1 # 2 # XML-RPC CLIENT LIBRARY 3 # $Id$ 4 # 5 # an XML-RPC client interface for Python. 6 # 7 # the marshalling and response parser code can also be used to 8 # implement XML-RPC servers. 9 # 10 # Notes: 11 # this version is designed to work with Python 2.1 or newer. 12 # 13 # History: 14 # 1999-01-14 fl Created 15 # 1999-01-15 fl Changed dateTime to use localtime 16 # 1999-01-16 fl Added Binary/base64 element, default to RPC2 service 17 # 1999-01-19 fl Fixed array data element (from Skip Montanaro) 18 # 1999-01-21 fl Fixed dateTime constructor, etc. 19 # 1999-02-02 fl Added fault handling, handle empty sequences, etc. 20 # 1999-02-10 fl Fixed problem with empty responses (from Skip Montanaro) 21 # 1999-06-20 fl Speed improvements, pluggable parsers/transports (0.9.8) 22 # 2000-11-28 fl Changed boolean to check the truth value of its argument 23 # 2001-02-24 fl Added encoding/Unicode/SafeTransport patches 24 # 2001-02-26 fl Added compare support to wrappers (0.9.9/1.0b1) 25 # 2001-03-28 fl Make sure response tuple is a singleton 26 # 2001-03-29 fl Don't require empty params element (from Nicholas Riley) 27 # 2001-06-10 fl Folded in _xmlrpclib accelerator support (1.0b2) 28 # 2001-08-20 fl Base xmlrpclib.Error on built-in Exception (from Paul Prescod) 29 # 2001-09-03 fl Allow Transport subclass to override getparser 30 # 2001-09-10 fl Lazy import of urllib, cgi, xmllib (20x import speedup) 31 # 2001-10-01 fl Remove containers from memo cache when done with them 32 # 2001-10-01 fl Use faster escape method (80% dumps speedup) 33 # 2001-10-02 fl More dumps microtuning 34 # 2001-10-04 fl Make sure import expat gets a parser (from Guido van Rossum) 35 # 2001-10-10 sm Allow long ints to be passed as ints if they don't overflow 36 # 2001-10-17 sm Test for int and long overflow (allows use on 64-bit systems) 37 # 2001-11-12 fl Use repr() to marshal doubles (from Paul Felix) 38 # 2002-03-17 fl Avoid buffered read when possible (from James Rucker) 39 # 2002-04-07 fl Added pythondoc comments 40 # 2002-04-16 fl Added __str__ methods to datetime/binary wrappers 41 # 2002-05-15 fl Added error constants (from Andrew Kuchling) 42 # 2002-06-27 fl Merged with Python CVS version 43 # 2002-10-22 fl Added basic authentication (based on code from Phillip Eby) 44 # 2003-01-22 sm Add support for the bool type 45 # 2003-02-27 gvr Remove apply calls 46 # 2003-04-24 sm Use cStringIO if available 47 # 2003-04-25 ak Add support for nil 48 # 2003-06-15 gn Add support for time.struct_time 49 # 2003-07-12 gp Correct marshalling of Faults 50 # 2003-10-31 mvl Add multicall support 51 # 2004-08-20 mvl Bump minimum supported Python version to 2.1 52 # 2014-12-02 ch/doko Add workaround for gzip bomb vulnerability 53 # 54 # Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Secret Labs AB. 55 # Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Fredrik Lundh. 56 # 57 # info (at] pythonware.com 58 # http://www.pythonware.com 59 # 60 # -------------------------------------------------------------------- 61 # The XML-RPC client interface is 62 # 63 # Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Secret Labs AB 64 # Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Fredrik Lundh 65 # 66 # By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its 67 # associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood, 68 # and will comply with the following terms and conditions: 69 # 70 # Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and 71 # its associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is 72 # hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in 73 # all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission 74 # notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of 75 # Secret Labs AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity 76 # pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written 77 # prior permission. 