common/collect/Sets.java

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2007 The Guava Authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package com.google.common.collect;

import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import com.google.common.base.Predicate;
import com.google.common.base.Predicates;
import com.google.common.collect.Collections2.FilteredCollection;

import java.util.AbstractSet;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.EnumSet;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.SortedSet;
import java.util.TreeSet;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;

import javax.annotation.Nullable;

/**
 * Static utility methods pertaining to {@link Set} instances. Also see this
 * class's counterparts {@link Lists}, {@link Maps} and {@link Queues}.
 *
 * <p>See the Guava User Guide article on <a href=
 * "http://code.google.com/p/guava-libraries/wiki/CollectionUtilitiesExplained#Sets">
 * {@code Sets}</a>.
 *
 * @author Kevin Bourrillion
 * @author Jared Levy
 * @author Chris Povirk
 * @since 2.0 (imported from Google Collections Library)
 */
@GwtCompatible(emulated = true)
public final class Sets {
  private Sets() {}

  /**
   * {@link AbstractSet} substitute without the potentially-quadratic
   * {@code removeAll} implementation.
   */
  abstract static class ImprovedAbstractSet<E> extends AbstractSet<E> {
    @Override
    public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
      return removeAllImpl(this, c);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
      return super.retainAll(checkNotNull(c)); // GWT compatibility
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns an immutable set instance containing the given enum elements.
   * Internally, the returned set will be backed by an {@link EnumSet}.
   *
   * <p>The iteration order of the returned set follows the enum's iteration
   * order, not the order in which the elements are provided to the method.
   *
   * @param anElement one of the elements the set should contain
   * @param otherElements the rest of the elements the set should contain
   * @return an immutable set containing those elements, minus duplicates
   */
  // http://code.google.com/p/google-web-toolkit/issues/detail?id=3028
  @GwtCompatible(serializable = true)
  public static <E extends Enum<E>> ImmutableSet<E> immutableEnumSet(
      E anElement, E... otherElements) {
    return ImmutableEnumSet.asImmutable(EnumSet.of(anElement, otherElements));
  }

  /**
   * Returns an immutable set instance containing the given enum elements.
   * Internally, the returned set will be backed by an {@link EnumSet}.
   *
   * <p>The iteration order of the returned set follows the enum's iteration
   * order, not the order in which the elements appear in the given collection.
   *
   * @param elements the elements, all of the same {@code enum} type, that the
   *     set should contain
   * @return an immutable set containing those elements, minus duplicates
   */
  // http://code.google.com/p/google-web-toolkit/issues/detail?id=3028
  @GwtCompatible(serializable = true)
  public static <E extends Enum<E>> ImmutableSet<E> immutableEnumSet(
      Iterable<E> elements) {
    if (elements instanceof ImmutableEnumSet) {
      return (ImmutableEnumSet<E>) elements;
    } else if (elements instanceof Collection) {
      Collection<E> collection = (Collection<E>) elements;
      if (collection.isEmpty()) {
        return ImmutableSet.of();
      } else {
        return ImmutableEnumSet.asImmutable(EnumSet.copyOf(collection));
      }
    } else {
      Iterator<E> itr = elements.iterator();
      if (itr.hasNext()) {
        EnumSet<E> enumSet = EnumSet.of(itr.next());
        Iterators.addAll(enumSet, itr);
        return ImmutableEnumSet.asImmutable(enumSet);
      } else {
        return ImmutableSet.of();
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns a new {@code EnumSet} instance containing the given elements.
   * Unlike {@link EnumSet#copyOf(Collection)}, this method does not produce an
   * exception on an empty collection, and it may be called on any iterable, not
   * just a {@code Collection}.
   */
  public static <E extends Enum<E>> EnumSet<E> newEnumSet(Iterable<E> iterable,
      Class<E> elementType) {
    EnumSet<E> set = EnumSet.noneOf(elementType);
    Iterables.addAll(set, iterable);
    return set;
  }

  // HashSet

  /**
   * Creates a <i>mutable</i>, empty {@code HashSet} instance.
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> if mutability is not required, use {@link
   * ImmutableSet#of()} instead.
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> if {@code E} is an {@link Enum} type, use {@link
   * EnumSet#noneOf} instead.
   *
   * @return a new, empty {@code HashSet}
   */
  public static <E> HashSet<E> newHashSet() {
    return new HashSet<E>();
  }

  /**
   * Creates a <i>mutable</i> {@code HashSet} instance containing the given
   * elements in unspecified order.
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> if mutability is not required and the elements are
   * non-null, use an overload of {@link ImmutableSet#of()} (for varargs) or
   * {@link ImmutableSet#copyOf(Object[])} (for an array) instead.
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> if {@code E} is an {@link Enum} type, use {@link
   * EnumSet#of(Enum, Enum[])} instead.
   *
   * @param elements the elements that the set should contain
   * @return a new {@code HashSet} containing those elements (minus duplicates)
   */
  public static <E> HashSet<E> newHashSet(E... elements) {
    HashSet<E> set = newHashSetWithExpectedSize(elements.length);
    Collections.addAll(set, elements);
    return set;
  }

