterator_tag)
    512       {
    513 	if (__beg == __end && __a == _Alloc())
    514 	  return _S_empty_rep._M_refcopy();
    515 
    516 	// Avoid reallocation for common case.
    517 	_CharT __buf[128];
    518 	size_type __len = 0;
    519 	while (__beg != __end && __len < sizeof(__buf) / sizeof(_CharT))
    520 	  {
    521 	    __buf[__len++] = *__beg;
    522 	    ++__beg;
    523 	  }
    524 	_Rep* __r = _Rep::_S_create(__len, size_type(0), __a);
    525 	_S_copy(__r->_M_refdata(), __buf, __len);
    526 	__try
    527 	  {
    528 	    while (__beg != __end)
    529 	      {
    530 		if (__len == __r->_M_info._M_capacity)
    531 		  {
    532 		    // Allocate more space.
    533 		    _Rep* __another = _Rep::_S_create(__len + 1, __len, __a);
    534 		    _S_copy(__another->_M_refdata(), __r->_M_refdata(), __len);
    535 		    __r->_M_destroy(__a);
    536 		    __r = __another;
    537 		  }
    538 		__r->_M_refdata()[__len++] = *__beg;
    539 		++__beg;
    540 	      }
    541 	  }
    542 	__catch(...)
    543 	  {
    544 	    __r->_M_destroy(__a);
    545 	    __throw_exception_again;
    546 	  }
    547 	__r->_M_set_length(__len);
    548 	return __r->_M_refdata();
    549       }
    550 
    551   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    552     template<typename _InIterator>
    553       _CharT*
    554       __rc_string_base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    555       _S_construct(_InIterator __beg, _InIterator __end, const _Alloc& __a,
    556 		   std::forward_iterator_tag)
    557       {
    558 	if (__beg == __end && __a == _Alloc())
    559 	  return _S_empty_rep._M_refcopy();
    560 
    561 	// NB: Not required, but considered best practice.
    562 	if (__is_null_pointer(__beg) && __beg != __end)
    563 	  std::__throw_logic_error(__N("__rc_string_base::"
    564 				       "_S_construct null not valid"));
    565 
    566 	const size_type __dnew = static_cast<size_type>(std::distance(__beg,
    567 								      __end));
    568 	// Check for out_of_range and length_error exceptions.
    569 	_Rep* __r = _Rep::_S_create(__dnew, size_type(0), __a);
    570 	__try
    571 	  { __rc_string_base::_S_copy_chars(__r->_M_refdata(), __beg, __end); }
    572 	__catch(...)
    573 	  {
    574 	    __r->_M_destroy(__a);
    575 	    __throw_exception_again;
    576 	  }
    577 	__r->_M_set_length(__dnew);
    578 	return __r->_M_refdata();
    579       }
    580 
    581   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    582     _CharT*
    583     __rc_string_base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    584     _S_construct(size_type __n, _CharT __c, const _Alloc& __a)
    585     {
    586       if (__n == 0 && __a == _Alloc())
    587 	return _S_empty_rep._M_refcopy();
    588 
    589       // Check for out_of_range and length_error exceptions.
    590       _Rep* __r = _Rep::_S_create(__n, size_type(0), __a);
    591       if (__n)
    592 	__rc_string_base::_S_assign(__r->_M_refdata(), __n, __c);
    593 
    594       __r->_M_set_length(__n);
    595       return __r->_M_refdata();
    596     }
    597 
    598   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    599     void
    600     __rc_string_base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    601     _M_swap(__rc_string_base& __rcs)
    602     {
    603       if (_M_is_leaked())
    604 	_M_set_sharable();
    605       if (__rcs._M_is_leaked())
    606 	__rcs._M_set_sharable();
    607 
    608       _CharT* __tmp = _M_data();
    609       _M_data(__rcs._M_data());
    610       __rcs._M_data(__tmp);
    611 
    612       // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
    613       // 431. Swapping containers with unequal allocators.