78 # 79 # SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD 80 # TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT- 81 # ABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR 82 # BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY 83 # DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, 84 # WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS 85 # ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE 86 # OF THIS SOFTWARE. 87 # -------------------------------------------------------------------- 88 89 """ 90 An XML-RPC client interface for Python. 91 92 The marshalling and response parser code can also be used to 93 implement XML-RPC servers. 94 95 Exported exceptions: 96 97 Error Base class for client errors 98 ProtocolError Indicates an HTTP protocol error 99 ResponseError Indicates a broken response package 100 Fault Indicates an XML-RPC fault package 101 102 Exported classes: 103 104 ServerProxy Represents a logical connection to an XML-RPC server 105 106 MultiCall Executor of boxcared xmlrpc requests 107 DateTime dateTime wrapper for an ISO 8601 string or time tuple or 108 localtime integer value to generate a "dateTime.iso8601" 109 XML-RPC value 110 Binary binary data wrapper 111 112 Marshaller Generate an XML-RPC params chunk from a Python data structure 113 Unmarshaller Unmarshal an XML-RPC response from incoming XML event message 114 Transport Handles an HTTP transaction to an XML-RPC server 115 SafeTransport Handles an HTTPS transaction to an XML-RPC server 116 117 Exported constants: 118 119 (none) 120 121 Exported functions: 122 123 getparser Create instance of the fastest available parser & attach 124 to an unmarshalling object 125 dumps Convert an argument tuple or a Fault instance to an XML-RPC 126 request (or response, if the methodresponse option is used). 127 loads Convert an XML-RPC packet to unmarshalled data plus a method 128 name (None if not present). 129 """ 130 131 import base64 132 import sys 133 import time 134 from datetime import datetime 135 from decimal import Decimal 136 import http.client 137 import urllib.parse 138 from xml.parsers import expat 139 import errno 140 from io import BytesIO 141 try: 142 import gzip 143 except ImportError: 144 gzip = None #python can be built without zlib/gzip support 145 146 # -------------------------------------------------------------------- 147 # Internal stuff 148 149 def escape(s): 150 s = s.replace("&", "&") 151 s = s.replace("<", "<") 152 return s.replace(">", ">",) 153 154 # used in User-Agent header sent 155 __version__ = '%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:2] 156 157 # xmlrpc integer limits 158 MAXINT = 2**31-1 159 MININT = -2**31 160 161 # -------------------------------------------------------------------- 162 # Error constants (from Dan Libby's specification at 163 # http://xmlrpc-epi.sourceforge.net/specs/rfc.fault_codes.php) 164 165 # Ranges of errors 166 PARSE_ERROR = -32700 167 SERVER_ERROR = -32600 168 APPLICATION_ERROR = -32500 169 SYSTEM_ERROR = -32400 170 TRANSPORT_ERROR = -32300 171 172 # Specific errors 173 NOT_WELLFORMED_ERROR = -32700 174 UNSUPPORTED_ENCODING = -32701 175 INVALID_ENCODING_CHAR = -32702 176 INVALID_XMLRPC = -32600 177 METHOD_NOT_FOUND = -32601 178 INVALID_METHOD_PARAMS = -32602 179 INTERNAL_ERROR = -32603 180 181 # -------------------------------------------------------------------- 182 # Exceptions 183 184 ## 185 # Base class for all kinds of client-side errors. 186 187 class Error(Exception): 188 """Base class for client errors.""" 189 def __str__(self): 190 return repr(self) 191 192 ## 193 # Indicates an HTTP-level protocol error. This is raised by the HTTP 194 # transport layer, if the server returns an error code other than 200 195 # (OK). 