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      1 // Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
      2 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
      3 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
      4 
      5 // Windows system calls.
      6 
      7 package syscall
      8 
      9 import (
     10 	errorspkg "errors"
     11 	"internal/race"
     12 	"sync"
     13 	"unicode/utf16"
     14 	"unsafe"
     15 )
     16 
     17 type Handle uintptr
     18 
     19 const InvalidHandle = ^Handle(0)
     20 
     21 // StringToUTF16 returns the UTF-16 encoding of the UTF-8 string s,
     22 // with a terminating NUL added. If s contains a NUL byte this
     23 // function panics instead of returning an error.
     24 //
     25 // Deprecated: Use UTF16FromString instead.
     26 func StringToUTF16(s string) []uint16 {
     27 	a, err := UTF16FromString(s)
     28 	if err != nil {
     29 		panic("syscall: string with NUL passed to StringToUTF16")
     30 	}
     31 	return a
     32 }
     33 
     34 // UTF16FromString returns the UTF-16 encoding of the UTF-8 string
     35 // s, with a terminating NUL added. If s contains a NUL byte at any
     36 // location, it returns (nil, EINVAL).
     37 func UTF16FromString(s string) ([]uint16, error) {
     38 	for i := 0; i < len(s); i++ {
     39 		if s[i] == 0 {
     40 			return nil, EINVAL
     41 		}
     42 	}
     43 	return utf16.Encode([]rune(s + "\x00")), nil
     44 }
     45 
     46 // UTF16ToString returns the UTF-8 encoding of the UTF-16 sequence s,
     47 // with a terminating NUL removed.
     48 func UTF16ToString(s []uint16) string {
     49 	for i, v := range s {
     50 		if v == 0 {
     51 			s = s[0:i]
     52 			break
     53 		}
     54 	}
     55 	return string(utf16.Decode(s))
     56 }
     57 
     58 // StringToUTF16Ptr returns pointer to the UTF-16 encoding of
     59 // the UTF-8 string s, with a terminating NUL added. If s
     60 // If s contains a NUL byte this function panics instead of
     61 // returning an error.
     62 //
     63 // Deprecated: Use UTF16PtrFromString instead.
     64 func StringToUTF16Ptr(s string) *uint16 { return &StringToUTF16(s)[0] }
     65 
     66 // UTF16PtrFromString returns pointer to the UTF-16 encoding of
     67 // the UTF-8 string s, with a terminating NUL added. If s
     68 // contains a NUL byte at any location, it returns (nil, EINVAL).
     69 func UTF16PtrFromString(s string) (*uint16, error) {
     70 	a, err := UTF16FromString(s)
     71 	if err != nil {
     72 		return nil, err
     73 	}
     74 	return &a[0], nil
     75 }
     76 
     77 // Errno is the Windows error number.
     78 type Errno uintptr
     79 
     80 func langid(pri, sub uint16) uint32 { return uint32(sub)<<10 | uint32(pri) }
     81 
     82 // FormatMessage is deprecated (msgsrc should be uintptr, not uint32, but can
     83 // not be changed due to the Go 1 compatibility guarantee).
     84 //
     85 // Deprecated: Use FormatMessage from golang.org/x/sys/windows instead.
     86 func FormatMessage(flags uint32, msgsrc uint32, msgid uint32, langid uint32, buf []uint16, args *byte) (n uint32, err error) {
     87 	return formatMessage(flags, uintptr(msgsrc), msgid, langid, buf, args)
     88 }
     89 
     90 func (e Errno) Error() string {
     91 	// deal with special go errors
     92 	idx := int(e - APPLICATION_ERROR)
     93 	if 0 <= idx && idx < len(errors) {
     94 		return errors[idx]
     95 	}
     96 	// ask windows for the remaining errors
     97 	var flags uint32 = FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_ARGUMENT_ARRAY | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS
     98 	b := make([]uint16, 300)
     99 	n, err := formatMessage(flags, 0, uint32(e), langid(LANG_ENGLISH, SUBLANG_ENGLISH_US), b, nil)
    100 	if err != nil {
    101 		n, err = formatMessage(flags, 0, uint32(e), 0, b, nil)
    102 		if err != nil {
    103 			return "winapi error #" + itoa(int(e))
    104 		}
    105 	}
    106 	// trim terminating \r and \n
    107 	for ; n > 0 && (b[n-1] == '\n' || b[n-1] == '\r'); n-- {
    108 	}
    109 	return string(utf16.Decode(b[:n]))
    110 }
    111 
    112 func (e Errno) Temporary() bool {
    113 	return e == EINTR || e == EMFILE || e.Timeout()
    114 }
    115 
    116 func (e Errno) Timeout() bool {
    117 	return e == EAGAIN || e == EWOULDBLOCK || e == ETIMEDOUT
    118 }
    119 
    120 // Implemented in runtime/syscall_windows.go.
    121 func compileCallback(fn interface{}, cleanstack bool) uintptr
    122 
    123 // Converts a Go function to a function pointer conforming
    124 // to the stdcall calling convention. This is useful when
    125 // interoperating with Windows code requiring callbacks.
    126 func NewCallback(fn interface{}) uintptr {
    127 	return compileCallback(fn, true)
    128 }
    129 
    130 // Converts a Go function to a function pointer conforming
    131 // to the cdecl calling convention. This is useful when
    132 // interoperating with Windows code requiring callbacks.
