--debug =type Enable verbose tracing of various fio actions. May be `all' for all types or individual types separated by a comma (eg --debug=io,file). `help' will list all available tracing options.
--output =filename Write output to filename.
--output-format =format Set the reporting format to normal, terse, json, or json+. Multiple formats can be selected, separate by a comma. terse is a CSV based format. json+ is like json, except it adds a full dump of the latency buckets.
--runtime =runtime Limit run time to runtime seconds.
--bandwidth-log Generate aggregate bandwidth logs.
--minimal Print statistics in a terse, semicolon-delimited format.
--append-terse Print statistics in selected mode AND terse, semicolon-delimited format. Deprecated, use --output-format instead to select multiple formats.
--version Display version information and exit.
--terse-version =version Set terse version output format (default 3, or 2 or 4)
--help Display usage information and exit.
--cpuclock-test Perform test and validation of internal CPU clock
--crctest[=test] Test the speed of the builtin checksumming functions. If no argument is given, all of them are tested. Or a comma separated list can be passed, in which case the given ones are tested.
--cmdhelp =command Print help information for command. May be `all' for all commands.
--enghelp =ioengine[,command] List all commands defined by ioengine, or print help for command defined by ioengine.
--showcmd =jobfile Convert jobfile to a set of command-line options.
--eta =when Specifies when real-time ETA estimate should be printed. when may be one of `always', `never' or `auto'.
--eta-newline =time Force an ETA newline for every `time` period passed.
--status-interval =time Report full output status every `time` period passed.
--readonly Turn on safety read-only checks, preventing any attempted write.
--section =sec Only run section sec from job file. This option can be used multiple times to add more sections to run.
--alloc-size =kb Set the internal smalloc pool size to kb kilobytes.
--warnings-fatal All fio parser warnings are fatal, causing fio to exit with an error.
--max-jobs =nr Set the maximum allowed number of jobs (threads/processes) to support.
--server =args Start a backend server, with args specifying what to listen to. See client/server section.
--daemonize =pidfile Background a fio server, writing the pid to the given pid file.
--client =host Instead of running the jobs locally, send and run them on the given host or set of hosts. See client/server section.
--idle-prof =option Report cpu idleness on a system or percpu basis (option=system,percpu) or run unit work calibration only (option=calibrate).
If jobfile is specified as `-', the job file will be read from standard input.
addition (+)
subtraction (-)
multiplication (*)
division (/)
modulus (%)
exponentiation (^)
For time values in expressions, units are microseconds by default. This is different than for time values not in expressions (not enclosed in parentheses). The types used are:
str String: a sequence of alphanumeric characters.
int Integer. A whole number value, which may contain an integer prefix and an integer suffix. [integer prefix]number[integer suffix] The optional integer prefix specifies the number's base. The default is decimal. 0x specifies hexadecimal. The optional integer suffix specifies the number's units, and includes an optional unit prefix and an optional unit. For quantities of data, the default unit is bytes. For quantities of time, the default unit is seconds. With kb_base=1000, fio follows international standards for unit prefixes. To specify power-of-10 decimal values defined in the International System of Units (SI):
ki means kilo (K) or 1000 mi means mega (M) or 1000**2 gi means giga (G) or 1000**3 ti means tera (T) or 1000**4 pi means peta (P) or 1000**5To specify power-of-2 binary values defined in IEC 80000-13:
k means kibi (Ki) or 1024 m means mebi (Mi) or 1024**2 g means gibi (Gi) or 1024**3 t means tebi (Ti) or 1024**4 p means pebi (Pi) or 1024**5With kb_base=1024 (the default), the unit prefixes are opposite from those specified in the SI and IEC 80000-13 standards to provide compatibility with old scripts. For example, 4k means 4096.
Examples with kb_base=1000:
4 KiB: 4096, 4096b, 4096B, 4k, 4kb, 4kB, 4K, 4KB
1 MiB: 1048576, 1m, 1024k
1 MB: 1000000, 1mi, 1000ki
1 TiB: 1073741824, 1t, 1024m, 1048576k
1 TB: 1000000000, 1ti, 1000mi, 1000000ki
Examples with kb_base=1024 (default):
4 KiB: 4096, 4096b, 4096B, 4k, 4kb, 4kB, 4K, 4KB
1 MiB: 1048576, 1m, 1024k
1 MB: 1000000, 1mi, 1000ki
1 TiB: 1073741824, 1t, 1024m, 1048576k
1 TB: 1000000000, 1ti, 1000mi, 1000000ki
For quantities of data, an optional unit of 'B' may be included
(e.g., 'kb' is the same as 'k').
The integer suffix is not case sensitive (e.g., m/mi mean mebi/mega,
not milli). 'b' and 'B' both mean byte, not bit.
To specify times (units are not case sensitive):
D means days H means hours M mean minutes s or sec means seconds (default) ms or msec means milliseconds us or usec means microseconds
bool Boolean: a true or false value. `0' denotes false, `1' denotes true.
irange Integer range: a range of integers specified in the format lower:upper or lower-upper. lower and upper may contain a suffix as described above. If an option allows two sets of ranges, they are separated with a `,' or `/' character. For example: `8-8k/8M-4G'.
float_list List of floating numbers: A list of floating numbers, separated by a ':' character.
name =str May be used to override the job name. On the command line, this parameter has the special purpose of signalling the start of a new job.
wait_for =str Specifies the name of the already defined job to wait for. Single waitee name only may be specified. If set, the job won't be started until all workers of the waitee job are done. Wait_for operates on the job name basis, so there are a few limitations. First, the waitee must be defined prior to the waiter job (meaning no forward references). Second, if a job is being referenced as a waitee, it must have a unique name (no duplicate waitees).
description =str Human-readable description of the job. It is printed when the job is run, but otherwise has no special purpose.
directory =str Prefix filenames with this directory. Used to place files in a location other than `./'. You can specify a number of directories by separating the names with a ':' character. These directories will be assigned equally distributed to job clones creates with numjobs as long as they are using generated filenames. If specific filename(s) are set fio will use the first listed directory, and thereby matching the filename semantic which generates a file each clone if not specified, but let all clones use the same if set. See filename for considerations regarding escaping certain characters on some platforms.
filename =str fio normally makes up a file name based on the job name, thread number, and file number. If you want to share files between threads in a job or several jobs, specify a filename for each of them to override the default. If the I/O engine is file-based, you can specify a number of files by separating the names with a `:' character. `-' is a reserved name, meaning stdin or stdout, depending on the read/write direction set. On Windows, disk devices are accessed as \\.\PhysicalDrive0 for the first device, \\.\PhysicalDrive1 for the second etc. Note: Windows and FreeBSD prevent write access to areas of the disk containing in-use data (e.g. filesystems). If the wanted filename does need to include a colon, then escape that with a '\\' character. For instance, if the filename is "/dev/dsk/foo@3,0:c", then you would use filename="/dev/dsk/foo@3,0\\:c".
filename_format =str If sharing multiple files between jobs, it is usually necessary to have fio generate the exact names that you want. By default, fio will name a file based on the default file format specification of jobname.jobnumber.filenumber. With this option, that can be customized. Fio will recognize and replace the following keywords in this string:
$jobname The name of the worker thread or process.
$jobnum The incremental number of the worker thread or process.
$filenum The incremental number of the file for that worker thread or process.
To have dependent jobs share a set of files, this option can be set to have fio generate filenames that are shared between the two. For instance, if testfiles.$filenum is specified, file number 4 for any job will be named testfiles.4. The default of $jobname.$jobnum.$filenum will be used if no other format specifier is given.
unique_filename =bool To avoid collisions between networked clients, fio defaults to prefixing any generated filenames (with a directory specified) with the source of the client connecting. To disable this behavior, set this option to 0.
lockfile =str Fio defaults to not locking any files before it does IO to them. If a file or file descriptor is shared, fio can serialize IO to that file to make the end result consistent. This is usual for emulating real workloads that share files. The lock modes are:
none No locking. This is the default.
exclusive Only one thread or process may do IO at a time, excluding all others.
readwrite Read-write locking on the file. Many readers may access the file at the same time, but writes get exclusive access.
opendir =str Recursively open any files below directory str.
readwrite =str ", rw" =str Type of I/O pattern. Accepted values are:
read Sequential reads.
write Sequential writes.
trim Sequential trims (Linux block devices only).
randread Random reads.
randwrite Random writes.
randtrim Random trims (Linux block devices only).
rw, readwrite Mixed sequential reads and writes.
randrw Mixed random reads and writes.
trimwrite Sequential trim and write mixed workload. Blocks will be trimmed first, then the same blocks will be written to.