  /**
   * Creates a {@code HashSet} instance, with a high enough "initial capacity"
   * that it <i>should</i> hold {@code expectedSize} elements without growth.
   * This behavior cannot be broadly guaranteed, but it is observed to be true
   * for OpenJDK 1.6. It also can't be guaranteed that the method isn't
   * inadvertently <i>oversizing</i> the returned set.
   *
   * @param expectedSize the number of elements you expect to add to the
   *        returned set
   * @return a new, empty {@code HashSet} with enough capacity to hold {@code
   *         expectedSize} elements without resizing
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code expectedSize} is negative
   */
  public static <E> HashSet<E> newHashSetWithExpectedSize(int expectedSize) {
    return new HashSet<E>(Maps.capacity(expectedSize));
  }

  /**
   * Creates a <i>mutable</i> {@code HashSet} instance containing the given
   * elements in unspecified order.
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> if mutability is not required and the elements are
   * non-null, use {@link ImmutableSet#copyOf(Iterable)} instead.
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> if {@code E} is an {@link Enum} type, use
   * {@link #newEnumSet(Iterable, Class)} instead.
   *
   * @param elements the elements that the set should contain
   * @return a new {@code HashSet} containing those elements (minus duplicates)
   */
  public static <E> HashSet<E> newHashSet(Iterable<? extends E> elements) {
    return (elements instanceof Collection)
        ? new HashSet<E>(Collections2.cast(elements))
        : newHashSet(elements.iterator());
  }

  /**
   * Creates a <i>mutable</i> {@code HashSet} instance containing the given
   * elements in unspecified order.
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> if mutability is not required and the elements are
   * non-null, use {@link ImmutableSet#copyOf(Iterable)} instead.
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> if {@code E} is an {@link Enum} type, you should create an
   * {@link EnumSet} instead.
   *
   * @param elements the elements that the set should contain
   * @return a new {@code HashSet} containing those elements (minus duplicates)
   */
  public static <E> HashSet<E> newHashSet(Iterator<? extends E> elements) {
    HashSet<E> set = newHashSet();
    Iterators.addAll(set, elements);
    return set;
  }

  /**
   * Creates a thread-safe set backed by a hash map. The set is backed by a
   * {@link ConcurrentHashMap} instance, and thus carries the same concurrency
   * guarantees.
   *
   * <p>Unlike {@code HashSet}, this class does NOT allow {@code null} to be
   * used as an element. The set is serializable.
   *
   * @return a new, empty thread-safe {@code Set}
   * @since 15.0
   */
  public static <E> Set<E> newConcurrentHashSet() {
    return newSetFromMap(new ConcurrentHashMap<E, Boolean>());
  }

  /**
   * Creates a thread-safe set backed by a hash map and containing the given
   * elements. The set is backed by a {@link ConcurrentHashMap} instance, and
   * thus carries the same concurrency guarantees.
   *
   * <p>Unlike {@code HashSet}, this class does NOT allow {@code null} to be
   * used as an element. The set is serializable.
   *
   * @param elements the elements that the set should contain
   * @return a new thread-safe set containing those elements (minus duplicates)
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code elements} or any of its contents is
   *      null
   * @since 15.0
   */
  public static <E> Set<E> newConcurrentHashSet(
      Iterable<? extends E> elements) {
    Set<E> set = newConcurrentHashSet();
    Iterables.addAll(set, elements);
    return set;
  }

  // LinkedHashSet

  /**
   * Creates a <i>mutable</i>, empty {@code LinkedHashSet} instance.
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> if mutability is not required, use {@link
   * ImmutableSet#of()} instead.
   *
   * @return a new, empty {@code LinkedHashSet}
   */
  public static <E> LinkedHashSet<E> newLinkedHashSet() {
    return new LinkedHashSet<E>();
  }

  /**
   * Creates a {@code LinkedHashSet} instance, with a high enough "initial
   * capacity" that it <i>should</i> hold {@code expectedSize} elements without
   * growth. This behavior cannot be broadly guaranteed, but it is observed to
   * be true for OpenJDK 1.6. It also can't be guaranteed that the method isn't
   * inadvertently <i>oversizing</i> the returned set.
   *
   * @param expectedSize the number of elements you expect to add to the
   *        returned set
   * @return a new, empty {@code LinkedHashSet} with enough capacity to hold
   *         {@code expectedSize} elements without resizing
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code expectedSize} is negative
   * @since 11.0
   */
  public static <E> LinkedHashSet<E> newLinkedHashSetWithExpectedSize(
      int expectedSize) {
    return new LinkedHashSet<E>(Maps.capacity(expectedSize));
  }

  /**
   * Creates a <i>mutable</i> {@code LinkedHashSet} instance containing the
   * given elements in order.
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> if mutability is not required and the elements are
   * non-null, use {@link ImmutableSet#copyOf(Iterable)} instead.
   *
   * @param elements the elements that the set should contain, in order
   * @return a new {@code LinkedHashSet} containing those elements (minus
   *     duplicates)
   */
  public static <E> LinkedHashSet<E> newLinkedHashSet(
      Iterable<? extends E> elements) {
    if (elements instanceof Collection) {
      return new LinkedHashSet<E>(Collections2.cast(elements));
    }
    LinkedHashSet<E> set = newLinkedHashSet();
    Iterables.addAll(set, elements);
    return set;
  }

  // TreeSet

  /**
   * Creates a <i>mutable</i>, empty {@code TreeSet} instance sorted by the
   * natural sort ordering of its elements.
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> if mutability is not required, use {@link
   * ImmutableSortedSet#of()} instead.
   *
   * @return a new, empty {@code TreeSet}
   */
  public static <E extends Comparable> TreeSet<E> newTreeSet() {
    return new TreeSet<E>();
  }