    133 func NewCallbackCDecl(fn interface{}) uintptr {
    134 	return compileCallback(fn, false)
    135 }
    136 
    137 // windows api calls
    138 
    139 //sys	GetLastError() (lasterr error)
    140 //sys	LoadLibrary(libname string) (handle Handle, err error) = LoadLibraryW
    141 //sys	FreeLibrary(handle Handle) (err error)
    142 //sys	GetProcAddress(module Handle, procname string) (proc uintptr, err error)
    143 //sys	GetVersion() (ver uint32, err error)
    144 //sys	formatMessage(flags uint32, msgsrc uintptr, msgid uint32, langid uint32, buf []uint16, args *byte) (n uint32, err error) = FormatMessageW
    145 //sys	ExitProcess(exitcode uint32)
    146 //sys	CreateFile(name *uint16, access uint32, mode uint32, sa *SecurityAttributes, createmode uint32, attrs uint32, templatefile int32) (handle Handle, err error) [failretval==InvalidHandle] = CreateFileW
    147 //sys	ReadFile(handle Handle, buf []byte, done *uint32, overlapped *Overlapped) (err error)
    148 //sys	WriteFile(handle Handle, buf []byte, done *uint32, overlapped *Overlapped) (err error)
    149 //sys	SetFilePointer(handle Handle, lowoffset int32, highoffsetptr *int32, whence uint32) (newlowoffset uint32, err error) [failretval==0xffffffff]
    150 //sys	CloseHandle(handle Handle) (err error)
    151 //sys	GetStdHandle(stdhandle int) (handle Handle, err error) [failretval==InvalidHandle]
    152 //sys	findFirstFile1(name *uint16, data *win32finddata1) (handle Handle, err error) [failretval==InvalidHandle] = FindFirstFileW
    153 //sys	findNextFile1(handle Handle, data *win32finddata1) (err error) = FindNextFileW
    154 //sys	FindClose(handle Handle) (err error)
    155 //sys	GetFileInformationByHandle(handle Handle, data *ByHandleFileInformation) (err error)
    156 //sys	GetCurrentDirectory(buflen uint32, buf *uint16) (n uint32, err error) = GetCurrentDirectoryW
    157 //sys	SetCurrentDirectory(path *uint16) (err error) = SetCurrentDirectoryW
    158 //sys	CreateDirectory(path *uint16, sa *SecurityAttributes) (err error) = CreateDirectoryW
    159 //sys	RemoveDirectory(path *uint16) (err error) = RemoveDirectoryW
    160 //sys	DeleteFile(path *uint16) (err error) = DeleteFileW
    161 //sys	MoveFile(from *uint16, to *uint16) (err error) = MoveFileW
    162 //sys	GetComputerName(buf *uint16, n *uint32) (err error) = GetComputerNameW
    163 //sys	SetEndOfFile(handle Handle) (err error)
    164 //sys	GetSystemTimeAsFileTime(time *Filetime)
    165 //sys	GetTimeZoneInformation(tzi *Timezoneinformation) (rc uint32, err error) [failretval==0xffffffff]
    166 //sys	CreateIoCompletionPort(filehandle Handle, cphandle Handle, key uint32, threadcnt uint32) (handle Handle, err error)
    167 //sys	GetQueuedCompletionStatus(cphandle Handle, qty *uint32, key *uint32, overlapped **Overlapped, timeout uint32) (err error)
    168 //sys	PostQueuedCompletionStatus(cphandle Handle, qty uint32, key uint32, overlapped *Overlapped) (err error)
    169 //sys	CancelIo(s Handle) (err error)
    170 //sys	CancelIoEx(s Handle, o *Overlapped) (err error)
    171 //sys	CreateProcess(appName *uint16, commandLine *uint16, procSecurity *SecurityAttributes, threadSecurity *SecurityAttributes, inheritHandles bool, creationFlags uint32, env *uint16, currentDir *uint16, startupInfo *StartupInfo, outProcInfo *ProcessInformation) (err error) = CreateProcessW
    172 //sys	OpenProcess(da uint32, inheritHandle bool, pid uint32) (handle Handle, err error)
    173 //sys	TerminateProcess(handle Handle, exitcode uint32) (err error)
    174 //sys	GetExitCodeProcess(handle Handle, exitcode *uint32) (err error)
    175 //sys	GetStartupInfo(startupInfo *StartupInfo) (err error) = GetStartupInfoW
    176 //sys	GetCurrentProcess() (pseudoHandle Handle, err error)
    177 //sys	GetProcessTimes(handle Handle, creationTime *Filetime, exitTime *Filetime, kernelTime *Filetime, userTime *Filetime) (err error)
    178 //sys	DuplicateHandle(hSourceProcessHandle Handle, hSourceHandle Handle, hTargetProcessHandle Handle, lpTargetHandle *Handle, dwDesiredAccess uint32, bInheritHandle bool, dwOptions uint32) (err error)
    179 //sys	WaitForSingleObject(handle Handle, waitMilliseconds uint32) (event uint32, err error) [failretval==0xffffffff]
    180 //sys	GetTempPath(buflen uint32, buf *uint16) (n uint32, err error) = GetTempPathW
    181 //sys	CreatePipe(readhandle *Handle, writehandle *Handle, sa *SecurityAttributes, size uint32) (err error)
    182 //sys	GetFileType(filehandle Handle) (n uint32, err error)
    183 //sys	CryptAcquireContext(provhandle *Handle, container *uint16, provider *uint16, provtype uint32, flags uint32) (err error) = advapi32.CryptAcquireContextW
    184 //sys	CryptReleaseContext(provhandle Handle, flags uint32) (err error) = advapi32.CryptReleaseContext
    185 //sys	CryptGenRandom(provhandle Handle, buflen uint32, buf *byte) (err error) = advapi32.CryptGenRandom
    186 //sys	GetEnvironmentStrings() (envs *uint16, err error) [failretval==nil] = kernel32.GetEnvironmentStringsW
    187 //sys	FreeEnvironmentStrings(envs *uint16) (err error) = kernel32.FreeEnvironmentStringsW
    188 //sys	GetEnvironmentVariable(name *uint16, buffer *uint16, size uint32) (n uint32, err error) = kernel32.GetEnvironmentVariableW
    189 //sys	SetEnvironmentVariable(name *uint16, value *uint16) (err error) = kernel32.SetEnvironmentVariableW
    190 //sys	SetFileTime(handle Handle, ctime *Filetime, atime *Filetime, wtime *Filetime) (err error)
    191 //sys	GetFileAttributes(name *uint16) (attrs uint32, err error) [failretval==INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES] = kernel32.GetFileAttributesW
    192 //sys	SetFileAttributes(name *uint16, attrs uint32) (err error) = kernel32.SetFileAttributesW
    193 //sys	GetFileAttributesEx(name *uint16, level uint32, info *byte) (err error) = kernel32.GetFileAttributesExW
    194 //sys	GetCommandLine() (cmd *uint16) = kernel32.GetCommandLineW
    195 //sys	CommandLineToArgv(cmd *uint16, argc *int32) (argv *[8192]*[8192]uint16, err error) [failretval==nil] = shell32.CommandLineToArgvW
    196 //sys	LocalFree(hmem Handle) (handle Handle, err error) [failretval!=0]
    197 //sys	SetHandleInformation(handle Handle, mask uint32, flags uint32) (err error)
    198 //sys	FlushFileBuffers(handle Handle) (err error)
    199 //sys	GetFullPathName(path *uint16, buflen uint32, buf *uint16, fname **uint16) (n uint32, err error) = kernel32.GetFullPathNameW