Fio defaults to read if the option is not specified. For mixed I/O, the default split is 50/50. For certain types of io the result may still be skewed a bit, since the speed may be different. It is possible to specify a number of IO's to do before getting a new offset, this is done by appending a `:<nr> to the end of the string given. For a random read, it would look like rw=randread:8 for passing in an offset modifier with a value of 8. If the postfix is used with a sequential IO pattern, then the value specified will be added to the generated offset for each IO. For instance, using rw=write:4k will skip 4k for every write. It turns sequential IO into sequential IO with holes. See the rw_sequencer option.
rw_sequencer =str If an offset modifier is given by appending a number to the rw=<str> line, then this option controls how that number modifies the IO offset being generated. Accepted values are:
sequential Generate sequential offset
identical Generate the same offset
sequential is only useful for random IO, where fio would normally generate a new random offset for every IO. If you append eg 8 to randread, you would get a new random offset for every 8 IO's. The result would be a seek for only every 8 IO's, instead of for every IO. Use rw=randread:8 to specify that. As sequential IO is already sequential, setting sequential for that would not result in any differences. identical behaves in a similar fashion, except it sends the same offset 8 number of times before generating a new offset.
kb_base =int The base unit for a kilobyte. The defacto base is 2^10, 1024. Storage manufacturers like to use 10^3 or 1000 as a base ten unit instead, for obvious reasons. Allowed values are 1024 or 1000, with 1024 being the default.
unified_rw_reporting =bool Fio normally reports statistics on a per data direction basis, meaning that reads, writes, and trims are accounted and reported separately. If this option is set fio sums the results and reports them as "mixed" instead.
randrepeat =bool Seed the random number generator used for random I/O patterns in a predictable way so the pattern is repeatable across runs. Default: true.
allrandrepeat =bool Seed all random number generators in a predictable way so results are repeatable across runs. Default: false.
randseed =int Seed the random number generators based on this seed value, to be able to control what sequence of output is being generated. If not set, the random sequence depends on the randrepeat setting.
fallocate =str Whether pre-allocation is performed when laying down files. Accepted values are:
none Do not pre-allocate space.
posix Pre-allocate via posix_fallocate\|(3).
keep Pre-allocate via fallocate\|(2) with FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE set.
0 Backward-compatible alias for 'none'.
1 Backward-compatible alias for 'posix'.
May not be available on all supported platforms. 'keep' is only available on Linux. If using ZFS on Solaris this must be set to 'none' because ZFS doesn't support it. Default: 'posix'.
fadvise_hint =str Use posix_fadvise\|(2) to advise the kernel what I/O patterns are likely to be issued. Accepted values are:
0 Backwards compatible hint for "no hint".
1 Backwards compatible hint for "advise with fio workload type". This uses FADV_RANDOM for a random workload, and FADV_SEQUENTIAL for a sequential workload.
sequential Advise using FADV_SEQUENTIAL
random Advise using FADV_RANDOM
fadvise_stream =int Use posix_fadvise\|(2) to advise the kernel what stream ID the writes issued belong to. Only supported on Linux. Note, this option may change going forward.
size =int Total size of I/O for this job. fio will run until this many bytes have been transferred, unless limited by other options (runtime, for instance, or increased/descreased by io_size). Unless nrfiles and filesize options are given, this amount will be divided between the available files for the job. If not set, fio will use the full size of the given files or devices. If the files do not exist, size must be given. It is also possible to give size as a percentage between 1 and 100. If size=20% is given, fio will use 20% of the full size of the given files or devices.
io_size =int ", io_limit =int Normally fio operates within the region set by size, which means that the size option sets both the region and size of IO to be performed. Sometimes that is not what you want. With this option, it is possible to define just the amount of IO that fio should do. For instance, if size is set to 20G and io_limit is set to 5G, fio will perform IO within the first 20G but exit when 5G have been done. The opposite is also possible - if size is set to 20G, and io_size is set to 40G, then fio will do 40G of IO within the 0..20G region.
fill_device =bool ", fill_fs" =bool Sets size to something really large and waits for ENOSPC (no space left on device) as the terminating condition. Only makes sense with sequential write. For a read workload, the mount point will be filled first then IO started on the result. This option doesn't make sense if operating on a raw device node, since the size of that is already known by the file system. Additionally, writing beyond end-of-device will not return ENOSPC there.
filesize =irange Individual file sizes. May be a range, in which case fio will select sizes for files at random within the given range, limited to size in total (if that is given). If filesize is not specified, each created file is the same size.
file_append =bool Perform IO after the end of the file. Normally fio will operate within the size of a file. If this option is set, then fio will append to the file instead. This has identical behavior to setting offset to the size of a file. This option is ignored on non-regular files.
blocksize =int[,int][,int] ", bs" =int[,int][,int] The block size in bytes for I/O units. Default: 4096. A single value applies to reads, writes, and trims. Comma-separated values may be specified for reads, writes, and trims. Empty values separated by commas use the default value. A value not terminated in a comma applies to subsequent types.
Examples: bs=256k means 256k for reads, writes and trims bs=8k,32k means 8k for reads, 32k for writes and trims bs=8k,32k, means 8k for reads, 32k for writes, and default for trims bs=,8k means default for reads, 8k for writes and trims bs=,8k, means default for reads, 8k for writes, and default for writes
blocksize_range =irange[,irange][,irange] ", bsrange" =irange[,irange][,irange] A range of block sizes in bytes for I/O units. The issued I/O unit will always be a multiple of the minimum size, unless blocksize_unaligned is set. Comma-separated ranges may be specified for reads, writes, and trims as described in blocksize.
Example: bsrange=1k-4k,2k-8k.
bssplit =str[,str][,str] This option allows even finer grained control of the block sizes issued, not just even splits between them. With this option, you can weight various block sizes for exact control of the issued IO for a job that has mixed block sizes. The format of the option is bssplit=blocksize/percentage, optionally adding as many definitions as needed separated by a colon. Example: bssplit=4k/10:64k/50:32k/40 would issue 50% 64k blocks, 10% 4k blocks and 40% 32k blocks. bssplit also supports giving separate splits to reads, writes, and trims. Comma-separated values may be specified for reads, writes, and trims as described in blocksize.
blocksize_unaligned, bs_unaligned If set, fio will issue I/O units with any size within blocksize_range, not just multiples of the minimum size. This typically won't work with direct I/O, as that normally requires sector alignment.
bs_is_seq_rand =bool If this option is set, fio will use the normal read,write blocksize settings as sequential,random blocksize settings instead. Any random read or write will use the WRITE blocksize settings, and any sequential read or write will use the READ blocksize settings.
blockalign =int[,int][,int] ", ba" =int[,int][,int] Boundary to which fio will align random I/O units. Default: blocksize. Minimum alignment is typically 512b for using direct IO, though it usually depends on the hardware block size. This option is mutually exclusive with using a random map for files, so it will turn off that option. Comma-separated values may be specified for reads, writes, and trims as described in blocksize.
zero_buffers Initialize buffers with all zeros. Default: fill buffers with random data.
refill_buffers If this option is given, fio will refill the IO buffers on every submit. The default is to only fill it at init time and reuse that data. Only makes sense if zero_buffers isn't specified, naturally. If data verification is enabled, refill_buffers is also automatically enabled.
scramble_buffers =bool If refill_buffers is too costly and the target is using data deduplication, then setting this option will slightly modify the IO buffer contents to defeat normal de-dupe attempts. This is not enough to defeat more clever block compression attempts, but it will stop naive dedupe of blocks. Default: true.
buffer_compress_percentage =int If this is set, then fio will attempt to provide IO buffer content (on WRITEs) that compress to the specified level. Fio does this by providing a mix of random data and a fixed pattern. The fixed pattern is either zeroes, or the pattern specified by buffer_pattern. If the pattern option is used, it might skew the compression ratio slightly. Note that this is per block size unit, for file/disk wide compression level that matches this setting. Note that this is per block size unit, for file/disk wide compression level that matches this setting, you'll also want to set refill_buffers.