    614       std::__alloc_swap<allocator_type>::_S_do_it(_M_get_allocator(),
    615 						  __rcs._M_get_allocator());
    616     }
    617 
    618   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    619     void
    620     __rc_string_base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    621     _M_assign(const __rc_string_base& __rcs)
    622     {
    623       if (_M_rep() != __rcs._M_rep())
    624 	{
    625 	  _CharT* __tmp = __rcs._M_grab(_M_get_allocator());
    626 	  _M_dispose();
    627 	  _M_data(__tmp);
    628 	}
    629     }
    630 
    631   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    632     void
    633     __rc_string_base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    634     _M_reserve(size_type __res)
    635     {
    636       // Make sure we don't shrink below the current size.
    637       if (__res < _M_length())
    638 	__res = _M_length();
    639 
    640       if (__res != _M_capacity() || _M_is_shared())
    641 	{
    642 	  _CharT* __tmp = _M_rep()->_M_clone(_M_get_allocator(),
    643 					     __res - _M_length());
    644 	  _M_dispose();
    645 	  _M_data(__tmp);
    646 	}
    647     }
    648 
    649   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    650     void
    651     __rc_string_base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    652     _M_mutate(size_type __pos, size_type __len1, const _CharT* __s,
    653 	      size_type __len2)
    654     {
    655       const size_type __how_much = _M_length() - __pos - __len1;
    656 
    657       _Rep* __r = _Rep::_S_create(_M_length() + __len2 - __len1,
    658 				  _M_capacity(), _M_get_allocator());
    659 
    660       if (__pos)
    661 	this->_S_copy(__r->_M_refdata(), _M_data(), __pos);
    662       if (__s && __len2)
    663 	this->_S_copy(__r->_M_refdata() + __pos, __s, __len2);
    664       if (__how_much)
    665 	this->_S_copy(__r->_M_refdata() + __pos + __len2,
    666 		_M_data() + __pos + __len1, __how_much);
    667 
    668       _M_dispose();
    669       _M_data(__r->_M_refdata());
    670     }
    671 
    672   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    673     void
    674     __rc_string_base<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    675     _M_erase(size_type __pos, size_type __n)
    676     {
    677       const size_type __new_size = _M_length() - __n;
    678       const size_type __how_much = _M_length() - __pos - __n;
    679 
    680       if (_M_is_shared())
    681 	{
    682 	  // Must reallocate.
    683 	  _Rep* __r = _Rep::_S_create(__new_size, _M_capacity(),
    684 				      _M_get_allocator());
    685 
    686 	  if (__pos)
    687 	    this->_S_copy(__r->_M_refdata(), _M_data(), __pos);
    688 	  if (__how_much)
    689 	    this->_S_copy(__r->_M_refdata() + __pos,
    690 		    _M_data() + __pos + __n, __how_much);
    691 
    692 	  _M_dispose();
    693 	  _M_data(__r->_M_refdata());
    694 	}
    695       else if (__how_much && __n)
    696 	{
    697 	  // Work in-place.
    698 	  this->_S_move(_M_data() + __pos,
    699 		  _M_data() + __pos + __n, __how_much);
    700 	}
    701 
    702       _M_rep()->_M_set_length(__new_size);
    703     }
    704 
    705   template<>
    706     inline bool
    707     __rc_string_base<char, std::char_traits<char>,
    708 		     std::allocator<char> >::
    709     _M_compare(const __rc_string_base& __rcs) const
    710     {
    711       if (_M_rep() == __rcs._M_rep())
    712 	return true;
    713       return false;
    714     }
    715 
    716 #ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
    717   template<>
    718     inline bool
    719     __rc_string_base<wchar_t, std::char_traits<wchar_t>,
    720 		     std::allocator<wchar_t> >::
    721     _M_compare(const __rc_string_base& __rcs) const
    722     {
    723       if (_M_rep() == __rcs._M_rep())
    724 	return true;
    725       return false;
    726     }
    727 #endif
    728 
    729 _GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
    730 } // namespace
    731 
    732 #endif /* _RC_STRING_BASE_H */
    733