    200 //sys	GetLongPathName(path *uint16, buf *uint16, buflen uint32) (n uint32, err error) = kernel32.GetLongPathNameW
    201 //sys	GetShortPathName(longpath *uint16, shortpath *uint16, buflen uint32) (n uint32, err error) = kernel32.GetShortPathNameW
    202 //sys	CreateFileMapping(fhandle Handle, sa *SecurityAttributes, prot uint32, maxSizeHigh uint32, maxSizeLow uint32, name *uint16) (handle Handle, err error) = kernel32.CreateFileMappingW
    203 //sys	MapViewOfFile(handle Handle, access uint32, offsetHigh uint32, offsetLow uint32, length uintptr) (addr uintptr, err error)
    204 //sys	UnmapViewOfFile(addr uintptr) (err error)
    205 //sys	FlushViewOfFile(addr uintptr, length uintptr) (err error)
    206 //sys	VirtualLock(addr uintptr, length uintptr) (err error)
    207 //sys	VirtualUnlock(addr uintptr, length uintptr) (err error)
    208 //sys	TransmitFile(s Handle, handle Handle, bytesToWrite uint32, bytsPerSend uint32, overlapped *Overlapped, transmitFileBuf *TransmitFileBuffers, flags uint32) (err error) = mswsock.TransmitFile
    209 //sys	ReadDirectoryChanges(handle Handle, buf *byte, buflen uint32, watchSubTree bool, mask uint32, retlen *uint32, overlapped *Overlapped, completionRoutine uintptr) (err error) = kernel32.ReadDirectoryChangesW
    210 //sys	CertOpenSystemStore(hprov Handle, name *uint16) (store Handle, err error) = crypt32.CertOpenSystemStoreW
    211 //sys   CertOpenStore(storeProvider uintptr, msgAndCertEncodingType uint32, cryptProv uintptr, flags uint32, para uintptr) (handle Handle, err error) [failretval==InvalidHandle] = crypt32.CertOpenStore
    212 //sys	CertEnumCertificatesInStore(store Handle, prevContext *CertContext) (context *CertContext, err error) [failretval==nil] = crypt32.CertEnumCertificatesInStore
    213 //sys   CertAddCertificateContextToStore(store Handle, certContext *CertContext, addDisposition uint32, storeContext **CertContext) (err error) = crypt32.CertAddCertificateContextToStore
    214 //sys	CertCloseStore(store Handle, flags uint32) (err error) = crypt32.CertCloseStore
    215 //sys   CertGetCertificateChain(engine Handle, leaf *CertContext, time *Filetime, additionalStore Handle, para *CertChainPara, flags uint32, reserved uintptr, chainCtx **CertChainContext) (err error) = crypt32.CertGetCertificateChain
    216 //sys   CertFreeCertificateChain(ctx *CertChainContext) = crypt32.CertFreeCertificateChain
    217 //sys   CertCreateCertificateContext(certEncodingType uint32, certEncoded *byte, encodedLen uint32) (context *CertContext, err error) [failretval==nil] = crypt32.CertCreateCertificateContext
    218 //sys   CertFreeCertificateContext(ctx *CertContext) (err error) = crypt32.CertFreeCertificateContext
    219 //sys   CertVerifyCertificateChainPolicy(policyOID uintptr, chain *CertChainContext, para *CertChainPolicyPara, status *CertChainPolicyStatus) (err error) = crypt32.CertVerifyCertificateChainPolicy
    220 //sys	RegOpenKeyEx(key Handle, subkey *uint16, options uint32, desiredAccess uint32, result *Handle) (regerrno error) = advapi32.RegOpenKeyExW
    221 //sys	RegCloseKey(key Handle) (regerrno error) = advapi32.RegCloseKey
    222 //sys	RegQueryInfoKey(key Handle, class *uint16, classLen *uint32, reserved *uint32, subkeysLen *uint32, maxSubkeyLen *uint32, maxClassLen *uint32, valuesLen *uint32, maxValueNameLen *uint32, maxValueLen *uint32, saLen *uint32, lastWriteTime *Filetime) (regerrno error) = advapi32.RegQueryInfoKeyW
    223 //sys	RegEnumKeyEx(key Handle, index uint32, name *uint16, nameLen *uint32, reserved *uint32, class *uint16, classLen *uint32, lastWriteTime *Filetime) (regerrno error) = advapi32.RegEnumKeyExW
    224 //sys	RegQueryValueEx(key Handle, name *uint16, reserved *uint32, valtype *uint32, buf *byte, buflen *uint32) (regerrno error) = advapi32.RegQueryValueExW
    225 //sys	getCurrentProcessId() (pid uint32) = kernel32.GetCurrentProcessId
    226 //sys	GetConsoleMode(console Handle, mode *uint32) (err error) = kernel32.GetConsoleMode
    227 //sys	WriteConsole(console Handle, buf *uint16, towrite uint32, written *uint32, reserved *byte) (err error) = kernel32.WriteConsoleW
    228 //sys	ReadConsole(console Handle, buf *uint16, toread uint32, read *uint32, inputControl *byte) (err error) = kernel32.ReadConsoleW
    229 //sys	CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(flags uint32, processId uint32) (handle Handle, err error) [failretval==InvalidHandle] = kernel32.CreateToolhelp32Snapshot
    230 //sys	Process32First(snapshot Handle, procEntry *ProcessEntry32) (err error) = kernel32.Process32FirstW
    231 //sys	Process32Next(snapshot Handle, procEntry *ProcessEntry32) (err error) = kernel32.Process32NextW
    232 //sys	DeviceIoControl(handle Handle, ioControlCode uint32, inBuffer *byte, inBufferSize uint32, outBuffer *byte, outBufferSize uint32, bytesReturned *uint32, overlapped *Overlapped) (err error)
    233 // This function returns 1 byte BOOLEAN rather than the 4 byte BOOL.
    234 //sys	CreateSymbolicLink(symlinkfilename *uint16, targetfilename *uint16, flags uint32) (err error) [failretval&0xff==0] = CreateSymbolicLinkW
    235 //sys	CreateHardLink(filename *uint16, existingfilename *uint16, reserved uintptr) (err error) [failretval&0xff==0] = CreateHardLinkW
    236 
    237 // syscall interface implementation for other packages
    238 
    239 func Exit(code int) { ExitProcess(uint32(code)) }
    240 
    241 func makeInheritSa() *SecurityAttributes {
    242 	var sa SecurityAttributes
    243 	sa.Length = uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(sa))
    244 	sa.InheritHandle = 1
    245 	return &sa
    246 }
    247 
    248 func Open(path string, mode int, perm uint32) (fd Handle, err error) {
    249 	if len(path) == 0 {
    250 		return InvalidHandle, ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND
    251 	}
    252 	pathp, err := UTF16PtrFromString(path)
    253 	if err != nil {
    254 		return InvalidHandle, err
    255 	}
    256 	var access uint32
    257 	switch mode & (O_RDONLY | O_WRONLY | O_RDWR) {
    258 	case O_RDONLY:
    259 		access = GENERIC_READ
    260 	case O_WRONLY:
    261 		access = GENERIC_WRITE
    262 	case O_RDWR:
    263 		access = GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE
    264 	}
    265 	if mode&O_CREAT != 0 {
    266 		access |= GENERIC_WRITE
    267 	}
    268 	if mode&O_APPEND != 0 {