buffer_compress_chunk =int See buffer_compress_percentage. This setting allows fio to manage how big the ranges of random data and zeroed data is. Without this set, fio will provide buffer_compress_percentage of blocksize random data, followed by the remaining zeroed. With this set to some chunk size smaller than the block size, fio can alternate random and zeroed data throughout the IO buffer.
buffer_pattern =str If set, fio will fill the IO buffers with this pattern. If not set, the contents of IO buffers is defined by the other options related to buffer contents. The setting can be any pattern of bytes, and can be prefixed with 0x for hex values. It may also be a string, where the string must then be wrapped with "", e.g.: buffer_pattern="abcd" or buffer_pattern=-12 or buffer_pattern=0xdeadface
Also you can combine everything together in any order:
buffer_pattern=0xdeadface"abcd"-12
dedupe_percentage =int If set, fio will generate this percentage of identical buffers when writing. These buffers will be naturally dedupable. The contents of the buffers depend on what other buffer compression settings have been set. It's possible to have the individual buffers either fully compressible, or not at all. This option only controls the distribution of unique buffers.
nrfiles =int Number of files to use for this job. Default: 1.
openfiles =int Number of files to keep open at the same time. Default: nrfiles.
file_service_type =str Defines how files to service are selected. The following types are defined:
random Choose a file at random.
roundrobin Round robin over opened files (default).
sequential Do each file in the set sequentially.
zipf Use a zipfian distribution to decide what file to access.
pareto Use a pareto distribution to decide what file to access.
gauss Use a gaussian (normal) distribution to decide what file to access.
For random, roundrobin, and sequential, a postfix can be appended to tell fio how many I/Os to issue before switching to a new file. For example, specifying file_service_type=random:8 would cause fio to issue 8 I/Os before selecting a new file at random. For the non-uniform distributions, a floating point postfix can be given to influence how the distribution is skewed. See random_distribution for a description of how that would work.
ioengine =str Defines how the job issues I/O. The following types are defined:
sync Basic read\|(2) or write\|(2) I/O. fseek\|(2) is used to position the I/O location.
psync Basic pread\|(2) or pwrite\|(2) I/O. Default on all supported operating systems except for Windows.
vsync Basic readv\|(2) or writev\|(2) I/O. Will emulate queuing by coalescing adjacent IOs into a single submission.
pvsync Basic preadv\|(2) or pwritev\|(2) I/O.
pvsync2 Basic preadv2\|(2) or pwritev2\|(2) I/O.
libaio Linux native asynchronous I/O. This ioengine defines engine specific options.
posixaio POSIX asynchronous I/O using aio_read\|(3) and aio_write\|(3).
solarisaio Solaris native asynchronous I/O.
windowsaio Windows native asynchronous I/O. Default on Windows.
mmap File is memory mapped with mmap\|(2) and data copied using memcpy\|(3).
splice splice\|(2) is used to transfer the data and vmsplice\|(2) to transfer data from user-space to the kernel.
sg SCSI generic sg v3 I/O. May be either synchronous using the SG_IO ioctl, or if the target is an sg character device, we use read\|(2) and write\|(2) for asynchronous I/O.
null Doesn't transfer any data, just pretends to. Mainly used to exercise fio itself and for debugging and testing purposes.
net Transfer over the network. The protocol to be used can be defined with the protocol parameter. Depending on the protocol, filename, hostname, port, or listen must be specified. This ioengine defines engine specific options.
netsplice Like net, but uses splice\|(2) and vmsplice\|(2) to map data and send/receive. This ioengine defines engine specific options.
cpuio Doesn't transfer any data, but burns CPU cycles according to cpuload and cpuchunks parameters. A job never finishes unless there is at least one non-cpuio job.
guasi The GUASI I/O engine is the Generic Userspace Asynchronous Syscall Interface approach to asynchronous I/O. See <http://www.xmailserver.org/guasi-lib.html>.
rdma The RDMA I/O engine supports both RDMA memory semantics (RDMA_WRITE/RDMA_READ) and channel semantics (Send/Recv) for the InfiniBand, RoCE and iWARP protocols.
external Loads an external I/O engine object file. Append the engine filename as `:enginepath'.
falloc IO engine that does regular linux native fallocate call to simulate data transfer as fio ioengine DDIR_READ does fallocate(,mode = FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE,) DIR_WRITE does fallocate(,mode = 0) DDIR_TRIM does fallocate(,mode = FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE|FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE)
e4defrag IO engine that does regular EXT4_IOC_MOVE_EXT ioctls to simulate defragment activity request to DDIR_WRITE event
rbd IO engine supporting direct access to Ceph Rados Block Devices (RBD) via librbd without the need to use the kernel rbd driver. This ioengine defines engine specific options.
gfapi Using Glusterfs libgfapi sync interface to direct access to Glusterfs volumes without having to go through FUSE. This ioengine defines engine specific options.
gfapi_async Using Glusterfs libgfapi async interface to direct access to Glusterfs volumes without having to go through FUSE. This ioengine defines engine specific options.
libhdfs Read and write through Hadoop (HDFS). The filename option is used to specify host,port of the hdfs name-node to connect. This engine interprets offsets a little differently. In HDFS, files once created cannot be modified. So random writes are not possible. To imitate this, libhdfs engine expects bunch of small files to be created over HDFS, and engine will randomly pick a file out of those files based on the offset generated by fio backend. (see the example job file to create such files, use rw=write option). Please note, you might want to set necessary environment variables to work with hdfs/libhdfs properly.
mtd Read, write and erase an MTD character device (e.g., /dev/mtd0). Discards are treated as erases. Depending on the underlying device type, the I/O may have to go in a certain pattern, e.g., on NAND, writing sequentially to erase blocks and discarding before overwriting. The trimwrite mode works well for this constraint.
pmemblk Read and write using filesystem DAX to a file on a filesystem mounted with DAX on a persistent memory device through the NVML libpmemblk library.
dev-dax Read and write using device DAX to a persistent memory device (e.g., /dev/dax0.0) through the NVML libpmem library.
iodepth =int Number of I/O units to keep in flight against the file. Note that increasing iodepth beyond 1 will not affect synchronous ioengines (except for small degress when verify_async is in use). Even async engines may impose OS restrictions causing the desired depth not to be achieved. This may happen on Linux when using libaio and not setting direct=1, since buffered IO is not async on that OS. Keep an eye on the IO depth distribution in the fio output to verify that the achieved depth is as expected. Default: 1.
iodepth_batch =int ", iodepth_batch_submit" =int This defines how many pieces of IO to submit at once. It defaults to 1 which means that we submit each IO as soon as it is available, but can be raised to submit bigger batches of IO at the time. If it is set to 0 the iodepth value will be used.
iodepth_batch_complete_min =int ", iodepth_batch_complete" =int This defines how many pieces of IO to retrieve at once. It defaults to 1 which means that we'll ask for a minimum of 1 IO in the retrieval process from the kernel. The IO retrieval will go on until we hit the limit set by iodepth_low. If this variable is set to 0, then fio will always check for completed events before queuing more IO. This helps reduce IO latency, at the cost of more retrieval system calls.
iodepth_batch_complete_max =int This defines maximum pieces of IO to retrieve at once. This variable should be used along with iodepth_batch_complete_min=int variable, specifying the range of min and max amount of IO which should be retrieved. By default it is equal to iodepth_batch_complete_min value. Example #1: iodepth_batch_complete_min=1
iodepth_batch_complete_max=<iodepth> which means that we will retrieve at least 1 IO and up to the whole submitted queue depth. If none of IO has been completed yet, we will wait. Example #2: iodepth_batch_complete_min=0
iodepth_batch_complete_max=<iodepth> which means that we can retrieve up to the whole submitted queue depth, but if none of IO has been completed yet, we will NOT wait and immediately exit the system call. In this example we simply do polling.
iodepth_low =int Low watermark indicating when to start filling the queue again. Default: iodepth.
io_submit_mode =str This option controls how fio submits the IO to the IO engine. The default is inline, which means that the fio job threads submit and reap IO directly. If set to offload, the job threads will offload IO submission to a dedicated pool of IO threads. This requires some coordination and thus has a bit of extra overhead, especially for lower queue depth IO where it can increase latencies. The benefit is that fio can manage submission rates independently of the device completion rates. This avoids skewed latency reporting if IO gets back up on the device side (the coordinated omission problem).