  /**
   * Creates a <i>mutable</i> {@code TreeSet} instance containing the given
   * elements sorted by their natural ordering.
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> if mutability is not required, use {@link
   * ImmutableSortedSet#copyOf(Iterable)} instead.
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> If {@code elements} is a {@code SortedSet} with an explicit
   * comparator, this method has different behavior than
   * {@link TreeSet#TreeSet(SortedSet)}, which returns a {@code TreeSet} with
   * that comparator.
   *
   * @param elements the elements that the set should contain
   * @return a new {@code TreeSet} containing those elements (minus duplicates)
   */
  public static <E extends Comparable> TreeSet<E> newTreeSet(
      Iterable<? extends E> elements) {
    TreeSet<E> set = newTreeSet();
    Iterables.addAll(set, elements);
    return set;
  }

  /**
   * Creates a <i>mutable</i>, empty {@code TreeSet} instance with the given
   * comparator.
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> if mutability is not required, use {@code
   * ImmutableSortedSet.orderedBy(comparator).build()} instead.
   *
   * @param comparator the comparator to use to sort the set
   * @return a new, empty {@code TreeSet}
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code comparator} is null
   */
  public static <E> TreeSet<E> newTreeSet(Comparator<? super E> comparator) {
    return new TreeSet<E>(checkNotNull(comparator));
  }

  /**
   * Creates an empty {@code Set} that uses identity to determine equality. It
   * compares object references, instead of calling {@code equals}, to
   * determine whether a provided object matches an element in the set. For
   * example, {@code contains} returns {@code false} when passed an object that
   * equals a set member, but isn't the same instance. This behavior is similar
   * to the way {@code IdentityHashMap} handles key lookups.
   *
   * @since 8.0
   */
  public static <E> Set<E> newIdentityHashSet() {
    return Sets.newSetFromMap(Maps.<E, Boolean>newIdentityHashMap());
  }

  /**
   * Creates an {@code EnumSet} consisting of all enum values that are not in
   * the specified collection. If the collection is an {@link EnumSet}, this
   * method has the same behavior as {@link EnumSet#complementOf}. Otherwise,
   * the specified collection must contain at least one element, in order to
   * determine the element type. If the collection could be empty, use
   * {@link #complementOf(Collection, Class)} instead of this method.
   *
   * @param collection the collection whose complement should be stored in the
   *     enum set
   * @return a new, modifiable {@code EnumSet} containing all values of the enum
   *     that aren't present in the given collection
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code collection} is not an
   *     {@code EnumSet} instance and contains no elements
   */
  public static <E extends Enum<E>> EnumSet<E> complementOf(
      Collection<E> collection) {
    if (collection instanceof EnumSet) {
      return EnumSet.complementOf((EnumSet<E>) collection);
    }
    checkArgument(!collection.isEmpty(),
        "collection is empty; use the other version of this method");
    Class<E> type = collection.iterator().next().getDeclaringClass();
    return makeComplementByHand(collection, type);
  }

  /**
   * Creates an {@code EnumSet} consisting of all enum values that are not in
   * the specified collection. This is equivalent to
   * {@link EnumSet#complementOf}, but can act on any input collection, as long
   * as the elements are of enum type.
   *
   * @param collection the collection whose complement should be stored in the
   *     {@code EnumSet}
   * @param type the type of the elements in the set
   * @return a new, modifiable {@code EnumSet} initially containing all the
   *     values of the enum not present in the given collection
   */
  public static <E extends Enum<E>> EnumSet<E> complementOf(
      Collection<E> collection, Class<E> type) {
    checkNotNull(collection);
    return (collection instanceof EnumSet)
        ? EnumSet.complementOf((EnumSet<E>) collection)
        : makeComplementByHand(collection, type);
  }

  private static <E extends Enum<E>> EnumSet<E> makeComplementByHand(
      Collection<E> collection, Class<E> type) {
    EnumSet<E> result = EnumSet.allOf(type);
    result.removeAll(collection);
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Returns a set backed by the specified map. The resulting set displays
   * the same ordering, concurrency, and performance characteristics as the
   * backing map. In essence, this factory method provides a {@link Set}
   * implementation corresponding to any {@link Map} implementation. There is no
   * need to use this method on a {@link Map} implementation that already has a
   * corresponding {@link Set} implementation (such as {@link java.util.HashMap}
   * or {@link java.util.TreeMap}).
   *
   * <p>Each method invocation on the set returned by this method results in
   * exactly one method invocation on the backing map or its {@code keySet}
   * view, with one exception. The {@code addAll} method is implemented as a
   * sequence of {@code put} invocations on the backing map.
   *
   * <p>The specified map must be empty at the time this method is invoked,
   * and should not be accessed directly after this method returns. These
   * conditions are ensured if the map is created empty, passed directly
   * to this method, and no reference to the map is retained, as illustrated
   * in the following code fragment: <pre>  {@code
   *
   *   Set<Object> identityHashSet = Sets.newSetFromMap(
   *       new IdentityHashMap<Object, Boolean>());}</pre>
   *
   * <p>This method has the same behavior as the JDK 6 method
   * {@code Collections.newSetFromMap()}. The returned set is serializable if
   * the backing map is.
   *
   * @param map the backing map
   * @return the set backed by the map
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code map} is not empty
   */
  public static <E> Set<E> newSetFromMap(Map<E, Boolean> map) {
    return Platform.newSetFromMap(map);
  }