    269 		access &^= GENERIC_WRITE
    270 		access |= FILE_APPEND_DATA
    271 	}
    272 	sharemode := uint32(FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE)
    273 	var sa *SecurityAttributes
    274 	if mode&O_CLOEXEC == 0 {
    275 		sa = makeInheritSa()
    276 	}
    277 	var createmode uint32
    278 	switch {
    279 	case mode&(O_CREAT|O_EXCL) == (O_CREAT | O_EXCL):
    280 		createmode = CREATE_NEW
    281 	case mode&(O_CREAT|O_TRUNC) == (O_CREAT | O_TRUNC):
    282 		createmode = CREATE_ALWAYS
    283 	case mode&O_CREAT == O_CREAT:
    284 		createmode = OPEN_ALWAYS
    285 	case mode&O_TRUNC == O_TRUNC:
    286 		createmode = TRUNCATE_EXISTING
    287 	default:
    288 		createmode = OPEN_EXISTING
    289 	}
    290 	h, e := CreateFile(pathp, access, sharemode, sa, createmode, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, 0)
    291 	return h, e
    292 }
    293 
    294 func Read(fd Handle, p []byte) (n int, err error) {
    295 	var done uint32
    296 	e := ReadFile(fd, p, &done, nil)
    297 	if e != nil {
    298 		if e == ERROR_BROKEN_PIPE {
    299 			// NOTE(brainman): work around ERROR_BROKEN_PIPE is returned on reading EOF from stdin
    300 			return 0, nil
    301 		}
    302 		return 0, e
    303 	}
    304 	if race.Enabled {
    305 		if done > 0 {
    306 			race.WriteRange(unsafe.Pointer(&p[0]), int(done))
    307 		}
    308 		race.Acquire(unsafe.Pointer(&ioSync))
    309 	}
    310 	if msanenabled && done > 0 {
    311 		msanWrite(unsafe.Pointer(&p[0]), int(done))
    312 	}
    313 	return int(done), nil
    314 }
    315 
    316 func Write(fd Handle, p []byte) (n int, err error) {
    317 	if race.Enabled {
    318 		race.ReleaseMerge(unsafe.Pointer(&ioSync))
    319 	}
    320 	var done uint32
    321 	e := WriteFile(fd, p, &done, nil)
    322 	if e != nil {
    323 		return 0, e
    324 	}
    325 	if race.Enabled && done > 0 {
    326 		race.ReadRange(unsafe.Pointer(&p[0]), int(done))
    327 	}
    328 	if msanenabled && done > 0 {
    329 		msanRead(unsafe.Pointer(&p[0]), int(done))
    330 	}
    331 	return int(done), nil
    332 }
    333 
    334 var ioSync int64
    335 
    336 func Seek(fd Handle, offset int64, whence int) (newoffset int64, err error) {
    337 	var w uint32
    338 	switch whence {
    339 	case 0:
    340 		w = FILE_BEGIN
    341 	case 1:
    342 		w = FILE_CURRENT
    343 	case 2:
    344 		w = FILE_END
    345 	}
    346 	hi := int32(offset >> 32)
    347 	lo := int32(offset)
    348 	// use GetFileType to check pipe, pipe can't do seek
    349 	ft, _ := GetFileType(fd)
    350 	if ft == FILE_TYPE_PIPE {
    351 		return 0, EPIPE
    352 	}
    353 	rlo, e := SetFilePointer(fd, lo, &hi, w)
    354 	if e != nil {
    355 		return 0, e
    356 	}
    357 	return int64(hi)<<32 + int64(rlo), nil
    358 }
    359 
    360 func Close(fd Handle) (err error) {
    361 	return CloseHandle(fd)
    362 }
    363 
    364 var (
    365 	Stdin  = getStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
    366 	Stdout = getStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)
    367 	Stderr = getStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE)
    368 )
    369 
    370 func getStdHandle(h int) (fd Handle) {
    371 	r, _ := GetStdHandle(h)
    372 	CloseOnExec(r)
    373 	return r
    374 }
    375 
    376 const ImplementsGetwd = true
    377 
    378 func Getwd() (wd string, err error) {
    379 	b := make([]uint16, 300)
    380 	n, e := GetCurrentDirectory(uint32(len(b)), &b[0])
    381 	if e != nil {
    382 		return "", e
    383 	}
    384 	return string(utf16.Decode(b[0:n])), nil
    385 }
    386 
    387 func Chdir(path string) (err error) {
    388 	pathp, err := UTF16PtrFromString(path)
    389 	if err != nil {
    390 		return err
    391 	}
    392 	return SetCurrentDirectory(pathp)
    393 }
    394 
    395 func Mkdir(path string, mode uint32) (err error) {
    396 	pathp, err := UTF16PtrFromString(path)
    397 	if err != nil {
    398 		return err
    399 	}
    400 	return CreateDirectory(pathp, nil)
    401 }
    402 
    403 func Rmdir(path string) (err error) {
    404 	pathp, err := UTF16PtrFromString(path)
    405 	if err != nil {
    406 		return err
    407 	}
    408 	return RemoveDirectory(pathp)
    409 }
    410 
    411 func Unlink(path string) (err error) {
    412 	pathp, err := UTF16PtrFromString(path)
    413 	if err != nil {
    414 		return err
    415 	}
    416 	return DeleteFile(pathp)
    417 }
    418 
    419 func Rename(oldpath, newpath string) (err error) {
    420 	from, err := UTF16PtrFromString(oldpath)
    421 	if err != nil {
    422 		return err
    423 	}
    424 	to, err := UTF16PtrFromString(newpath)
    425 	if err != nil {
    426 		return err
    427 	}
    428 	return MoveFile(from, to)
    429 }
    430 
    431 func ComputerName() (name string, err error) {
    432 	var n uint32 = MAX_COMPUTERNAME_LENGTH + 1
    433 	b := make([]uint16, n)
    434 	e := GetComputerName(&b[0], &n)
    435 	if e != nil {
    436 		return "", e
    437 	}
    438 	return string(utf16.Decode(b[0:n])), nil
    439 }
    440 
    441 func Ftruncate(fd Handle, length int64) (err error) {
    442 	curoffset, e := Seek(fd, 0, 1)
    443 	if e != nil {
    444 		return e
    445 	}
    446 	defer Seek(fd, curoffset, 0)
    447 	_, e = Seek(fd, length, 0)
    448 	if e != nil {
    449 		return e
    450 	}
    451 	e = SetEndOfFile(fd)
    452 	if e != nil {
    453 		return e
    454 	}
    455 	return nil
    456 }
    457 
    458 func Gettimeofday(tv *Timeval) (err error) {
    459 	var ft Filetime
    460 	GetSystemTimeAsFileTime(&ft)
    461 	*tv = NsecToTimeval(ft.Nanoseconds())
    462 	return nil
    463 }
    464 
    465 func Pipe(p []Handle) (err error) {
    466 	if len(p) != 2 {
    467 		return EINVAL
    468 	}
    469 	var r, w Handle
    470 	e := CreatePipe(&r, &w, makeInheritSa(), 0)
    471 	if e != nil {
    472 		return e
    473 	}
    474 	p[0] = r
    475 	p[1] = w
    476 	return nil
    477 }
    478 
    479 func Utimes(path string, tv []Timeval) (err error) {
    480 	if len(tv) != 2 {
    481 		return EINVAL
    482 	}
    483 	pathp, e := UTF16PtrFromString(path)
    484 	if e != nil {
    485 		return e
    486 	}
    487 	h, e := CreateFile(pathp,
    488 		FILE_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES, FILE_SHARE_WRITE, nil,