direct =bool If true, use non-buffered I/O (usually O_DIRECT). Default: false.
atomic =bool If value is true, attempt to use atomic direct IO. Atomic writes are guaranteed to be stable once acknowledged by the operating system. Only Linux supports O_ATOMIC right now.
buffered =bool If true, use buffered I/O. This is the opposite of the direct parameter. Default: true.
offset =int Offset in the file to start I/O. Data before the offset will not be touched.
offset_increment =int If this is provided, then the real offset becomes the offset + offset_increment * thread_number, where the thread number is a counter that starts at 0 and is incremented for each sub-job (i.e. when numjobs option is specified). This option is useful if there are several jobs which are intended to operate on a file in parallel disjoint segments, with even spacing between the starting points.
number_ios =int Fio will normally perform IOs until it has exhausted the size of the region set by size, or if it exhaust the allocated time (or hits an error condition). With this setting, the range/size can be set independently of the number of IOs to perform. When fio reaches this number, it will exit normally and report status. Note that this does not extend the amount of IO that will be done, it will only stop fio if this condition is met before other end-of-job criteria.
fsync =int How many I/Os to perform before issuing an fsync\|(2) of dirty data. If 0, don't sync. Default: 0.
fdatasync =int Like fsync, but uses fdatasync\|(2) instead to only sync the data parts of the file. Default: 0.
write_barrier =int Make every Nth write a barrier write.
sync_file_range =str:int Use sync_file_range\|(2) for every val number of write operations. Fio will track range of writes that have happened since the last sync_file_range\|(2) call. str can currently be one or more of:
wait_before SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE
write SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE
wait_after SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE
So if you do sync_file_range=wait_before,write:8, fio would use SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE | SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE for every 8 writes. Also see the sync_file_range\|(2) man page. This option is Linux specific.
overwrite =bool If writing, setup the file first and do overwrites. Default: false.
end_fsync =bool Sync file contents when a write stage has completed. Default: false.
fsync_on_close =bool If true, sync file contents on close. This differs from end_fsync in that it will happen on every close, not just at the end of the job. Default: false.
rwmixread =int Percentage of a mixed workload that should be reads. Default: 50.
rwmixwrite =int Percentage of a mixed workload that should be writes. If rwmixread and rwmixwrite are given and do not sum to 100%, the latter of the two overrides the first. This may interfere with a given rate setting, if fio is asked to limit reads or writes to a certain rate. If that is the case, then the distribution may be skewed. Default: 50.
random_distribution =str:float By default, fio will use a completely uniform random distribution when asked to perform random IO. Sometimes it is useful to skew the distribution in specific ways, ensuring that some parts of the data is more hot than others. Fio includes the following distribution models:
random Uniform random distribution
zipf Zipf distribution
pareto Pareto distribution
gauss Normal (gaussian) distribution
zoned Zoned random distribution
When using a zipf or pareto distribution, an input value is also needed to define the access pattern. For zipf, this is the zipf theta. For pareto, it's the pareto power. Fio includes a test program, genzipf, that can be used visualize what the given input values will yield in terms of hit rates. If you wanted to use zipf with a theta of 1.2, you would use random_distribution=zipf:1.2 as the option. If a non-uniform model is used, fio will disable use of the random map. For the gauss distribution, a normal deviation is supplied as a value between 0 and 100.
For a zoned distribution, fio supports specifying percentages of IO access that should fall within what range of the file or device. For example, given a criteria of:
60% of accesses should be to the first 10% 30% of accesses should be to the next 20% 8% of accesses should be to to the next 30% 2% of accesses should be to the next 40%
we can define that through zoning of the random accesses. For the above example, the user would do:
random_distribution=zoned:60/10:30/20:8/30:2/40
similarly to how bssplit works for setting ranges and percentages of block sizes. Like bssplit, it's possible to specify separate zones for reads, writes, and trims. If just one set is given, it'll apply to all of them.
percentage_random =int[,int][,int] For a random workload, set how big a percentage should be random. This defaults to 100%, in which case the workload is fully random. It can be set from anywhere from 0 to 100. Setting it to 0 would make the workload fully sequential. It is possible to set different values for reads, writes, and trim. To do so, simply use a comma separated list. See blocksize.
norandommap Normally fio will cover every block of the file when doing random I/O. If this parameter is given, a new offset will be chosen without looking at past I/O history. This parameter is mutually exclusive with verify.
softrandommap =bool See norandommap. If fio runs with the random block map enabled and it fails to allocate the map, if this option is set it will continue without a random block map. As coverage will not be as complete as with random maps, this option is disabled by default.
random_generator =str Fio supports the following engines for generating IO offsets for random IO:
tausworthe Strong 2^88 cycle random number generator
lfsr Linear feedback shift register generator
tausworthe64 Strong 64-bit 2^258 cycle random number generator
Tausworthe is a strong random number generator, but it requires tracking on the side if we want to ensure that blocks are only read or written once. LFSR guarantees that we never generate the same offset twice, and it's also less computationally expensive. It's not a true random generator, however, though for IO purposes it's typically good enough. LFSR only works with single block sizes, not with workloads that use multiple block sizes. If used with such a workload, fio may read or write some blocks multiple times. The default value is tausworthe, unless the required space exceeds 2^32 blocks. If it does, then tausworthe64 is selected automatically.
nice =int Run job with given nice value. See nice\|(2).
prio =int Set I/O priority value of this job between 0 (highest) and 7 (lowest). See ionice\|(1).
prioclass =int Set I/O priority class. See ionice\|(1).
thinktime =int Stall job for given number of microseconds between issuing I/Os.
thinktime_spin =int Pretend to spend CPU time for given number of microseconds, sleeping the rest of the time specified by thinktime. Only valid if thinktime is set.
thinktime_blocks =int Only valid if thinktime is set - control how many blocks to issue, before waiting thinktime microseconds. If not set, defaults to 1 which will make fio wait thinktime microseconds after every block. This effectively makes any queue depth setting redundant, since no more than 1 IO will be queued before we have to complete it and do our thinktime. In other words, this setting effectively caps the queue depth if the latter is larger. Default: 1.
rate =int[,int][,int] Cap bandwidth used by this job. The number is in bytes/sec, the normal postfix rules apply. You can use rate=500k to limit reads and writes to 500k each, or you can specify reads, write, and trim limits separately. Using rate=1m,500k would limit reads to 1MiB/sec and writes to 500KiB/sec. Capping only reads or writes can be done with rate=,500k or rate=500k,. The former will only limit writes (to 500KiB/sec), the latter will only limit reads.
rate_min =int[,int][,int] Tell fio to do whatever it can to maintain at least the given bandwidth. Failing to meet this requirement will cause the job to exit. The same format as rate is used for read vs write vs trim separation.
rate_iops =int[,int][,int] Cap the bandwidth to this number of IOPS. Basically the same as rate, just specified independently of bandwidth. The same format as rate is used for read vs write vs trim separation. If blocksize is a range, the smallest block size is used as the metric.
rate_iops_min =int[,int][,int] If this rate of I/O is not met, the job will exit. The same format as rate is used for read vs write vs trim separation.
rate_process =str This option controls how fio manages rated IO submissions. The default is linear, which submits IO in a linear fashion with fixed delays between IOs that gets adjusted based on IO completion rates. If this is set to poisson, fio will submit IO based on a more real world random request flow, known as the Poisson process (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_process). The lambda will be 10^6 / IOPS for the given workload.
rate_cycle =int Average bandwidth for rate and rate_min over this number of milliseconds. Default: 1000ms.
latency_target =int If set, fio will attempt to find the max performance point that the given workload will run at while maintaining a latency below this target. The values is given in microseconds. See latency_window and latency_percentile.
latency_window =int Used with latency_target to specify the sample window that the job is run at varying queue depths to test the performance. The value is given in microseconds.
latency_percentile =float The percentage of IOs that must fall within the criteria specified by latency_target and latency_window. If not set, this defaults to 100.0, meaning that all IOs must be equal or below to the value set by latency_target.
max_latency =int If set, fio will exit the job if it exceeds this maximum latency. It will exit with an ETIME error.