  /**
   * An unmodifiable view of a set which may be backed by other sets; this view
   * will change as the backing sets do. Contains methods to copy the data into
   * a new set which will then remain stable. There is usually no reason to
   * retain a reference of type {@code SetView}; typically, you either use it
   * as a plain {@link Set}, or immediately invoke {@link #immutableCopy} or
   * {@link #copyInto} and forget the {@code SetView} itself.
   *
   * @since 2.0 (imported from Google Collections Library)
   */
  public abstract static class SetView<E> extends AbstractSet<E> {
    private SetView() {} // no subclasses but our own

    /**
     * Returns an immutable copy of the current contents of this set view.
     * Does not support null elements.
     *
     * <p><b>Warning:</b> this may have unexpected results if a backing set of
     * this view uses a nonstandard notion of equivalence, for example if it is
     * a {@link TreeSet} using a comparator that is inconsistent with {@link
     * Object#equals(Object)}.
     */
    public ImmutableSet<E> immutableCopy() {
      return ImmutableSet.copyOf(this);
    }

    /**
     * Copies the current contents of this set view into an existing set. This
     * method has equivalent behavior to {@code set.addAll(this)}, assuming that
     * all the sets involved are based on the same notion of equivalence.
     *
     * @return a reference to {@code set}, for convenience
     */
    // Note: S should logically extend Set<? super E> but can't due to either
    // some javac bug or some weirdness in the spec, not sure which.
    public <S extends Set<E>> S copyInto(S set) {
      set.addAll(this);
      return set;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns an unmodifiable <b>view</b> of the union of two sets. The returned
   * set contains all elements that are contained in either backing set.
   * Iterating over the returned set iterates first over all the elements of
   * {@code set1}, then over each element of {@code set2}, in order, that is not
   * contained in {@code set1}.
   *
   * <p>Results are undefined if {@code set1} and {@code set2} are sets based on
   * different equivalence relations (as {@link HashSet}, {@link TreeSet}, and
   * the {@link Map#keySet} of an {@code IdentityHashMap} all are).
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> The returned view performs better when {@code set1} is the
   * smaller of the two sets. If you have reason to believe one of your sets
   * will generally be smaller than the other, pass it first.
   *
   * <p>Further, note that the current implementation is not suitable for nested
   * {@code union} views, i.e. the following should be avoided when in a loop:
   * {@code union = Sets.union(union, anotherSet);}, since iterating over the resulting
   * set has a cubic complexity to the depth of the nesting.
   */
  public static <E> SetView<E> union(
      final Set<? extends E> set1, final Set<? extends E> set2) {
    checkNotNull(set1, "set1");
    checkNotNull(set2, "set2");

    final Set<? extends E> set2minus1 = difference(set2, set1);

    return new SetView<E>() {
      @Override public int size() {
        return set1.size() + set2minus1.size();
      }
      @Override public boolean isEmpty() {
        return set1.isEmpty() && set2.isEmpty();
      }
      @Override public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return Iterators.unmodifiableIterator(
            Iterators.concat(set1.iterator(), set2minus1.iterator()));
      }
      @Override public boolean contains(Object object) {
        return set1.contains(object) || set2.contains(object);
      }
      @Override public <S extends Set<E>> S copyInto(S set) {
        set.addAll(set1);
        set.addAll(set2);
        return set;
      }
      @Override public ImmutableSet<E> immutableCopy() {
        return new ImmutableSet.Builder<E>()
            .addAll(set1).addAll(set2).build();
      }
    };
  }

  /**
   * Returns an unmodifiable <b>view</b> of the intersection of two sets. The
   * returned set contains all elements that are contained by both backing sets.
   * The iteration order of the returned set matches that of {@code set1}.
   *
   * <p>Results are undefined if {@code set1} and {@code set2} are sets based
   * on different equivalence relations (as {@code HashSet}, {@code TreeSet},
   * and the keySet of an {@code IdentityHashMap} all are).
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> The returned view performs slightly better when {@code
   * set1} is the smaller of the two sets. If you have reason to believe one of
   * your sets will generally be smaller than the other, pass it first.
   * Unfortunately, since this method sets the generic type of the returned set
   * based on the type of the first set passed, this could in rare cases force
   * you to make a cast, for example: <pre>   {@code
   *
   *   Set<Object> aFewBadObjects = ...
   *   Set<String> manyBadStrings = ...
   *
   *   // impossible for a non-String to be in the intersection
   *   SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
   *   Set<String> badStrings = (Set) Sets.intersection(
   *       aFewBadObjects, manyBadStrings);}</pre>
   *
   * <p>This is unfortunate, but should come up only very rarely.
   */
  public static <E> SetView<E> intersection(
      final Set<E> set1, final Set<?> set2) {
    checkNotNull(set1, "set1");
    checkNotNull(set2, "set2");

    final Predicate<Object> inSet2 = Predicates.in(set2);
    return new SetView<E>() {
      @Override public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return Iterators.filter(set1.iterator(), inSet2);
      }
      @Override public int size() {
        return Iterators.size(iterator());
      }
      @Override public boolean isEmpty() {
        return !iterator().hasNext();
      }
      @Override public boolean contains(Object object) {
        return set1.contains(object) && set2.contains(object);
      }
      @Override public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> collection) {
        return set1.containsAll(collection)
            && set2.containsAll(collection);
      }
    };
  }