196 # 197 # @param url The target URL. 198 # @param errcode The HTTP error code. 199 # @param errmsg The HTTP error message. 200 # @param headers The HTTP header dictionary. 201 202 class ProtocolError(Error): 203 """Indicates an HTTP protocol error.""" 204 def __init__(self, url, errcode, errmsg, headers): 205 Error.__init__(self) 206 self.url = url 207 self.errcode = errcode 208 self.errmsg = errmsg 209 self.headers = headers 210 def __repr__(self): 211 return ( 212 "<%s for %s: %s %s>" % 213 (self.__class__.__name__, self.url, self.errcode, self.errmsg) 214 ) 215 216 ## 217 # Indicates a broken XML-RPC response package. This exception is 218 # raised by the unmarshalling layer, if the XML-RPC response is 219 # malformed. 220 221 class ResponseError(Error): 222 """Indicates a broken response package.""" 223 pass 224 225 ## 226 # Indicates an XML-RPC fault response package. This exception is 227 # raised by the unmarshalling layer, if the XML-RPC response contains 228 # a fault string. This exception can also be used as a class, to 229 # generate a fault XML-RPC message. 230 # 231 # @param faultCode The XML-RPC fault code. 232 # @param faultString The XML-RPC fault string. 233 234 class Fault(Error): 235 """Indicates an XML-RPC fault package.""" 236 def __init__(self, faultCode, faultString, **extra): 237 Error.__init__(self) 238 self.faultCode = faultCode 239 self.faultString = faultString 240 def __repr__(self): 241 return "<%s %s: %r>" % (self.__class__.__name__, 242 self.faultCode, self.faultString) 243 244 # -------------------------------------------------------------------- 245 # Special values 246 247 ## 248 # Backwards compatibility 249 250 boolean = Boolean = bool 251 252 ## 253 # Wrapper for XML-RPC DateTime values. This converts a time value to 254 # the format used by XML-RPC. 255 # <p> 256 # The value can be given as a datetime object, as a string in the 257 # format "yyyymmddThh:mm:ss", as a 9-item time tuple (as returned by 258 # time.localtime()), or an integer value (as returned by time.time()). 259 # The wrapper uses time.localtime() to convert an integer to a time 260 # tuple. 261 # 262 # @param value The time, given as a datetime object, an ISO 8601 string, 263 # a time tuple, or an integer time value. 264 265 266 # Issue #13305: different format codes across platforms 267 _day0 = datetime(1, 1, 1) 268 if _day0.strftime('%Y') == '0001': # Mac OS X 269 def _iso8601_format(value): 270 return value.strftime("%Y%m%dT%H:%M:%S") 271 elif _day0.strftime('%4Y') == '0001': # Linux 272 def _iso8601_format(value): 273 return value.strftime("%4Y%m%dT%H:%M:%S") 274 else: 275 def _iso8601_format(value): 276 return value.strftime("%Y%m%dT%H:%M:%S").zfill(17) 277 del _day0 278 279 280 def _strftime(value): 281 if isinstance(value, datetime): 282 return _iso8601_format(value) 283 284 if not isinstance(value, (tuple, time.struct_time)): 285 if value == 0: 286 value = time.time() 287 value = time.localtime(value) 288 289 return "%04d%02d%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d" % value[:6] 290 291 class DateTime: 292 """DateTime wrapper for an ISO 8601 string or time tuple or 293 localtime integer value to generate 'dateTime.iso8601' XML-RPC 294 value. 295 """ 296 297 def __init__(self, value=0): 298 if isinstance(value, str): 299 self.value = value 300 else: 301 self.value = _strftime(value) 302 303 def make_comparable(self, other): 304 if isinstance(other, DateTime): 305 s = self.value 306 o = other.value 307 elif isinstance(other, datetime): 308 s = self.value 309 o = _iso8601_format(other) 310 elif isinstance(other, str): 311 s = self.value 312 o = other 313 elif hasattr(other, "timetuple"): 314 s = self.timetuple() 315 o = other.timetuple() 316 else: 317 otype = (hasattr(other, "__class__") 318 and other.__class__.__name__ 319 or type(other)) 320 raise TypeError("Can't compare %s and %s" % 321 (self.