cpumask =int Set CPU affinity for this job. int is a bitmask of allowed CPUs the job may run on. See sched_setaffinity\|(2).
cpus_allowed =str Same as cpumask, but allows a comma-delimited list of CPU numbers.
cpus_allowed_policy =str Set the policy of how fio distributes the CPUs specified by cpus_allowed or cpumask. Two policies are supported:
shared All jobs will share the CPU set specified.
split Each job will get a unique CPU from the CPU set.
shared is the default behaviour, if the option isn't specified. If split is specified, then fio will assign one cpu per job. If not enough CPUs are given for the jobs listed, then fio will roundrobin the CPUs in the set.
numa_cpu_nodes =str Set this job running on specified NUMA nodes' CPUs. The arguments allow comma delimited list of cpu numbers, A-B ranges, or 'all'.
numa_mem_policy =str Set this job's memory policy and corresponding NUMA nodes. Format of the arguments:
<mode>[:<nodelist>]
mode is one of the following memory policy:
default, prefer, bind, interleave, local
For default and local memory policy, no nodelist is needed to be specified. For prefer, only one node is allowed. For bind and interleave, nodelist allows comma delimited list of numbers, A-B ranges, or 'all'.
startdelay =irange Delay start of job for the specified number of seconds. Supports all time suffixes to allow specification of hours, minutes, seconds and milliseconds - seconds are the default if a unit is omitted. Can be given as a range which causes each thread to choose randomly out of the range.
runtime =int Terminate processing after the specified number of seconds.
time_based If given, run for the specified runtime duration even if the files are completely read or written. The same workload will be repeated as many times as runtime allows.
ramp_time =int If set, fio will run the specified workload for this amount of time before logging any performance numbers. Useful for letting performance settle before logging results, thus minimizing the runtime required for stable results. Note that the ramp_time is considered lead in time for a job, thus it will increase the total runtime if a special timeout or runtime is specified.
steadystate =str:float ", ss" =str:float Define the criterion and limit for assessing steady state performance. The first parameter designates the criterion whereas the second parameter sets the threshold. When the criterion falls below the threshold for the specified duration, the job will stop. For example, iops_slope:0.1% will direct fio to terminate the job when the least squares regression slope falls below 0.1% of the mean IOPS. If group_reporting is enabled this will apply to all jobs in the group. All assessments are carried out using only data from the rolling collection window. Threshold limits can be expressed as a fixed value or as a percentage of the mean in the collection window. Below are the available steady state assessment criteria.
iops Collect IOPS data. Stop the job if all individual IOPS measurements are within the specified limit of the mean IOPS (e.g., iops:2 means that all individual IOPS values must be within 2 of the mean, whereas iops:0.2% means that all individual IOPS values must be within 0.2% of the mean IOPS to terminate the job).
iops_slope Collect IOPS data and calculate the least squares regression slope. Stop the job if the slope falls below the specified limit.
bw Collect bandwidth data. Stop the job if all individual bandwidth measurements are within the specified limit of the mean bandwidth.
bw_slope Collect bandwidth data and calculate the least squares regression slope. Stop the job if the slope falls below the specified limit.
steadystate_duration =time ", ss_dur" =time A rolling window of this duration will be used to judge whether steady state has been reached. Data will be collected once per second. The default is 0 which disables steady state detection.
steadystate_ramp_time =time ", ss_ramp" =time Allow the job to run for the specified duration before beginning data collection for checking the steady state job termination criterion. The default is 0.
invalidate =bool Invalidate buffer-cache for the file prior to starting I/O. Default: true.
sync =bool Use synchronous I/O for buffered writes. For the majority of I/O engines, this means using O_SYNC. Default: false.
iomem =str ", mem" =str Allocation method for I/O unit buffer. Allowed values are:
malloc Allocate memory with malloc\|(3). Default memory type.
shm Use shared memory buffers allocated through shmget\|(2).
shmhuge Same as shm, but use huge pages as backing.
mmap Use mmap\|(2) for allocation. Uses anonymous memory unless a filename is given after the option in the format `:file'.
mmaphuge Same as mmap, but use huge files as backing.
mmapshared Same as mmap, but use a MMAP_SHARED mapping.
cudamalloc Use GPU memory as the buffers for GPUDirect RDMA benchmark. The ioengine must be rdma.
The amount of memory allocated is the maximum allowed blocksize for the job multiplied by iodepth. For shmhuge or mmaphuge to work, the system must have free huge pages allocated. mmaphuge also needs to have hugetlbfs mounted, and file must point there. At least on Linux, huge pages must be manually allocated. See /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugehages and the documentation for that. Normally you just need to echo an appropriate number, eg echoing 8 will ensure that the OS has 8 huge pages ready for use.
iomem_align =int ", mem_align" =int This indicates the memory alignment of the IO memory buffers. Note that the given alignment is applied to the first IO unit buffer, if using iodepth the alignment of the following buffers are given by the bs used. In other words, if using a bs that is a multiple of the page sized in the system, all buffers will be aligned to this value. If using a bs that is not page aligned, the alignment of subsequent IO memory buffers is the sum of the iomem_align and bs used.
hugepage-size =int Defines the size of a huge page. Must be at least equal to the system setting. Should be a multiple of 1MiB. Default: 4MiB.
exitall Terminate all jobs when one finishes. Default: wait for each job to finish.
exitall_on_error =bool Terminate all jobs if one job finishes in error. Default: wait for each job to finish.
bwavgtime =int Average bandwidth calculations over the given time in milliseconds. If the job also does bandwidth logging through write_bw_log, then the minimum of this option and log_avg_msec will be used. Default: 500ms.
iopsavgtime =int Average IOPS calculations over the given time in milliseconds. If the job also does IOPS logging through write_iops_log, then the minimum of this option and log_avg_msec will be used. Default: 500ms.
create_serialize =bool If true, serialize file creation for the jobs. Default: true.
create_fsync =bool fsync\|(2) data file after creation. Default: true.
create_on_open =bool If true, the files are not created until they are opened for IO by the job.
create_only =bool If true, fio will only run the setup phase of the job. If files need to be laid out or updated on disk, only that will be done. The actual job contents are not executed.
allow_file_create =bool If true, fio is permitted to create files as part of its workload. This is the default behavior. If this option is false, then fio will error out if the files it needs to use don't already exist. Default: true.
allow_mounted_write =bool If this isn't set, fio will abort jobs that are destructive (eg that write) to what appears to be a mounted device or partition. This should help catch creating inadvertently destructive tests, not realizing that the test will destroy data on the mounted file system. Default: false.
pre_read =bool If this is given, files will be pre-read into memory before starting the given IO operation. This will also clear the invalidate flag, since it is pointless to pre-read and then drop the cache. This will only work for IO engines that are seekable, since they allow you to read the same data multiple times. Thus it will not work on eg network or splice IO.
unlink =bool Unlink job files when done. Default: false.
unlink_each_loop =bool Unlink job files after each iteration or loop. Default: false.
loops =int Specifies the number of iterations (runs of the same workload) of this job. Default: 1.
verify_only =bool Do not perform the specified workload, only verify data still matches previous invocation of this workload. This option allows one to check data multiple times at a later date without overwriting it. This option makes sense only for workloads that write data, and does not support workloads with the time_based option set.
do_verify =bool Run the verify phase after a write phase. Only valid if verify is set. Default: true.
verify =str Method of verifying file contents after each iteration of the job. Each verification method also implies verification of special header, which is written to the beginning of each block. This header also includes meta information, like offset of the block, block number, timestamp when block was written, etc. verify=str can be combined with verify_pattern=str option. The allowed values are:
md5 crc16 crc32 crc32c crc32c-intel crc64 crc7 sha256 sha512 sha1 sha3-224 sha3-256 sha3-384 sha3-512 xxhash Store appropriate checksum in the header of each block. crc32c-intel is hardware accelerated SSE4.2 driven, falls back to regular crc32c if not supported by the system.
meta This option is deprecated, since now meta information is included in generic verification header and meta verification happens by default. For detailed information see the description of the verify=str setting. This option is kept because of compatibility's sake with old configurations. Do not use it.
pattern Verify a strict pattern. Normally fio includes a header with some basic information and checksumming, but if this option is set, only the specific pattern set with verify_pattern is verified.