    489 		OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS, 0)
    490 	if e != nil {
    491 		return e
    492 	}
    493 	defer Close(h)
    494 	a := NsecToFiletime(tv[0].Nanoseconds())
    495 	w := NsecToFiletime(tv[1].Nanoseconds())
    496 	return SetFileTime(h, nil, &a, &w)
    497 }
    498 
    499 func UtimesNano(path string, ts []Timespec) (err error) {
    500 	if len(ts) != 2 {
    501 		return EINVAL
    502 	}
    503 	pathp, e := UTF16PtrFromString(path)
    504 	if e != nil {
    505 		return e
    506 	}
    507 	h, e := CreateFile(pathp,
    508 		FILE_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES, FILE_SHARE_WRITE, nil,
    509 		OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS, 0)
    510 	if e != nil {
    511 		return e
    512 	}
    513 	defer Close(h)
    514 	a := NsecToFiletime(TimespecToNsec(ts[0]))
    515 	w := NsecToFiletime(TimespecToNsec(ts[1]))
    516 	return SetFileTime(h, nil, &a, &w)
    517 }
    518 
    519 func Fsync(fd Handle) (err error) {
    520 	return FlushFileBuffers(fd)
    521 }
    522 
    523 func Chmod(path string, mode uint32) (err error) {
    524 	if mode == 0 {
    525 		return EINVAL
    526 	}
    527 	p, e := UTF16PtrFromString(path)
    528 	if e != nil {
    529 		return e
    530 	}
    531 	attrs, e := GetFileAttributes(p)
    532 	if e != nil {
    533 		return e
    534 	}
    535 	if mode&S_IWRITE != 0 {
    536 		attrs &^= FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY
    537 	} else {
    538 		attrs |= FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY
    539 	}
    540 	return SetFileAttributes(p, attrs)
    541 }
    542 
    543 func LoadCancelIoEx() error {
    544 	return procCancelIoEx.Find()
    545 }
    546 
    547 func LoadSetFileCompletionNotificationModes() error {
    548 	return procSetFileCompletionNotificationModes.Find()
    549 }
    550 
    551 // net api calls
    552 
    553 const socket_error = uintptr(^uint32(0))
    554 
    555 //sys	WSAStartup(verreq uint32, data *WSAData) (sockerr error) = ws2_32.WSAStartup
    556 //sys	WSACleanup() (err error) [failretval==socket_error] = ws2_32.WSACleanup
    557 //sys	WSAIoctl(s Handle, iocc uint32, inbuf *byte, cbif uint32, outbuf *byte, cbob uint32, cbbr *uint32, overlapped *Overlapped, completionRoutine uintptr) (err error) [failretval==socket_error] = ws2_32.WSAIoctl
    558 //sys	socket(af int32, typ int32, protocol int32) (handle Handle, err error) [failretval==InvalidHandle] = ws2_32.socket
    559 //sys	Setsockopt(s Handle, level int32, optname int32, optval *byte, optlen int32) (err error) [failretval==socket_error] = ws2_32.setsockopt
    560 //sys	Getsockopt(s Handle, level int32, optname int32, optval *byte, optlen *int32) (err error) [failretval==socket_error] = ws2_32.getsockopt
    561 //sys	bind(s Handle, name unsafe.Pointer, namelen int32) (err error) [failretval==socket_error] = ws2_32.bind
    562 //sys	connect(s Handle, name unsafe.Pointer, namelen int32) (err error) [failretval==socket_error] = ws2_32.connect
    563 //sys	getsockname(s Handle, rsa *RawSockaddrAny, addrlen *int32) (err error) [failretval==socket_error] = ws2_32.getsockname
    564 //sys	getpeername(s Handle, rsa *RawSockaddrAny, addrlen *int32) (err error) [failretval==socket_error] = ws2_32.getpeername
    565 //sys	listen(s Handle, backlog int32) (err error) [failretval==socket_error] = ws2_32.listen
    566 //sys	shutdown(s Handle, how int32) (err error) [failretval==socket_error] = ws2_32.shutdown
    567 //sys	Closesocket(s Handle) (err error) [failretval==socket_error] = ws2_32.closesocket
    568 //sys	AcceptEx(ls Handle, as Handle, buf *byte, rxdatalen uint32, laddrlen uint32, raddrlen uint32, recvd *uint32, overlapped *Overlapped) (err error) = mswsock.AcceptEx
    569 //sys	GetAcceptExSockaddrs(buf *byte, rxdatalen uint32, laddrlen uint32, raddrlen uint32, lrsa **RawSockaddrAny, lrsalen *int32, rrsa **RawSockaddrAny, rrsalen *int32) = mswsock.GetAcceptExSockaddrs
    570 //sys	WSARecv(s Handle, bufs *WSABuf, bufcnt uint32, recvd *uint32, flags *uint32, overlapped *Overlapped, croutine *byte) (err error) [failretval==socket_error] = ws2_32.WSARecv
    571 //sys	WSASend(s Handle, bufs *WSABuf, bufcnt uint32, sent *uint32, flags uint32, overlapped *Overlapped, croutine *byte) (err error) [failretval==socket_error] = ws2_32.WSASend
    572 //sys	WSARecvFrom(s Handle, bufs *WSABuf, bufcnt uint32, recvd *uint32, flags *uint32,  from *RawSockaddrAny, fromlen *int32, overlapped *Overlapped, croutine *byte) (err error) [failretval==socket_error] = ws2_32.WSARecvFrom
    573 //sys	WSASendTo(s Handle, bufs *WSABuf, bufcnt uint32, sent *uint32, flags uint32, to *RawSockaddrAny, tolen int32,  overlapped *Overlapped, croutine *byte) (err error) [failretval==socket_error] = ws2_32.WSASendTo
    574 //sys	GetHostByName(name string) (h *Hostent, err error) [failretval==nil] = ws2_32.gethostbyname
    575 //sys	GetServByName(name string, proto string) (s *Servent, err error) [failretval==nil] = ws2_32.getservbyname
    576 //sys	Ntohs(netshort uint16) (u uint16) = ws2_32.ntohs
    577 //sys	GetProtoByName(name string) (p *Protoent, err error) [failretval==nil] = ws2_32.getprotobyname
    578 //sys	DnsQuery(name string, qtype uint16, options uint32, extra *byte, qrs **DNSRecord, pr *byte) (status error) = dnsapi.DnsQuery_W
    579 //sys	DnsRecordListFree(rl *DNSRecord, freetype uint32) = dnsapi.DnsRecordListFree
    580 //sys	DnsNameCompare(name1 *uint16, name2 *uint16) (same bool) = dnsapi.DnsNameCompare_W
    581 //sys	GetAddrInfoW(nodename *uint16, servicename *uint16, hints *AddrinfoW, result **AddrinfoW) (sockerr error) = ws2_32.GetAddrInfoW
    582 //sys	FreeAddrInfoW(addrinfo *AddrinfoW) = ws2_32.FreeAddrInfoW
    583 //sys	GetIfEntry(pIfRow *MibIfRow) (errcode error) = iphlpapi.GetIfEntry
    584 //sys	GetAdaptersInfo(ai *IpAdapterInfo, ol *uint32) (errcode error) = iphlpapi.GetAdaptersInfo
    585 //sys	SetFileCompletionNotificationModes(handle Handle, flags uint8) (err error) = kernel32.SetFileCompletionNotificationModes
    586 //sys	WSAEnumProtocols(protocols *int32, protocolBuffer *WSAProtocolInfo, bufferLength *uint32) (n int32, err error) [failretval==-1] = ws2_32.WSAEnumProtocolsW
    587 
    588 // For testing: clients can set this flag to force
    589 // creation of IPv6 sockets to return EAFNOSUPPORT.