__class__.__name__, otype)) 322 return s, o 323 324 def __lt__(self, other): 325 s, o = self.make_comparable(other) 326 return s < o 327 328 def __le__(self, other): 329 s, o = self.make_comparable(other) 330 return s <= o 331 332 def __gt__(self, other): 333 s, o = self.make_comparable(other) 334 return s > o 335 336 def __ge__(self, other): 337 s, o = self.make_comparable(other) 338 return s >= o 339 340 def __eq__(self, other): 341 s, o = self.make_comparable(other) 342 return s == o 343 344 def timetuple(self): 345 return time.strptime(self.value, "%Y%m%dT%H:%M:%S") 346 347 ## 348 # Get date/time value. 349 # 350 # @return Date/time value, as an ISO 8601 string. 351 352 def __str__(self): 353 return self.value 354 355 def __repr__(self): 356 return "<%s %r at %#x>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.value, id(self)) 357 358 def decode(self, data): 359 self.value = str(data).strip() 360 361 def encode(self, out): 362 out.write("<value><dateTime.iso8601>") 363 out.write(self.value) 364 out.write("</dateTime.iso8601></value>\n") 365 366 def _datetime(data): 367 # decode xml element contents into a DateTime structure. 368 value = DateTime() 369 value.decode(data) 370 return value 371 372 def _datetime_type(data): 373 return datetime.strptime(data, "%Y%m%dT%H:%M:%S") 374 375 ## 376 # Wrapper for binary data. This can be used to transport any kind 377 # of binary data over XML-RPC, using BASE64 encoding. 378 # 379 # @param data An 8-bit string containing arbitrary data. 380 381 class Binary: 382 """Wrapper for binary data.""" 383 384 def __init__(self, data=None): 385 if data is None: 386 data = b"" 387 else: 388 if not isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray)): 389 raise TypeError("expected bytes or bytearray, not %s" % 390 data.__class__.__name__) 391 data = bytes(data) # Make a copy of the bytes! 392 self.data = data 393 394 ## 395 # Get buffer contents. 396 # 397 # @return Buffer contents, as an 8-bit string. 398 399 def __str__(self): 400 return str(self.data, "latin-1") # XXX encoding?! 401 402 def __eq__(self, other): 403 if isinstance(other, Binary): 404 other = other.data 405 return self.data == other 406 407 def decode(self, data): 408 self.data = base64.decodebytes(data) 409 410 def encode(self, out): 411 out.write("<value><base64>\n") 412 encoded = base64.encodebytes(self.data) 413 out.write(encoded.decode('ascii')) 414 out.write("</base64></value>\n") 415 416 def _binary(data): 417 # decode xml element contents into a Binary structure 418 value = Binary() 419 value.decode(data) 420 return value 421 422 WRAPPERS = (DateTime, Binary) 423 424 # -------------------------------------------------------------------- 425 # XML parsers 426 427 class ExpatParser: 428 # fast expat parser for Python 2.0 and later. 429 def __init__(self, target): 430 self._parser = parser = expat.ParserCreate(None, None) 431 self._target = target 432 parser.StartElementHandler = target.start 433 parser.EndElementHandler = target.end 434 parser.CharacterDataHandler = target.data 435 encoding = None 436 target.xml(encoding, None) 437 438 def feed(self, data): 439 self._parser.Parse(data, 0) 440 441 def close(self): 442 try: 443 parser = self._parser 444 except AttributeError: 445 pass 446 else: 447 del self._target, self._parser # get rid of circular references 448 parser.Parse(b"", True) # end of data 449 450 # -------------------------------------------------------------------- 451 # XML-RPC marshalling and unmarshalling code 452 453 ## 454 # XML-RPC marshaller. 455 # 456 # @param encoding Default encoding for 8-bit strings. The default 457 # value is None (interpreted as UTF-8). 458 # @see dumps 459 460 class Marshaller: 461 """Generate an XML-RPC params chunk from a Python data structure. 