null Pretend to verify. Used for testing internals. This option can be used for repeated burn-in tests of a system to make sure that the written data is also correctly read back. If the data direction given is a read or random read, fio will assume that it should verify a previously written file. If the data direction includes any form of write, the verify will be of the newly written data.
verifysort =bool If true, written verify blocks are sorted if fio deems it to be faster to read them back in a sorted manner. Default: true.
verifysort_nr =int Pre-load and sort verify blocks for a read workload.
verify_offset =int Swap the verification header with data somewhere else in the block before writing. It is swapped back before verifying.
verify_interval =int Write the verification header for this number of bytes, which should divide blocksize. Default: blocksize.
verify_pattern =str If set, fio will fill the io buffers with this pattern. Fio defaults to filling with totally random bytes, but sometimes it's interesting to fill with a known pattern for io verification purposes. Depending on the width of the pattern, fio will fill 1/2/3/4 bytes of the buffer at the time(it can be either a decimal or a hex number). The verify_pattern if larger than a 32-bit quantity has to be a hex number that starts with either "0x" or "0X". Use with verify=str. Also, verify_pattern supports %o format, which means that for each block offset will be written and then verified back, e.g.: verify_pattern=%o Or use combination of everything:
verify_pattern=0xff%o"abcd"-21
verify_fatal =bool If true, exit the job on the first observed verification failure. Default: false.
verify_dump =bool If set, dump the contents of both the original data block and the data block we read off disk to files. This allows later analysis to inspect just what kind of data corruption occurred. Off by default.
verify_async =int Fio will normally verify IO inline from the submitting thread. This option takes an integer describing how many async offload threads to create for IO verification instead, causing fio to offload the duty of verifying IO contents to one or more separate threads. If using this offload option, even sync IO engines can benefit from using an iodepth setting higher than 1, as it allows them to have IO in flight while verifies are running.
verify_async_cpus =str Tell fio to set the given CPU affinity on the async IO verification threads. See cpus_allowed for the format used.
verify_backlog =int Fio will normally verify the written contents of a job that utilizes verify once that job has completed. In other words, everything is written then everything is read back and verified. You may want to verify continually instead for a variety of reasons. Fio stores the meta data associated with an IO block in memory, so for large verify workloads, quite a bit of memory would be used up holding this meta data. If this option is enabled, fio will write only N blocks before verifying these blocks.
verify_backlog_batch =int Control how many blocks fio will verify if verify_backlog is set. If not set, will default to the value of verify_backlog (meaning the entire queue is read back and verified). If verify_backlog_batch is less than verify_backlog then not all blocks will be verified, if verify_backlog_batch is larger than verify_backlog, some blocks will be verified more than once.
trim_percentage =int Number of verify blocks to discard/trim.
trim_verify_zero =bool Verify that trim/discarded blocks are returned as zeroes.
trim_backlog =int Trim after this number of blocks are written.
trim_backlog_batch =int Trim this number of IO blocks.
experimental_verify =bool Enable experimental verification.
verify_state_save =bool When a job exits during the write phase of a verify workload, save its current state. This allows fio to replay up until that point, if the verify state is loaded for the verify read phase.
verify_state_load =bool If a verify termination trigger was used, fio stores the current write state of each thread. This can be used at verification time so that fio knows how far it should verify. Without this information, fio will run a full verification pass, according to the settings in the job file used.
stonewall ", wait_for_previous" Wait for preceding jobs in the job file to exit before starting this one. stonewall implies new_group.
new_group Start a new reporting group. If not given, all jobs in a file will be part of the same reporting group, unless separated by a stonewall.
stats =bool By default, fio collects and shows final output results for all jobs that run. If this option is set to 0, then fio will ignore it in the final stat output.
numjobs =int Number of clones (processes/threads performing the same workload) of this job. Default: 1.
group_reporting If set, display per-group reports instead of per-job when numjobs is specified.
thread Use threads created with pthread_create\|(3) instead of processes created with fork\|(2).
zonesize =int Divide file into zones of the specified size in bytes. See zoneskip.
zonerange =int Give size of an IO zone. See zoneskip.
zoneskip =int Skip the specified number of bytes when zonesize bytes of data have been read.
write_iolog =str Write the issued I/O patterns to the specified file. Specify a separate file for each job, otherwise the iologs will be interspersed and the file may be corrupt.
read_iolog =str Replay the I/O patterns contained in the specified file generated by write_iolog, or may be a blktrace binary file.
replay_no_stall =int While replaying I/O patterns using read_iolog the default behavior attempts to respect timing information between I/Os. Enabling replay_no_stall causes I/Os to be replayed as fast as possible while still respecting ordering.
replay_redirect =str While replaying I/O patterns using read_iolog the default behavior is to replay the IOPS onto the major/minor device that each IOP was recorded from. Setting replay_redirect causes all IOPS to be replayed onto the single specified device regardless of the device it was recorded from.
replay_align =int Force alignment of IO offsets and lengths in a trace to this power of 2 value.
replay_scale =int Scale sector offsets down by this factor when replaying traces.
per_job_logs =bool If set, this generates bw/clat/iops log with per file private filenames. If not set, jobs with identical names will share the log filename. Default: true.
write_bw_log =str If given, write a bandwidth log for this job. Can be used to store data of the bandwidth of the jobs in their lifetime. The included fio_generate_plots script uses gnuplot to turn these text files into nice graphs. See write_lat_log for behaviour of given filename. For this option, the postfix is _bw.x.log, where x is the index of the job (1..N, where N is the number of jobs). If per_job_logs is false, then the filename will not include the job index. See the LOG FILE FORMATS section.
write_lat_log =str Same as write_bw_log, but writes I/O completion latencies. If no filename is given with this option, the default filename of "jobname_type.x.log" is used, where x is the index of the job (1..N, where N is the number of jobs). Even if the filename is given, fio will still append the type of log. If per_job_logs is false, then the filename will not include the job index. See the LOG FILE FORMATS section.
write_hist_log =str Same as write_lat_log, but writes I/O completion latency histograms. If no filename is given with this option, the default filename of "jobname_clat_hist.x.log" is used, where x is the index of the job (1..N, where N is the number of jobs). Even if the filename is given, fio will still append the type of log. If per_job_logs is false, then the filename will not include the job index. See the LOG FILE FORMATS section.
write_iops_log =str Same as write_bw_log, but writes IOPS. If no filename is given with this option, the default filename of "jobname_type.x.log" is used, where x is the index of the job (1..N, where N is the number of jobs). Even if the filename is given, fio will still append the type of log. If per_job_logs is false, then the filename will not include the job index. See the LOG FILE FORMATS section.
log_avg_msec =int By default, fio will log an entry in the iops, latency, or bw log for every IO that completes. When writing to the disk log, that can quickly grow to a very large size. Setting this option makes fio average the each log entry over the specified period of time, reducing the resolution of the log. See log_max_value as well. Defaults to 0, logging all entries.
log_max_value =bool If log_avg_msec is set, fio logs the average over that window. If you instead want to log the maximum value, set this option to 1. Defaults to 0, meaning that averaged values are logged.
log_hist_msec =int Same as log_avg_msec, but logs entries for completion latency histograms. Computing latency percentiles from averages of intervals using log_avg_msec is innacurate. Setting this option makes fio log histogram entries over the specified period of time, reducing log sizes for high IOPS devices while retaining percentile accuracy. See log_hist_coarseness as well. Defaults to 0, meaning histogram logging is disabled.
log_hist_coarseness =int Integer ranging from 0 to 6, defining the coarseness of the resolution of the histogram logs enabled with log_hist_msec. For each increment in coarseness, fio outputs half as many bins. Defaults to 0, for which histogram logs contain 1216 latency bins. See the LOG FILE FORMATS section.
log_offset =bool If this is set, the iolog options will include the byte offset for the IO entry as well as the other data values.
log_compression =int If this is set, fio will compress the IO logs as it goes, to keep the memory footprint lower. When a log reaches the specified size, that chunk is removed and compressed in the background. Given that IO logs are fairly highly compressible, this yields a nice memory savings for longer runs. The downside is that the compression will consume some background CPU cycles, so it may impact the run. This, however, is also true if the logging ends up consuming most of the system memory. So pick your poison. The IO logs are saved normally at the end of a run, by decompressing the chunks and storing them in the specified log file. This feature depends on the availability of zlib.