    590 var SocketDisableIPv6 bool
    591 
    592 type RawSockaddrInet4 struct {
    593 	Family uint16
    594 	Port   uint16
    595 	Addr   [4]byte /* in_addr */
    596 	Zero   [8]uint8
    597 }
    598 
    599 type RawSockaddrInet6 struct {
    600 	Family   uint16
    601 	Port     uint16
    602 	Flowinfo uint32
    603 	Addr     [16]byte /* in6_addr */
    604 	Scope_id uint32
    605 }
    606 
    607 type RawSockaddr struct {
    608 	Family uint16
    609 	Data   [14]int8
    610 }
    611 
    612 type RawSockaddrAny struct {
    613 	Addr RawSockaddr
    614 	Pad  [96]int8
    615 }
    616 
    617 type Sockaddr interface {
    618 	sockaddr() (ptr unsafe.Pointer, len int32, err error) // lowercase; only we can define Sockaddrs
    619 }
    620 
    621 type SockaddrInet4 struct {
    622 	Port int
    623 	Addr [4]byte
    624 	raw  RawSockaddrInet4
    625 }
    626 
    627 func (sa *SockaddrInet4) sockaddr() (unsafe.Pointer, int32, error) {
    628 	if sa.Port < 0 || sa.Port > 0xFFFF {
    629 		return nil, 0, EINVAL
    630 	}
    631 	sa.raw.Family = AF_INET
    632 	p := (*[2]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&sa.raw.Port))
    633 	p[0] = byte(sa.Port >> 8)
    634 	p[1] = byte(sa.Port)
    635 	for i := 0; i < len(sa.Addr); i++ {
    636 		sa.raw.Addr[i] = sa.Addr[i]
    637 	}
    638 	return unsafe.Pointer(&sa.raw), int32(unsafe.Sizeof(sa.raw)), nil
    639 }
    640 
    641 type SockaddrInet6 struct {
    642 	Port   int
    643 	ZoneId uint32
    644 	Addr   [16]byte
    645 	raw    RawSockaddrInet6
    646 }
    647 
    648 func (sa *SockaddrInet6) sockaddr() (unsafe.Pointer, int32, error) {
    649 	if sa.Port < 0 || sa.Port > 0xFFFF {
    650 		return nil, 0, EINVAL
    651 	}
    652 	sa.raw.Family = AF_INET6
    653 	p := (*[2]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&sa.raw.Port))
    654 	p[0] = byte(sa.Port >> 8)
    655 	p[1] = byte(sa.Port)
    656 	sa.raw.Scope_id = sa.ZoneId
    657 	for i := 0; i < len(sa.Addr); i++ {
    658 		sa.raw.Addr[i] = sa.Addr[i]
    659 	}
    660 	return unsafe.Pointer(&sa.raw), int32(unsafe.Sizeof(sa.raw)), nil
    661 }
    662 
    663 type SockaddrUnix struct {
    664 	Name string
    665 }
    666 
    667 func (sa *SockaddrUnix) sockaddr() (unsafe.Pointer, int32, error) {
    668 	// TODO(brainman): implement SockaddrUnix.sockaddr()
    669 	return nil, 0, EWINDOWS
    670 }
    671 
    672 func (rsa *RawSockaddrAny) Sockaddr() (Sockaddr, error) {
    673 	switch rsa.Addr.Family {
    674 	case AF_UNIX:
    675 		return nil, EWINDOWS
    676 
    677 	case AF_INET:
    678 		pp := (*RawSockaddrInet4)(unsafe.Pointer(rsa))
    679 		sa := new(SockaddrInet4)
    680 		p := (*[2]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&pp.Port))
    681 		sa.Port = int(p[0])<<8 + int(p[1])
    682 		for i := 0; i < len(sa.Addr); i++ {
    683 			sa.Addr[i] = pp.Addr[i]
    684 		}
    685 		return sa, nil
    686 
    687 	case AF_INET6:
    688 		pp := (*RawSockaddrInet6)(unsafe.Pointer(rsa))
    689 		sa := new(SockaddrInet6)
    690 		p := (*[2]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&pp.Port))
    691 		sa.Port = int(p[0])<<8 + int(p[1])
    692 		sa.ZoneId = pp.Scope_id
    693 		for i := 0; i < len(sa.Addr); i++ {
    694 			sa.Addr[i] = pp.Addr[i]
    695 		}
    696 		return sa, nil
    697 	}
    698 	return nil, EAFNOSUPPORT
    699 }
    700 
    701 func Socket(domain, typ, proto int) (fd Handle, err error) {
    702 	if domain == AF_INET6 && SocketDisableIPv6 {
    703 		return InvalidHandle, EAFNOSUPPORT
    704 	}
    705 	return socket(int32(domain), int32(typ), int32(proto))
    706 }
    707 
    708 func SetsockoptInt(fd Handle, level, opt int, value int) (err error) {
    709 	v := int32(value)
    710 	return Setsockopt(fd, int32(level), int32(opt), (*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&v)), int32(unsafe.Sizeof(v)))
    711 }
    712 
    713 func Bind(fd Handle, sa Sockaddr) (err error) {
    714 	ptr, n, err := sa.sockaddr()
    715 	if err != nil {
    716 		return err
    717 	}
    718 	return bind(fd, ptr, n)
    719 }
    720 
    721 func Connect(fd Handle, sa Sockaddr) (err error) {
    722 	ptr, n, err := sa.sockaddr()
    723 	if err != nil {
    724 		return err
    725 	}
    726 	return connect(fd, ptr, n)
    727 }
    728 
    729 func Getsockname(fd Handle) (sa Sockaddr, err error) {
    730 	var rsa RawSockaddrAny
    731 	l := int32(unsafe.Sizeof(rsa))
    732 	if err = getsockname(fd, &rsa, &l); err != nil {
    733 		return
    734 	}
    735 	return rsa.Sockaddr()
    736 }
    737 
    738 func Getpeername(fd Handle) (sa Sockaddr, err error) {
    739 	var rsa RawSockaddrAny
    740 	l := int32(unsafe.Sizeof(rsa))
    741 	if err = getpeername(fd, &rsa, &l); err != nil {
    742 		return
    743 	}
    744 	return rsa.Sockaddr()
    745 }
    746 
    747 func Listen(s Handle, n int) (err error) {
    748 	return listen(s, int32(n))
    749 }
    750 
    751 func Shutdown(fd Handle, how int) (err error) {
    752 	return shutdown(fd, int32(how))
    753 }
    754 
    755 func WSASendto(s Handle, bufs *WSABuf, bufcnt uint32, sent *uint32, flags uint32, to Sockaddr, overlapped *Overlapped, croutine *byte) (err error) {
    756 	rsa, l, err := to.sockaddr()
    757 	if err != nil {
    758 		return err
    759 	}
    760 	return WSASendTo(s, bufs, bufcnt, sent, flags, (*RawSockaddrAny)(unsafe.Pointer(rsa)), l, overlapped, croutine)
    761 }
    762 
    763 func LoadGetAddrInfo() error {
    764 	return procGetAddrInfoW.Find()
    765 }
    766 
    767 var connectExFunc struct {
    768 	once sync.Once
    769 	addr uintptr
    770 	err  error
    771 }
    772 
    773 func LoadConnectEx() error {
    774 	connectExFunc.once.Do(func() {
    775 		var s Handle
    776 		s, connectExFunc.err = Socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP)