462 463 Create a Marshaller instance for each set of parameters, and use 464 the "dumps" method to convert your data (represented as a tuple) 465 to an XML-RPC params chunk. To write a fault response, pass a 466 Fault instance instead. You may prefer to use the "dumps" module 467 function for this purpose. 468 """ 469 470 # by the way, if you don't understand what's going on in here, 471 # that's perfectly ok. 472 473 def __init__(self, encoding=None, allow_none=False): 474 self.memo = {} 475 self.data = None 476 self.encoding = encoding 477 self.allow_none = allow_none 478 479 dispatch = {} 480 481 def dumps(self, values): 482 out = [] 483 write = out.append 484 dump = self.__dump 485 if isinstance(values, Fault): 486 # fault instance 487 write("<fault>\n") 488 dump({'faultCode': values.faultCode, 489 'faultString': values.faultString}, 490 write) 491 write("</fault>\n") 492 else: 493 # parameter block 494 # FIXME: the xml-rpc specification allows us to leave out 495 # the entire <params> block if there are no parameters. 496 # however, changing this may break older code (including 497 # old versions of xmlrpclib.py), so this is better left as 498 # is for now. See @XMLRPC3 for more information. /F 499 write("<params>\n") 500 for v in values: 501 write("<param>\n") 502 dump(v, write) 503 write("</param>\n") 504 write("</params>\n") 505 result = "".join(out) 506 return result 507 508 def __dump(self, value, write): 509 try: 510 f = self.dispatch[type(value)] 511 except KeyError: 512 # check if this object can be marshalled as a structure 513 if not hasattr(value, '__dict__'): 514 raise TypeError("cannot marshal %s objects" % type(value)) 515 # check if this class is a sub-class of a basic type, 516 # because we don't know how to marshal these types 517 # (e.g. a string sub-class) 518 for type_ in type(value).__mro__: 519 if type_ in self.dispatch.keys(): 520 raise TypeError("cannot marshal %s objects" % type(value)) 521 # XXX(twouters): using "_arbitrary_instance" as key as a quick-fix 522 # for the p3yk merge, this should probably be fixed more neatly. 523 f = self.dispatch["_arbitrary_instance"] 524 f(self, value, write) 525 526 def dump_nil (self, value, write): 527 if not self.allow_none: 528 raise TypeError("cannot marshal None unless allow_none is enabled") 529 write("<value><nil/></value>") 530 dispatch[type(None)] = dump_nil 531 532 def dump_bool(self, value, write): 533 write("<value><boolean>") 534 write(value and "1" or "0") 535 write("</boolean></value>\n") 536 dispatch[bool] = dump_bool 537 538 def dump_long(self, value, write): 539 if value > MAXINT or value < MININT: 540 raise OverflowError("int exceeds XML-RPC limits") 541 write("<value><int>") 542 write(str(int(value))) 543 write("</int></value>\n") 544 dispatch[int] = dump_long 545 546 # backward compatible 547 dump_int = dump_long 548 549 def dump_double(self, value, write): 550 write("<value><double>") 551 write(repr(value)) 552 write("</double></value>\n") 553 dispatch[float] = dump_double 554 555 def dump_unicode(self, value, write, escape=escape): 556 write("<value><string>") 557 write(escape(value)) 558 write("</string></value>\n") 559 dispatch[str] = dump_unicode 560 561 def dump_bytes(self, value, write): 562 write("<value><base64>\n") 563 encoded = base64.encodebytes(value) 564 write(encoded.decode('ascii')) 565 write("</base64></value>\n") 566 dispatch[bytes] = dump_bytes 567 dispatch[bytearray] = dump_bytes 568 569 def dump_array(self, value, write): 570 i = id(value) 571 if i in self.memo: 572 raise TypeError("cannot marshal recursive sequences") 573 self.memo[i] = None 574 dump = self.__dump 575 write("<value><array><data>\n") 576 for v in value: 577 dump(v, write) 578 write("</data></array></value>\n") 579 del self.memo[i] 580 dispatch[tuple] = dump_array 581 dispatch[list] = dump_array 582 583 def dump_struct(self, value, write, escape=escape): 584 i = id(value) 585 if i in self.memo: 586 raise TypeError("cannot marshal recursive dictionaries") 587 self.memo[i] = None 588 dump = self.