log_compression_cpus =str Define the set of CPUs that are allowed to handle online log compression for the IO jobs. This can provide better isolation between performance sensitive jobs, and background compression work.
log_store_compressed =bool If set, fio will store the log files in a compressed format. They can be decompressed with fio, using the --inflate-log command line parameter. The files will be stored with a \.fz suffix.
log_unix_epoch =bool If set, fio will log Unix timestamps to the log files produced by enabling write_type_log for each log type, instead of the default zero-based timestamps.
block_error_percentiles =bool If set, record errors in trim block-sized units from writes and trims and output a histogram of how many trims it took to get to errors, and what kind of error was encountered.
disable_lat =bool Disable measurements of total latency numbers. Useful only for cutting back the number of calls to gettimeofday\|(2), as that does impact performance at really high IOPS rates. Note that to really get rid of a large amount of these calls, this option must be used with disable_slat and disable_bw as well.
disable_clat =bool Disable measurements of completion latency numbers. See disable_lat.
disable_slat =bool Disable measurements of submission latency numbers. See disable_lat.
disable_bw_measurement =bool Disable measurements of throughput/bandwidth numbers. See disable_lat.
lockmem =int Pin the specified amount of memory with mlock\|(2). Can be used to simulate a smaller amount of memory. The amount specified is per worker.
exec_prerun =str Before running the job, execute the specified command with system\|(3). Output is redirected in a file called jobname.prerun.txt
exec_postrun =str Same as exec_prerun, but the command is executed after the job completes. Output is redirected in a file called jobname.postrun.txt
ioscheduler =str Attempt to switch the device hosting the file to the specified I/O scheduler.
disk_util =bool Generate disk utilization statistics if the platform supports it. Default: true.
clocksource =str Use the given clocksource as the base of timing. The supported options are:
gettimeofday gettimeofday\|(2)
clock_gettime clock_gettime\|(2)
cpu Internal CPU clock source
cpu is the preferred clocksource if it is reliable, as it is very fast (and fio is heavy on time calls). Fio will automatically use this clocksource if it's supported and considered reliable on the system it is running on, unless another clocksource is specifically set. For x86/x86-64 CPUs, this means supporting TSC Invariant.
gtod_reduce =bool Enable all of the gettimeofday\|(2) reducing options (disable_clat, disable_slat, disable_bw) plus reduce precision of the timeout somewhat to really shrink the gettimeofday\|(2) call count. With this option enabled, we only do about 0.4% of the gtod() calls we would have done if all time keeping was enabled.
gtod_cpu =int Sometimes it's cheaper to dedicate a single thread of execution to just getting the current time. Fio (and databases, for instance) are very intensive on gettimeofday\|(2) calls. With this option, you can set one CPU aside for doing nothing but logging current time to a shared memory location. Then the other threads/processes that run IO workloads need only copy that segment, instead of entering the kernel with a gettimeofday\|(2) call. The CPU set aside for doing these time calls will be excluded from other uses. Fio will manually clear it from the CPU mask of other jobs.
ignore_error =str Sometimes you want to ignore some errors during test in that case you can specify error list for each error type. ignore_error=READ_ERR_LIST,WRITE_ERR_LIST,VERIFY_ERR_LIST errors for given error type is separated with ':'. Error may be symbol ('ENOSPC', 'ENOMEM') or an integer. Example: ignore_error=EAGAIN,ENOSPC:122 . This option will ignore EAGAIN from READ, and ENOSPC and 122(EDQUOT) from WRITE.
error_dump =bool If set dump every error even if it is non fatal, true by default. If disabled only fatal error will be dumped
profile =str Select a specific builtin performance test.
cgroup =str Add job to this control group. If it doesn't exist, it will be created. The system must have a mounted cgroup blkio mount point for this to work. If your system doesn't have it mounted, you can do so with: # mount -t cgroup -o blkio none /cgroup
cgroup_weight =int Set the weight of the cgroup to this value. See the documentation that comes with the kernel, allowed values are in the range of 100..1000.
cgroup_nodelete =bool Normally fio will delete the cgroups it has created after the job completion. To override this behavior and to leave cgroups around after the job completion, set cgroup_nodelete=1. This can be useful if one wants to inspect various cgroup files after job completion. Default: false
uid =int Instead of running as the invoking user, set the user ID to this value before the thread/process does any work.
gid =int Set group ID, see uid.
unit_base =int Base unit for reporting. Allowed values are:
0 Use auto-detection (default).
8 Byte based.
1 Bit based.
flow_id =int The ID of the flow. If not specified, it defaults to being a global flow. See flow.
flow =int Weight in token-based flow control. If this value is used, then there is a flow counter which is used to regulate the proportion of activity between two or more jobs. fio attempts to keep this flow counter near zero. The flow parameter stands for how much should be added or subtracted to the flow counter on each iteration of the main I/O loop. That is, if one job has flow=8 and another job has flow=-1, then there will be a roughly 1:8 ratio in how much one runs vs the other.
flow_watermark =int The maximum value that the absolute value of the flow counter is allowed to reach before the job must wait for a lower value of the counter.
flow_sleep =int The period of time, in microseconds, to wait after the flow watermark has been exceeded before retrying operations
clat_percentiles =bool Enable the reporting of percentiles of completion latencies.
percentile_list =float_list Overwrite the default list of percentiles for completion latencies and the block error histogram. Each number is a floating number in the range (0,100], and the maximum length of the list is 20. Use ':' to separate the numbers. For example, --percentile_list=99.5:99.9 will cause fio to report the values of completion latency below which 99.5% and 99.9% of the observed latencies fell, respectively.
(cpuio)cpuload =int Attempt to use the specified percentage of CPU cycles.
(cpuio)cpuchunks =int Split the load into cycles of the given time. In microseconds.
(cpuio)exit_on_io_done =bool Detect when IO threads are done, then exit.
(libaio)userspace_reap Normally, with the libaio engine in use, fio will use the io_getevents system call to reap newly returned events. With this flag turned on, the AIO ring will be read directly from user-space to reap events. The reaping mode is only enabled when polling for a minimum of 0 events (eg when iodepth_batch_complete=0).
(pvsync2)hipri Set RWF_HIPRI on IO, indicating to the kernel that it's of higher priority than normal.
(net,netsplice)hostname =str The host name or IP address to use for TCP or UDP based IO. If the job is a TCP listener or UDP reader, the hostname is not used and must be omitted unless it is a valid UDP multicast address.
(net,netsplice)port =int The TCP or UDP port to bind to or connect to. If this is used with numjobs to spawn multiple instances of the same job type, then this will be the starting port number since fio will use a range of ports.
(net,netsplice)interface =str The IP address of the network interface used to send or receive UDP multicast packets.
(net,netsplice)ttl =int Time-to-live value for outgoing UDP multicast packets. Default: 1
(net,netsplice)nodelay =bool Set TCP_NODELAY on TCP connections.
(net,netsplice)protocol =str ", proto" =str The network protocol to use. Accepted values are:
tcp Transmission control protocol
tcpv6 Transmission control protocol V6
udp User datagram protocol
udpv6 User datagram protocol V6
unix UNIX domain socket
When the protocol is TCP or UDP, the port must also be given, as well as the hostname if the job is a TCP listener or UDP reader. For unix sockets, the normal filename option should be used and the port is invalid.
(net,netsplice)listen For TCP network connections, tell fio to listen for incoming connections rather than initiating an outgoing connection. The hostname must be omitted if this option is used.
(net, pingpong) =bool Normally a network writer will just continue writing data, and a network reader will just consume packets. If pingpong=1 is set, a writer will send its normal payload to the reader, then wait for the reader to send the same payload back. This allows fio to measure network latencies. The submission and completion latencies then measure local time spent sending or receiving, and the completion latency measures how long it took for the other end to receive and send back. For UDP multicast traffic pingpong=1 should only be set for a single reader when multiple readers are listening to the same address.
(net, window_size) =int Set the desired socket buffer size for the connection.
(net, mss) =int Set the TCP maximum segment size (TCP_MAXSEG).