  /**
   * Returns an unmodifiable <b>view</b> of the difference of two sets. The
   * returned set contains all elements that are contained by {@code set1} and
   * not contained by {@code set2}. {@code set2} may also contain elements not
   * present in {@code set1}; these are simply ignored. The iteration order of
   * the returned set matches that of {@code set1}.
   *
   * <p>Results are undefined if {@code set1} and {@code set2} are sets based
   * on different equivalence relations (as {@code HashSet}, {@code TreeSet},
   * and the keySet of an {@code IdentityHashMap} all are).
   */
  public static <E> SetView<E> difference(
      final Set<E> set1, final Set<?> set2) {
    checkNotNull(set1, "set1");
    checkNotNull(set2, "set2");

    final Predicate<Object> notInSet2 = Predicates.not(Predicates.in(set2));
    return new SetView<E>() {
      @Override public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return Iterators.filter(set1.iterator(), notInSet2);
      }
      @Override public int size() {
        return Iterators.size(iterator());
      }
      @Override public boolean isEmpty() {
        return set2.containsAll(set1);
      }
      @Override public boolean contains(Object element) {
        return set1.contains(element) && !set2.contains(element);
      }
    };
  }

  /**
   * Returns an unmodifiable <b>view</b> of the symmetric difference of two
   * sets. The returned set contains all elements that are contained in either
   * {@code set1} or {@code set2} but not in both. The iteration order of the
   * returned set is undefined.
   *
   * <p>Results are undefined if {@code set1} and {@code set2} are sets based
   * on different equivalence relations (as {@code HashSet}, {@code TreeSet},
   * and the keySet of an {@code IdentityHashMap} all are).
   *
   * @since 3.0
   */
  public static <E> SetView<E> symmetricDifference(
      Set<? extends E> set1, Set<? extends E> set2) {
    checkNotNull(set1, "set1");
    checkNotNull(set2, "set2");

    // TODO(kevinb): Replace this with a more efficient implementation
    return difference(union(set1, set2), intersection(set1, set2));
  }

  /**
   * Returns the elements of {@code unfiltered} that satisfy a predicate. The
   * returned set is a live view of {@code unfiltered}; changes to one affect
   * the other.
   *
   * <p>The resulting set's iterator does not support {@code remove()}, but all
   * other set methods are supported. When given an element that doesn't satisfy
   * the predicate, the set's {@code add()} and {@code addAll()} methods throw
   * an {@link IllegalArgumentException}. When methods such as {@code
   * removeAll()} and {@code clear()} are called on the filtered set, only
   * elements that satisfy the filter will be removed from the underlying set.
   *
   * <p>The returned set isn't threadsafe or serializable, even if
   * {@code unfiltered} is.
   *
   * <p>Many of the filtered set's methods, such as {@code size()}, iterate
   * across every element in the underlying set and determine which elements
   * satisfy the filter. When a live view is <i>not</i> needed, it may be faster
   * to copy {@code Iterables.filter(unfiltered, predicate)} and use the copy.
   *
   * <p><b>Warning:</b> {@code predicate} must be <i>consistent with equals</i>,
   * as documented at {@link Predicate#apply}. Do not provide a predicate such
   * as {@code Predicates.instanceOf(ArrayList.class)}, which is inconsistent
   * with equals. (See {@link Iterables#filter(Iterable, Class)} for related
   * functionality.)
   */
  // TODO(kevinb): how to omit that last sentence when building GWT javadoc?
  public static <E> Set<E> filter(
      Set<E> unfiltered, Predicate<? super E> predicate) {
    if (unfiltered instanceof SortedSet) {
      return filter((SortedSet<E>) unfiltered, predicate);
    }
    if (unfiltered instanceof FilteredSet) {
      // Support clear(), removeAll(), and retainAll() when filtering a filtered
      // collection.
      FilteredSet<E> filtered = (FilteredSet<E>) unfiltered;
      Predicate<E> combinedPredicate
          = Predicates.<E>and(filtered.predicate, predicate);
      return new FilteredSet<E>(
          (Set<E>) filtered.unfiltered, combinedPredicate);
    }

    return new FilteredSet<E>(
        checkNotNull(unfiltered), checkNotNull(predicate));
  }

  private static class FilteredSet<E> extends FilteredCollection<E>
      implements Set<E> {
    FilteredSet(Set<E> unfiltered, Predicate<? super E> predicate) {
      super(unfiltered, predicate);
    }

    @Override public boolean equals(@Nullable Object object) {
      return equalsImpl(this, object);
    }