__dump 589 write("<value><struct>\n") 590 for k, v in value.items(): 591 write("<member>\n") 592 if not isinstance(k, str): 593 raise TypeError("dictionary key must be string") 594 write("<name>%s</name>\n" % escape(k)) 595 dump(v, write) 596 write("</member>\n") 597 write("</struct></value>\n") 598 del self.memo[i] 599 dispatch[dict] = dump_struct 600 601 def dump_datetime(self, value, write): 602 write("<value><dateTime.iso8601>") 603 write(_strftime(value)) 604 write("</dateTime.iso8601></value>\n") 605 dispatch[datetime] = dump_datetime 606 607 def dump_instance(self, value, write): 608 # check for special wrappers 609 if value.__class__ in WRAPPERS: 610 self.write = write 611 value.encode(self) 612 del self.write 613 else: 614 # store instance attributes as a struct (really?) 615 self.dump_struct(value.__dict__, write) 616 dispatch[DateTime] = dump_instance 617 dispatch[Binary] = dump_instance 618 # XXX(twouters): using "_arbitrary_instance" as key as a quick-fix 619 # for the p3yk merge, this should probably be fixed more neatly. 620 dispatch["_arbitrary_instance"] = dump_instance 621 622 ## 623 # XML-RPC unmarshaller. 624 # 625 # @see loads 626 627 class Unmarshaller: 628 """Unmarshal an XML-RPC response, based on incoming XML event 629 messages (start, data, end). Call close() to get the resulting 630 data structure. 631 632 Note that this reader is fairly tolerant, and gladly accepts bogus 633 XML-RPC data without complaining (but not bogus XML). 634 """ 635 636 # and again, if you don't understand what's going on in here, 637 # that's perfectly ok. 638 639 def __init__(self, use_datetime=False, use_builtin_types=False): 640 self._type = None 641 self._stack = [] 642 self._marks = [] 643 self._data = [] 644 self._value = False 645 self._methodname = None 646 self._encoding = "utf-8" 647 self.append = self._stack.append 648 self._use_datetime = use_builtin_types or use_datetime 649 self._use_bytes = use_builtin_types 650 651 def close(self): 652 # return response tuple and target method 653 if self._type is None or self._marks: 654 raise ResponseError() 655 if self._type == "fault": 656 raise Fault(**self._stack[0]) 657 return tuple(self._stack) 658 659 def getmethodname(self): 660 return self._methodname 661 662 # 663 # event handlers 664 665 def xml(self, encoding, standalone): 666 self._encoding = encoding 667 # FIXME: assert standalone == 1 ??? 668 669 def start(self, tag, attrs): 670 # prepare to handle this element 671 if ':' in tag: 672 tag = tag.split(':')[-1] 673 if tag == "array" or tag == "struct": 674 self._marks.append(len(self._stack)) 675 self._data = [] 676 if self._value and tag not in self.dispatch: 677 raise ResponseError("unknown tag %r" % tag) 678 self._value = (tag == "value") 679 680 def data(self, text): 681 self._data.append(text) 682 683 def end(self, tag): 684 # call the appropriate end tag handler 685 try: 686 f = self.dispatch[tag] 687 except KeyError: 688 if ':' not in tag: 689 return # unknown tag ? 690 try: 691 f = self.dispatch[tag.split(':')[-1]] 692 except KeyError: 693 return # unknown tag ? 694 return f(self, "".join(self._data)) 695 696 # 697 # accelerator support 698 699 def end_dispatch(self, tag, data): 700 # dispatch data 701 try: 702 f = self.dispatch[tag] 703 except KeyError: 704 if ':' not in tag: 705 return # unknown tag ? 706 try: 707 f = self.dispatch[tag.split(':')[-1]] 708 except KeyError: 709 return # unknown tag ? 