    777 		if connectExFunc.err != nil {
    778 			return
    779 		}
    780 		defer CloseHandle(s)
    781 		var n uint32
    782 		connectExFunc.err = WSAIoctl(s,
    783 			SIO_GET_EXTENSION_FUNCTION_POINTER,
    784 			(*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&WSAID_CONNECTEX)),
    785 			uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(WSAID_CONNECTEX)),
    786 			(*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&connectExFunc.addr)),
    787 			uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(connectExFunc.addr)),
    788 			&n, nil, 0)
    789 	})
    790 	return connectExFunc.err
    791 }
    792 
    793 func connectEx(s Handle, name unsafe.Pointer, namelen int32, sendBuf *byte, sendDataLen uint32, bytesSent *uint32, overlapped *Overlapped) (err error) {
    794 	r1, _, e1 := Syscall9(connectExFunc.addr, 7, uintptr(s), uintptr(name), uintptr(namelen), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(sendBuf)), uintptr(sendDataLen), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(bytesSent)), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(overlapped)), 0, 0)
    795 	if r1 == 0 {
    796 		if e1 != 0 {
    797 			err = error(e1)
    798 		} else {
    799 			err = EINVAL
    800 		}
    801 	}
    802 	return
    803 }
    804 
    805 func ConnectEx(fd Handle, sa Sockaddr, sendBuf *byte, sendDataLen uint32, bytesSent *uint32, overlapped *Overlapped) error {
    806 	err := LoadConnectEx()
    807 	if err != nil {
    808 		return errorspkg.New("failed to find ConnectEx: " + err.Error())
    809 	}
    810 	ptr, n, err := sa.sockaddr()
    811 	if err != nil {
    812 		return err
    813 	}
    814 	return connectEx(fd, ptr, n, sendBuf, sendDataLen, bytesSent, overlapped)
    815 }
    816 
    817 // Invented structures to support what package os expects.
    818 type Rusage struct {
    819 	CreationTime Filetime
    820 	ExitTime     Filetime
    821 	KernelTime   Filetime
    822 	UserTime     Filetime
    823 }
    824 
    825 type WaitStatus struct {
    826 	ExitCode uint32
    827 }
    828 
    829 func (w WaitStatus) Exited() bool { return true }
    830 
    831 func (w WaitStatus) ExitStatus() int { return int(w.ExitCode) }
    832 
    833 func (w WaitStatus) Signal() Signal { return -1 }
    834 
    835 func (w WaitStatus) CoreDump() bool { return false }
    836 
    837 func (w WaitStatus) Stopped() bool { return false }
    838 
    839 func (w WaitStatus) Continued() bool { return false }
    840 
    841 func (w WaitStatus) StopSignal() Signal { return -1 }
    842 
    843 func (w WaitStatus) Signaled() bool { return false }
    844 
    845 func (w WaitStatus) TrapCause() int { return -1 }
    846 
    847 // Timespec is an invented structure on Windows, but here for
    848 // consistency with the syscall package for other operating systems.
    849 type Timespec struct {
    850 	Sec  int64
    851 	Nsec int64
    852 }
    853 
    854 func TimespecToNsec(ts Timespec) int64 { return int64(ts.Sec)*1e9 + int64(ts.Nsec) }
    855 
    856 func NsecToTimespec(nsec int64) (ts Timespec) {
    857 	ts.Sec = nsec / 1e9
    858 	ts.Nsec = nsec % 1e9
    859 	return
    860 }
    861 
    862 // TODO(brainman): fix all needed for net
    863 
    864 func Accept(fd Handle) (nfd Handle, sa Sockaddr, err error) { return 0, nil, EWINDOWS }
    865 func Recvfrom(fd Handle, p []byte, flags int) (n int, from Sockaddr, err error) {
    866 	return 0, nil, EWINDOWS
    867 }
    868 func Sendto(fd Handle, p []byte, flags int, to Sockaddr) (err error)       { return EWINDOWS }
    869 func SetsockoptTimeval(fd Handle, level, opt int, tv *Timeval) (err error) { return EWINDOWS }
    870 
    871 // The Linger struct is wrong but we only noticed after Go 1.
    872 // sysLinger is the real system call structure.
    873 
    874 // BUG(brainman): The definition of Linger is not appropriate for direct use
    875 // with Setsockopt and Getsockopt.
    876 // Use SetsockoptLinger instead.
    877 
    878 type Linger struct {
    879 	Onoff  int32
    880 	Linger int32
    881 }
    882 
    883 type sysLinger struct {
    884 	Onoff  uint16
    885 	Linger uint16
    886 }
    887 
    888 type IPMreq struct {
    889 	Multiaddr [4]byte /* in_addr */
    890 	Interface [4]byte /* in_addr */
    891 }
    892 
    893 type IPv6Mreq struct {
    894 	Multiaddr [16]byte /* in6_addr */
    895 	Interface uint32
    896 }
    897 
    898 func GetsockoptInt(fd Handle, level, opt int) (int, error) { return -1, EWINDOWS }
    899 
    900 func SetsockoptLinger(fd Handle, level, opt int, l *Linger) (err error) {
    901 	sys := sysLinger{Onoff: uint16(l.Onoff), Linger: uint16(l.Linger)}
    902 	return Setsockopt(fd, int32(level), int32(opt), (*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&sys)), int32(unsafe.Sizeof(sys)))
    903 }
    904 
    905 func SetsockoptInet4Addr(fd Handle, level, opt int, value [4]byte) (err error) {
    906 	return Setsockopt(fd, int32(level), int32(opt), (*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&value[0])), 4)
    907 }
    908 func SetsockoptIPMreq(fd Handle, level, opt int, mreq *IPMreq) (err error) {
    909 	return Setsockopt(fd, int32(level), int32(opt), (*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(mreq)), int32(unsafe.Sizeof(*mreq)))
    910 }
    911 func SetsockoptIPv6Mreq(fd Handle, level, opt int, mreq *IPv6Mreq) (err error) { return EWINDOWS }
    912 
    913 func Getpid() (pid int) { return int(getCurrentProcessId()) }
    914 
    915 func FindFirstFile(name *uint16, data *Win32finddata) (handle Handle, err error) {
    916 	// NOTE(rsc): The Win32finddata struct is wrong for the system call:
    917 	// the two paths are each one uint16 short. Use the correct struct,
    918 	// a win32finddata1, and then copy the results out.