    @Override public int hashCode() {
      return hashCodeImpl(this);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns the elements of a {@code SortedSet}, {@code unfiltered}, that
   * satisfy a predicate. The returned set is a live view of {@code unfiltered};
   * changes to one affect the other.
   *
   * <p>The resulting set's iterator does not support {@code remove()}, but all
   * other set methods are supported. When given an element that doesn't satisfy
   * the predicate, the set's {@code add()} and {@code addAll()} methods throw
   * an {@link IllegalArgumentException}. When methods such as
   * {@code removeAll()} and {@code clear()} are called on the filtered set,
   * only elements that satisfy the filter will be removed from the underlying
   * set.
   *
   * <p>The returned set isn't threadsafe or serializable, even if
   * {@code unfiltered} is.
   *
   * <p>Many of the filtered set's methods, such as {@code size()}, iterate across
   * every element in the underlying set and determine which elements satisfy
   * the filter. When a live view is <i>not</i> needed, it may be faster to copy
   * {@code Iterables.filter(unfiltered, predicate)} and use the copy.
   *
   * <p><b>Warning:</b> {@code predicate} must be <i>consistent with equals</i>,
   * as documented at {@link Predicate#apply}. Do not provide a predicate such as
   * {@code Predicates.instanceOf(ArrayList.class)}, which is inconsistent with
   * equals. (See {@link Iterables#filter(Iterable, Class)} for related
   * functionality.)
   *
   * @since 11.0
   */
  public static <E> SortedSet<E> filter(
      SortedSet<E> unfiltered, Predicate<? super E> predicate) {
    return Platform.setsFilterSortedSet(unfiltered, predicate);
  }

  static <E> SortedSet<E> filterSortedIgnoreNavigable(
      SortedSet<E> unfiltered, Predicate<? super E> predicate) {
    if (unfiltered instanceof FilteredSet) {
      // Support clear(), removeAll(), and retainAll() when filtering a filtered
      // collection.
      FilteredSet<E> filtered = (FilteredSet<E>) unfiltered;
      Predicate<E> combinedPredicate
          = Predicates.<E>and(filtered.predicate, predicate);
      return new FilteredSortedSet<E>(
          (SortedSet<E>) filtered.unfiltered, combinedPredicate);
    }

    return new FilteredSortedSet<E>(
        checkNotNull(unfiltered), checkNotNull(predicate));
  }

  private static class FilteredSortedSet<E> extends FilteredSet<E>
      implements SortedSet<E> {

    FilteredSortedSet(SortedSet<E> unfiltered, Predicate<? super E> predicate) {
      super(unfiltered, predicate);
    }

    @Override
    public Comparator<? super E> comparator() {
      return ((SortedSet<E>) unfiltered).comparator();
    }

    @Override
    public SortedSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, E toElement) {
      return new FilteredSortedSet<E>(((SortedSet<E>) unfiltered).subSet(fromElement, toElement),
          predicate);
    }

    @Override
    public SortedSet<E> headSet(E toElement) {
      return new FilteredSortedSet<E>(((SortedSet<E>) unfiltered).headSet(toElement), predicate);
    }

    @Override
    public SortedSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement) {
      return new FilteredSortedSet<E>(((SortedSet<E>) unfiltered).tailSet(fromElement), predicate);
    }

    @Override
    public E first() {
      return iterator().next();
    }

    @Override
    public E last() {
      SortedSet<E> sortedUnfiltered = (SortedSet<E>) unfiltered;
      while (true) {
        E element = sortedUnfiltered.last();
        if (predicate.apply(element)) {
          return element;
        }
        sortedUnfiltered = sortedUnfiltered.headSet(element);
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns every possible list that can be formed by choosing one element
   * from each of the given sets in order; the "n-ary
   * <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_product">Cartesian
   * product</a>" of the sets. For example: <pre>   {@code
   *
   *   Sets.cartesianProduct(ImmutableList.of(
   *       ImmutableSet.of(1, 2),
   *       ImmutableSet.of("A", "B", "C")))}</pre>
   *
   * <p>returns a set containing six lists:
   *
   * <ul>
   * <li>{@code ImmutableList.of(1, "A")}
   * <li>{@code ImmutableList.of(1, "B")}
   * <li>{@code ImmutableList.of(1, "C")}
   * <li>{@code ImmutableList.of(2, "A")}
   * <li>{@code ImmutableList.of(2, "B")}
   * <li>{@code ImmutableList.of(2, "C")}
   * </ul>
   *
   * <p>The result is guaranteed to be in the "traditional", lexicographical
   * order for Cartesian products that you would get from nesting for loops:
   * <pre>   {@code
   *
   *   for (B b0 : sets.get(0)) {
   *     for (B b1 : sets.get(1)) {
   *       ...
   *       ImmutableList<B> tuple = ImmutableList.of(b0, b1, ...);
   *       // operate on tuple
   *     }
   *   }}</pre>
   *
   * <p>Note that if any input set is empty, the Cartesian product will also be
   * empty. If no sets at all are provided (an empty list), the resulting
   * Cartesian product has one element, an empty list (counter-intuitive, but
   * mathematically consistent).
   *
   * <p><i>Performance notes:</i> while the cartesian product of sets of size
   * {@code m, n, p} is a set of size {@code m x n x p}, its actual memory
   * consumption is much smaller. When the cartesian set is constructed, the
   * input sets are merely copied. Only as the resulting set is iterated are the
   * individual lists created, and these are not retained after iteration.
   *
   * @param sets the sets to choose elements from, in the order that
   *     the elements chosen from those sets should appear in the resulting
   *     lists
   * @param <B> any common base class shared by all axes (often just {@link
   *     Object})
   * @return the Cartesian product, as an immutable set containing immutable
   *     lists
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code sets}, any one of the {@code sets},
   *     or any element of a provided set is null
   * @since 2.0
   */
  public static <B> Set<List<B>> cartesianProduct(
      List<? extends Set<? extends B>> sets) {
    return CartesianSet.create(sets);
  }