710 return f(self, data) 711 712 # 713 # element decoders 714 715 dispatch = {} 716 717 def end_nil (self, data): 718 self.append(None) 719 self._value = 0 720 dispatch["nil"] = end_nil 721 722 def end_boolean(self, data): 723 if data == "0": 724 self.append(False) 725 elif data == "1": 726 self.append(True) 727 else: 728 raise TypeError("bad boolean value") 729 self._value = 0 730 dispatch["boolean"] = end_boolean 731 732 def end_int(self, data): 733 self.append(int(data)) 734 self._value = 0 735 dispatch["i1"] = end_int 736 dispatch["i2"] = end_int 737 dispatch["i4"] = end_int 738 dispatch["i8"] = end_int 739 dispatch["int"] = end_int 740 dispatch["biginteger"] = end_int 741 742 def end_double(self, data): 743 self.append(float(data)) 744 self._value = 0 745 dispatch["double"] = end_double 746 dispatch["float"] = end_double 747 748 def end_bigdecimal(self, data): 749 self.append(Decimal(data)) 750 self._value = 0 751 dispatch["bigdecimal"] = end_bigdecimal 752 753 def end_string(self, data): 754 if self._encoding: 755 data = data.decode(self._encoding) 756 self.append(data) 757 self._value = 0 758 dispatch["string"] = end_string 759 dispatch["name"] = end_string # struct keys are always strings 760 761 def end_array(self, data): 762 mark = self._marks.pop() 763 # map arrays to Python lists 764 self._stack[mark:] = [self._stack[mark:]] 765 self._value = 0 766 dispatch["array"] = end_array 767 768 def end_struct(self, data): 769 mark = self._marks.pop() 770 # map structs to Python dictionaries 771 dict = {} 772 items = self._stack[mark:] 773 for i in range(0, len(items), 2): 774 dict[items[i]] = items[i+1] 775 self._stack[mark:] = [dict] 776 self._value = 0 777 dispatch["struct"] = end_struct 778 779 def end_base64(self, data): 780 value = Binary() 781 value.decode(data.encode("ascii")) 782 if self._use_bytes: 783 value = value.data 784 self.append(value) 785 self._value = 0 786 dispatch["base64"] = end_base64 787 788 def end_dateTime(self, data): 789 value = DateTime() 790 value.decode(data) 791 if self._use_datetime: 792 value = _datetime_type(data) 793 self.append(value) 794 dispatch["dateTime.iso8601"] = end_dateTime 795 796 def end_value(self, data): 797 # if we stumble upon a value element with no internal 798 # elements, treat it as a string element 799 if self._value: 800 self.end_string(data) 801 dispatch["value"] = end_value 802 803 def end_params(self, data): 804 self._type = "params" 805 dispatch["params"] = end_params 806 807 def end_fault(self, data): 808 self._type = "fault" 809 dispatch["fault"] = end_fault 810 811 def end_methodName(self, data): 812 if self._encoding: 813 data = data.decode(self._encoding) 814 self._methodname = data 815 self._type = "methodName" # no params 816 dispatch["methodName"] = end_methodName 817 818 ## Multicall support 819 # 820 821 class _MultiCallMethod: 822 # some lesser magic to store calls made to a MultiCall object 823 # for batch execution 824 def __init__(self, call_list, name): 825 self.__call_list = call_list 826 self.__name = name 827 def __getattr__(self, name): 828 return _MultiCallMethod(self.__call_list, "%s.%s" % (self.__name, name)) 829 def __call__(self, *args): 830 self.__call_list.append((self.__name, args)) 831 832 class MultiCallIterator: 833 """Iterates over the results of a multicall. Exceptions are 834 raised in response to xmlrpc faults.""" 835 836 def __init__(self, results): 837 self.results = results 838 839 def __getitem__(self, i): 840 item = self.results[i] 841 if type(item) == type({}): 842 raise Fault(item['faultCode'], item['faultString']) 843 elif type(item) == type([]): 844 return item[0] 845 else: 846 raise ValueError("unexpected type in multicall result") 847 848 class MultiCall: 849 """server -> an object used to boxcar method calls 850 851 server should be a ServerProxy object. 852 853 Methods can be added to the MultiCall using normal 854 method call syntax e.g.: 855 856 multicall = MultiCall(server_proxy) 857 multicall.add(2,3) 858 multicall.get_address("Guido") 859 860 To execute the multicall, call the MultiCall object e.g.: 861 862 add_result, address = multicall() 863 """ 864 865 def __init__(self, server): 866 self.