(e4defrag,donorname) =str File will be used as a block donor (swap extents between files)
(e4defrag,inplace) =int Configure donor file block allocation strategy 0(default) : Preallocate donor's file on init
1: allocate space immediately inside defragment event, and free right after event
(rbd)clustername =str Specifies the name of the ceph cluster.
(rbd)rbdname =str Specifies the name of the RBD.
(rbd)pool =str Specifies the name of the Ceph pool containing the RBD.
(rbd)clientname =str Specifies the username (without the 'client.' prefix) used to access the Ceph cluster. If the clustername is specified, the clientname shall be the full type.id string. If no type. prefix is given, fio will add 'client.' by default.
(mtd)skipbad =bool Skip operations against known bad blocks.
Jobs: 1: [_r] [24.8% done] [ 13509/ 8334 kb/s] [eta 00h:01m:31s]
The characters in the first set of brackets denote the current status of each threads. The possible values are:
0
P Setup but not started.
C Thread created.
I Initialized, waiting.
R Running, doing sequential reads.
r Running, doing random reads.
W Running, doing sequential writes.
w Running, doing random writes.
M Running, doing mixed sequential reads/writes.
m Running, doing mixed random reads/writes.
F Running, currently waiting for fsync\|(2).
V Running, verifying written data.
E Exited, not reaped by main thread.
- Exited, thread reaped.
The second set of brackets shows the estimated completion percentage of the current group. The third set shows the read and write I/O rate, respectively. Finally, the estimated run time of the job is displayed.
When fio completes (or is interrupted by Ctrl-C), it will show data for each thread, each group of threads, and each disk, in that order.
Per-thread statistics first show the threads client number, group-id, and error code. The remaining figures are as follows:
io Number of megabytes of I/O performed.
bw Average data rate (bandwidth).
runt Threads run time.
slat Submission latency minimum, maximum, average and standard deviation. This is the time it took to submit the I/O.
clat Completion latency minimum, maximum, average and standard deviation. This is the time between submission and completion.
bw Bandwidth minimum, maximum, percentage of aggregate bandwidth received, average and standard deviation.
cpu CPU usage statistics. Includes user and system time, number of context switches this thread went through and number of major and minor page faults. The CPU utilization numbers are averages for the jobs in that reporting group, while the context and fault counters are summed.
IO depths Distribution of I/O depths. Each depth includes everything less than (or equal) to it, but greater than the previous depth.
IO issued Number of read/write requests issued, and number of short read/write requests.
IO latencies Distribution of I/O completion latencies. The numbers follow the same pattern as IO depths.
The group statistics show:
0
io Number of megabytes I/O performed.
aggrb Aggregate bandwidth of threads in the group.
minb Minimum average bandwidth a thread saw.
maxb Maximum average bandwidth a thread saw.
mint Shortest runtime of threads in the group.
maxt Longest runtime of threads in the group.
Finally, disk statistics are printed with reads first:
0
ios Number of I/Os performed by all groups.
merge Number of merges in the I/O scheduler.
ticks Number of ticks we kept the disk busy.
io_queue Total time spent in the disk queue.
util Disk utilization.
It is also possible to get fio to dump the current output while it is running, without terminating the job. To do that, send fio the USR1 signal.
terse version, fio version, jobname, groupid, error
Read status: Total I/O (KiB), bandwidth (KiB/s), IOPS, runtime (ms)
Submission latency: min, max, mean, standard deviation Completion latency: min, max, mean, standard deviation Completion latency percentiles (20 fields): Xth percentile=usec Total latency: min, max, mean, standard deviation Bandwidth: min, max, aggregate percentage of total, mean, standard deviation
Write status: Total I/O (KiB), bandwidth (KiB/s), IOPS, runtime (ms)
Submission latency: min, max, mean, standard deviation Completion latency: min, max, mean, standard deviation Completion latency percentiles (20 fields): Xth percentile=usec Total latency: min, max, mean, standard deviation Bandwidth: min, max, aggregate percentage of total, mean, standard deviation
CPU usage: user, system, context switches, major page faults, minor page faults
IO depth distribution: <=1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, >=64
IO latency distribution: Microseconds: <=2, 4, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 Milliseconds: <=2, 4, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, >=2000
Disk utilization (1 for each disk used): name, read ios, write ios, read merges, write merges, read ticks, write ticks, read in-queue time, write in-queue time, disk utilization percentage
Error Info (dependent on continue_on_error, default off): total # errors, first error code
text description (if provided in config - appears on newline)
Trace file format v1 Each line represents a single io action in the following format: rw, offset, length where rw=0/1 for read/write, and the offset and length entries being in bytes. This format is not supported in Fio versions => 1.20-rc3.
Trace file format v2 The second version of the trace file format was added in Fio version 1.17. It allows one to access more then one file per trace and has a bigger set of possible file actions. The first line of the trace file has to be: fio version 2 iolog Following this can be lines in two different formats, which are described below. The file management format: filename action The filename is given as an absolute path. The action can be one of these:
0
add Add the given filename to the trace
open Open the file with the given filename. The filename has to have been previously added with the add action.
close Close the file with the given filename. The file must have previously been opened.
The file io action format: filename action offset length The filename is given as an absolute path, and has to have been added and opened before it can be used with this format. The offset and length are given in bytes. The action can be one of these:
0
wait Wait for 'offset' microseconds. Everything below 100 is discarded. The time is relative to the previous wait statement.
read Read length bytes beginning from offset
write Write length bytes beginning from offset
sync fsync() the file
datasync fdatasync() the file
trim trim the given file from the given offset for length bytes
Executing a trigger command The write state is relatively small, on the order of hundreds of bytes to single kilobytes. It contains information on the number of completions done, the last X completions, etc. A trigger is invoked either through creation (touch) of a specified file in the system, or through a timeout setting. If fio is run with --trigger-file=/tmp/trigger-file, then it will continually check for the existence of /tmp/trigger-file. When it sees this file, it will fire off the trigger (thus saving state, and executing the trigger command). For client/server runs, there's both a local and remote trigger. If fio is running as a server backend, it will send the job states back to the client for safe storage, then execute the remote trigger, if specified. If a local trigger is specified, the server will still send back the write state, but the client will then execute the trigger.
Verification trigger example Lets say we want to run a powercut test on the remote machine 'server'. Our write workload is in write-test.fio. We want to cut power to 'server' at some point during the run, and we'll run this test from the safety or our local machine, 'localbox'. On the server, we'll start the fio backend normally: server# fio --server and on the client, we'll fire off the workload: localbox$ fio --client=server --trigger-file=/tmp/my-trigger --trigger-remote="bash -c "echo b > /proc/sysrq-triger"" We set /tmp/my-trigger as the trigger file, and we tell fio to execute echo b > /proc/sysrq-trigger on the server once it has received the trigger and sent us the write state. This will work, but it's not really cutting power to the server, it's merely abruptly rebooting it. If we have a remote way of cutting power to the server through IPMI or similar, we could do that through a local trigger command instead. Lets assume we have a script that does IPMI reboot of a given hostname, ipmi-reboot. On localbox, we could then have run fio with a local trigger instead: localbox$ fio --client=server --trigger-file=/tmp/my-trigger --trigger="ipmi-reboot server" For this case, fio would wait for the server to send us the write state, then execute 'ipmi-reboot server' when that happened.
Loading verify state To load store write state, read verification job file must contain the verify_state_load option. If that is set, fio will load the previously stored state. For a local fio run this is done by loading the files directly, and on a client/server run, the server backend will ask the client to send the files over and load them from there.
0
Latency log Value is in latency in usecs
Bandwidth log Value is in KiB/sec
IOPS log Value is in IOPS
Data direction is one of the following:
0
0 IO is a READ
1 IO is a WRITE
2 IO is a TRIM
The offset is the offset, in bytes, from the start of the file, for that particular IO. The logging of the offset can be toggled with log_offset. If windowed logging is enabled through log_avg_msec, then fio doesn't log individual IOs. Instead of logs the average values over the specified period of time. Since data direction and offset are per-IO values, they aren't applicable if windowed logging is enabled. If windowed logging is enabled and log_max_value is set, then fio logs maximum values in that window instead of averages. For histogram logging the logs look like this: time (msec), data direction, block-size, bin 0, bin 1, ..., bin 1215 Where 'bin i' gives the frequency of IO requests with a latency falling in the i-th bin. See log_hist_coarseness for logging fewer bins.