  /**
   * Returns every possible list that can be formed by choosing one element
   * from each of the given sets in order; the "n-ary
   * <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_product">Cartesian
   * product</a>" of the sets. For example: <pre>   {@code
   *
   *   Sets.cartesianProduct(
   *       ImmutableSet.of(1, 2),
   *       ImmutableSet.of("A", "B", "C"))}</pre>
   *
   * <p>returns a set containing six lists:
   *
   * <ul>
   * <li>{@code ImmutableList.of(1, "A")}
   * <li>{@code ImmutableList.of(1, "B")}
   * <li>{@code ImmutableList.of(1, "C")}
   * <li>{@code ImmutableList.of(2, "A")}
   * <li>{@code ImmutableList.of(2, "B")}
   * <li>{@code ImmutableList.of(2, "C")}
   * </ul>
   *
   * <p>The result is guaranteed to be in the "traditional", lexicographical
   * order for Cartesian products that you would get from nesting for loops:
   * <pre>   {@code
   *
   *   for (B b0 : sets.get(0)) {
   *     for (B b1 : sets.get(1)) {
   *       ...
   *       ImmutableList<B> tuple = ImmutableList.of(b0, b1, ...);
   *       // operate on tuple
   *     }
   *   }}</pre>
   *
   * <p>Note that if any input set is empty, the Cartesian product will also be
   * empty. If no sets at all are provided (an empty list), the resulting
   * Cartesian product has one element, an empty list (counter-intuitive, but
   * mathematically consistent).
   *
   * <p><i>Performance notes:</i> while the cartesian product of sets of size
   * {@code m, n, p} is a set of size {@code m x n x p}, its actual memory
   * consumption is much smaller. When the cartesian set is constructed, the
   * input sets are merely copied. Only as the resulting set is iterated are the
   * individual lists created, and these are not retained after iteration.
   *
   * @param sets the sets to choose elements from, in the order that
   *     the elements chosen from those sets should appear in the resulting
   *     lists
   * @param <B> any common base class shared by all axes (often just {@link
   *     Object})
   * @return the Cartesian product, as an immutable set containing immutable
   *     lists
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code sets}, any one of the {@code sets},
   *     or any element of a provided set is null
   * @since 2.0
   */
  public static <B> Set<List<B>> cartesianProduct(
      Set<? extends B>... sets) {
    return cartesianProduct(Arrays.asList(sets));
  }

  private static final class CartesianSet<E>
      extends ForwardingCollection<List<E>> implements Set<List<E>> {
    private transient final ImmutableList<ImmutableSet<E>> axes;
    private transient final CartesianList<E> delegate;

    static <E> Set<List<E>> create(List<? extends Set<? extends E>> sets) {
      ImmutableList.Builder<ImmutableSet<E>> axesBuilder =
          new ImmutableList.Builder<ImmutableSet<E>>(sets.size());
      for (Set<? extends E> set : sets) {
        ImmutableSet<E> copy = ImmutableSet.copyOf(set);
        if (copy.isEmpty()) {
          return ImmutableSet.of();
        }
        axesBuilder.add(copy);
      }
      final ImmutableList<ImmutableSet<E>> axes = axesBuilder.build();
      ImmutableList<List<E>> listAxes = new ImmutableList<List<E>>() {

        @Override
        public int size() {
          return axes.size();
        }

        @Override
        public List<E> get(int index) {
          return axes.get(index).asList();
        }

        @Override
        boolean isPartialView() {
          return true;
        }
      };
      return new CartesianSet<E>(axes, new CartesianList<E>(listAxes));
    }

    private CartesianSet(
        ImmutableList<ImmutableSet<E>> axes, CartesianList<E> delegate) {
      this.axes = axes;
      this.delegate = delegate;
    }

    @Override
    protected Collection<List<E>> delegate() {
      return delegate;
    }

    @Override public boolean equals(@Nullable Object object) {
      // Warning: this is broken if size() == 0, so it is critical that we
      // substitute an empty ImmutableSet to the user in place of this
      if (object instanceof CartesianSet) {
        CartesianSet<?> that = (CartesianSet<?>) object;
        return this.axes.equals(that.axes);
      }
      return super.equals(object);
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
      // Warning: this is broken if size() == 0, so it is critical that we
      // substitute an empty ImmutableSet to the user in place of this

      // It's a weird formula, but tests prove it works.
      int adjust = size() - 1;
      for (int i = 0; i < axes.size(); i++) {
        adjust *= 31;
        adjust = ~~adjust;
        // in GWT, we have to deal with integer overflow carefully
      }
      int hash = 1;
      for (Set<E> axis : axes) {
        hash = 31 * hash + (size() / axis.size() * axis.hashCode());