    919 	// There is no loss of expressivity here, because the final
    920 	// uint16, if it is used, is supposed to be a NUL, and Go doesn't need that.
    921 	// For Go 1.1, we might avoid the allocation of win32finddata1 here
    922 	// by adding a final Bug [2]uint16 field to the struct and then
    923 	// adjusting the fields in the result directly.
    924 	var data1 win32finddata1
    925 	handle, err = findFirstFile1(name, &data1)
    926 	if err == nil {
    927 		copyFindData(data, &data1)
    928 	}
    929 	return
    930 }
    931 
    932 func FindNextFile(handle Handle, data *Win32finddata) (err error) {
    933 	var data1 win32finddata1
    934 	err = findNextFile1(handle, &data1)
    935 	if err == nil {
    936 		copyFindData(data, &data1)
    937 	}
    938 	return
    939 }
    940 
    941 func getProcessEntry(pid int) (*ProcessEntry32, error) {
    942 	snapshot, err := CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS, 0)
    943 	if err != nil {
    944 		return nil, err
    945 	}
    946 	defer CloseHandle(snapshot)
    947 	var procEntry ProcessEntry32
    948 	procEntry.Size = uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(procEntry))
    949 	if err = Process32First(snapshot, &procEntry); err != nil {
    950 		return nil, err
    951 	}
    952 	for {
    953 		if procEntry.ProcessID == uint32(pid) {
    954 			return &procEntry, nil
    955 		}
    956 		err = Process32Next(snapshot, &procEntry)
    957 		if err != nil {
    958 			return nil, err
    959 		}
    960 	}
    961 }
    962 
    963 func Getppid() (ppid int) {
    964 	pe, err := getProcessEntry(Getpid())
    965 	if err != nil {
    966 		return -1
    967 	}
    968 	return int(pe.ParentProcessID)
    969 }
    970 
    971 // TODO(brainman): fix all needed for os
    972 func Fchdir(fd Handle) (err error)             { return EWINDOWS }
    973 func Link(oldpath, newpath string) (err error) { return EWINDOWS }
    974 func Symlink(path, link string) (err error)    { return EWINDOWS }
    975 
    976 func Fchmod(fd Handle, mode uint32) (err error)        { return EWINDOWS }
    977 func Chown(path string, uid int, gid int) (err error)  { return EWINDOWS }
    978 func Lchown(path string, uid int, gid int) (err error) { return EWINDOWS }
    979 func Fchown(fd Handle, uid int, gid int) (err error)   { return EWINDOWS }
    980 
    981 func Getuid() (uid int)                  { return -1 }
    982 func Geteuid() (euid int)                { return -1 }
    983 func Getgid() (gid int)                  { return -1 }
    984 func Getegid() (egid int)                { return -1 }
    985 func Getgroups() (gids []int, err error) { return nil, EWINDOWS }
    986 
    987 type Signal int
    988 
    989 func (s Signal) Signal() {}
    990 
    991 func (s Signal) String() string {
    992 	if 0 <= s && int(s) < len(signals) {
    993 		str := signals[s]
    994 		if str != "" {
    995 			return str
    996 		}
    997 	}
    998 	return "signal " + itoa(int(s))
    999 }
   1000 
   1001 func LoadCreateSymbolicLink() error {
   1002 	return procCreateSymbolicLinkW.Find()
   1003 }
   1004 
   1005 // Readlink returns the destination of the named symbolic link.
   1006 func Readlink(path string, buf []byte) (n int, err error) {
   1007 	fd, err := CreateFile(StringToUTF16Ptr(path), GENERIC_READ, 0, nil, OPEN_EXISTING,
   1008 		FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT|FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS, 0)
   1009 	if err != nil {
   1010 		return -1, err
   1011 	}
   1012 	defer CloseHandle(fd)
   1013 
   1014 	rdbbuf := make([]byte, MAXIMUM_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER_SIZE)
   1015 	var bytesReturned uint32
   1016 	err = DeviceIoControl(fd, FSCTL_GET_REPARSE_POINT, nil, 0, &rdbbuf[0], uint32(len(rdbbuf)), &bytesReturned, nil)
   1017 	if err != nil {
   1018 		return -1, err
   1019 	}
   1020 
   1021 	rdb := (*reparseDataBuffer)(unsafe.Pointer(&rdbbuf[0]))
   1022 	var s string
   1023 	switch rdb.ReparseTag {
   1024 	case IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK:
   1025 		data := (*symbolicLinkReparseBuffer)(unsafe.Pointer(&rdb.reparseBuffer))
   1026 		p := (*[0xffff]uint16)(unsafe.Pointer(&data.PathBuffer[0]))
   1027 		s = UTF16ToString(p[data.SubstituteNameOffset/2 : (data.SubstituteNameOffset+data.SubstituteNameLength)/2])
   1028 		if data.Flags&_SYMLINK_FLAG_RELATIVE == 0 {
   1029 			if len(s) >= 4 && s[:4] == `\??\` {
   1030 				s = s[4:]
   1031 				switch {
   1032 				case len(s) >= 2 && s[1] == ':': // \??\C:\foo\bar
   1033 					// do nothing
   1034 				case len(s) >= 4 && s[:4] == `UNC\`: // \??\UNC\foo\bar
   1035 					s = `\\` + s[4:]
   1036 				default:
   1037 					// unexpected; do nothing
   1038 				}
   1039 			} else {
   1040 				// unexpected; do nothing
   1041 			}
   1042 		}
   1043 	case _IO_REPARSE_TAG_MOUNT_POINT:
   1044 		data := (*mountPointReparseBuffer)(unsafe.Pointer(&rdb.reparseBuffer))
   1045 		p := (*[0xffff]uint16)(unsafe.Pointer(&data.PathBuffer[0]))
   1046 		s = UTF16ToString(p[data.SubstituteNameOffset/2 : (data.SubstituteNameOffset+data.SubstituteNameLength)/2])
   1047 		if len(s) >= 4 && s[:4] == `\??\` { // \??\C:\foo\bar
   1048 			s = s[4:]
   1049 		} else {
   1050 			// unexpected; do nothing
   1051 		}
   1052 	default:
   1053 		// the path is not a symlink or junction but another type of reparse
   1054 		// point
   1055 		return -1, ENOENT
   1056 	}
   1057 	n = copy(buf, []byte(s))
   1058 
   1059 	return n, nil
   1060 }
   1061