        hash = ~~hash;
      }
      hash += adjust;
      return ~~hash;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns the set of all possible subsets of {@code set}. For example,
   * {@code powerSet(ImmutableSet.of(1, 2))} returns the set {@code {{},
   * {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}}.
   *
   * <p>Elements appear in these subsets in the same iteration order as they
   * appeared in the input set. The order in which these subsets appear in the
   * outer set is undefined. Note that the power set of the empty set is not the
   * empty set, but a one-element set containing the empty set.
   *
   * <p>The returned set and its constituent sets use {@code equals} to decide
   * whether two elements are identical, even if the input set uses a different
   * concept of equivalence.
   *
   * <p><i>Performance notes:</i> while the power set of a set with size {@code
   * n} is of size {@code 2^n}, its memory usage is only {@code O(n)}. When the
   * power set is constructed, the input set is merely copied. Only as the
   * power set is iterated are the individual subsets created, and these subsets
   * themselves occupy only a small constant amount of memory.
   *
   * @param set the set of elements to construct a power set from
   * @return the power set, as an immutable set of immutable sets
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code set} has more than 30 unique
   *     elements (causing the power set size to exceed the {@code int} range)
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code set} is or contains {@code null}
   * @see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_set">Power set article at
   *      Wikipedia</a>
   * @since 4.0
   */
  @GwtCompatible(serializable = false)
  public static <E> Set<Set<E>> powerSet(Set<E> set) {
    return new PowerSet<E>(set);
  }

  private static final class SubSet<E> extends AbstractSet<E> {
    private final ImmutableMap<E, Integer> inputSet;
    private final int mask;

    SubSet(ImmutableMap<E, Integer> inputSet, int mask) {
      this.inputSet = inputSet;
      this.mask = mask;
    }

    @Override
    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
      return new UnmodifiableIterator<E>() {
        final ImmutableList<E> elements = inputSet.keySet().asList();
        int remainingSetBits = mask;

        @Override
        public boolean hasNext() {
          return remainingSetBits != 0;
        }

        @Override
        public E next() {
          int index = Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(remainingSetBits);
          if (index == 32) {
            throw new NoSuchElementException();
          }
          remainingSetBits &= ~(1 << index);
          return elements.get(index);
        }
      };
    }

    @Override
    public int size() {
      return Integer.bitCount(mask);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean contains(@Nullable Object o) {
      Integer index = inputSet.get(o);
      return index != null && (mask & (1 << index)) != 0;
    }
  }

  private static final class PowerSet<E> extends AbstractSet<Set<E>> {
    final ImmutableMap<E, Integer> inputSet;

    PowerSet(Set<E> input) {
      ImmutableMap.Builder<E, Integer> builder = ImmutableMap.builder();
      int i = 0;
      for (E e : checkNotNull(input)) {
        builder.put(e, i++);
      }
      this.inputSet = builder.build();
      checkArgument(inputSet.size() <= 30,
          "Too many elements to create power set: %s > 30", inputSet.size());
    }

    @Override public int size() {
      return 1 << inputSet.size();
    }

    @Override public boolean isEmpty() {
      return false;
    }

    @Override public Iterator<Set<E>> iterator() {
      return new AbstractIndexedListIterator<Set<E>>(size()) {
        @Override protected Set<E> get(final int setBits) {
          return new SubSet<E>(inputSet, setBits);
        }
      };
    }

    @Override public boolean contains(@Nullable Object obj) {
      if (obj instanceof Set) {
        Set<?> set = (Set<?>) obj;
        return inputSet.keySet().containsAll(set);
      }
      return false;
    }

    @Override public boolean equals(@Nullable Object obj) {
      if (obj instanceof PowerSet) {
        PowerSet<?> that = (PowerSet<?>) obj;
        return inputSet.equals(that.inputSet);
      }
      return super.equals(obj);
    }

    @Override public int hashCode() {
      /*
       * The sum of the sums of the hash codes in each subset is just the sum of
       * each input element's hash code times the number of sets that element
       * appears in. Each element appears in exactly half of the 2^n sets, so:
       */
      return inputSet.keySet().hashCode() << (inputSet.size() - 1);
    }

    @Override public String toString() {
      return "powerSet(" + inputSet + ")";
    }
  }

  /**
   * An implementation for {@link Set#hashCode()}.
   */
  static int hashCodeImpl(Set<?> s) {
    int hashCode = 0;
    for (Object o : s) {
      hashCode += o != null ? o.hashCode() : 0;

      hashCode = ~~hashCode;
      // Needed to deal with unusual integer overflow in GWT.
    }
    return hashCode;
  }

  /**
   * An implementation for {@link Set#equals(Object)}.
   */
  static boolean equalsImpl(Set<?> s, @Nullable Object object) {
    if (s == object) {
      return true;
    }
    if (object instanceof Set) {
      Set<?> o = (Set<?>) object;

      try {
        return s.size() == o.size() && s.containsAll(o);
      } catch (NullPointerException ignored) {
        return false;
      } catch (ClassCastException ignored) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    return false;
  }

  /**
   * Remove each element in an iterable from a set.
   */
  static boolean removeAllImpl(Set<?> set, Iterator<?> iterator) {
    boolean changed = false;
    while (iterator.hasNext()) {
      changed |= set.remove(iterator.next());
    }
    return changed;
  }

  static boolean removeAllImpl(Set<?> set, Collection<?> collection) {
    checkNotNull(collection); // for GWT
    if (collection instanceof Multiset) {
      collection = ((Multiset<?>) collection).elementSet();
    }
    /*
     * AbstractSet.removeAll(List) has quadratic behavior if the list size
     * is just less than the set's size.  We augment the test by
     * assuming that sets have fast contains() performance, and other
     * collections don't.  See
     * http://code.google.com/p/guava-libraries/issues/detail?id=1013
     */
    if (collection instanceof Set && collection.size() > set.size()) {
      return Iterators.removeAll(set.iterator(), collection);
    } else {
      return removeAllImpl(set, collection.iterator());
    }
  }
}