__server = server 867 self.__call_list = [] 868 869 def __repr__(self): 870 return "<%s at %#x>" % (self.__class__.__name__, id(self)) 871 872 __str__ = __repr__ 873 874 def __getattr__(self, name): 875 return _MultiCallMethod(self.__call_list, name) 876 877 def __call__(self): 878 marshalled_list = [] 879 for name, args in self.__call_list: 880 marshalled_list.append({'methodName' : name, 'params' : args}) 881 882 return MultiCallIterator(self.__server.system.multicall(marshalled_list)) 883 884 # -------------------------------------------------------------------- 885 # convenience functions 886 887 FastMarshaller = FastParser = FastUnmarshaller = None 888 889 ## 890 # Create a parser object, and connect it to an unmarshalling instance. 891 # This function picks the fastest available XML parser. 892 # 893 # return A (parser, unmarshaller) tuple. 894 895 def getparser(use_datetime=False, use_builtin_types=False): 896 """getparser() -> parser, unmarshaller 897 898 Create an instance of the fastest available parser, and attach it 899 to an unmarshalling object. Return both objects. 900 """ 901 if FastParser and FastUnmarshaller: 902 if use_builtin_types: 903 mkdatetime = _datetime_type 904 mkbytes = base64.decodebytes 905 elif use_datetime: 906 mkdatetime = _datetime_type 907 mkbytes = _binary 908 else: 909 mkdatetime = _datetime 910 mkbytes = _binary 911 target = FastUnmarshaller(True, False, mkbytes, mkdatetime, Fault) 912 parser = FastParser(target) 913 else: 914 target = Unmarshaller(use_datetime=use_datetime, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types) 915 if FastParser: 916 parser = FastParser(target) 917 else: 918 parser = ExpatParser(target) 919 return parser, target 920 921 ## 922 # Convert a Python tuple or a Fault instance to an XML-RPC packet. 923 # 924 # @def dumps(params, **options) 925 # @param params A tuple or Fault instance. 926 # @keyparam methodname If given, create a methodCall request for 927 # this method name. 928 # @keyparam methodresponse If given, create a methodResponse packet. 929 # If used with a tuple, the tuple must be a singleton (that is, 930 # it must contain exactly one element). 931 # @keyparam encoding The packet encoding. 932 # @return A string containing marshalled data. 933 934 def dumps(params, methodname=None, methodresponse=None, encoding=None, 935 allow_none=False): 936 """data [,options] -> marshalled data 937 938 Convert an argument tuple or a Fault instance to an XML-RPC 939 request (or response, if the methodresponse option is used). 940 941 In addition to the data object, the following options can be given 942 as keyword arguments: 943 944 methodname: the method name for a methodCall packet 945 946 methodresponse: true to create a methodResponse packet. 947 If this option is used with a tuple, the tuple must be 948 a singleton (i.e. it can contain only one element). 949 950 encoding: the packet encoding (default is UTF-8) 951 952 All byte strings in the data structure are assumed to use the 953 packet encoding. Unicode strings are automatically converted, 954 where necessary. 955 """ 956 957 assert isinstance(params, (tuple, Fault)), "argument must be tuple or Fault instance" 958 if isinstance(params, Fault): 959 methodresponse = 1 960 elif methodresponse and isinstance(params, tuple): 961 assert len(params) == 1, "response tuple must be a singleton" 962 963 if not encoding: 964 encoding = "utf-8" 965 966 if FastMarshaller: 967 m = FastMarshaller(encoding) 968 else: 969 m = Marshaller(encoding, allow_none) 970 971 data = m.dumps(params) 972 973 if encoding != "utf-8": 974 xmlheader = "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='%s'?>\n" % str(encoding) 975 else: 976 xmlheader = "<?xml version='1.0'?>\n" # utf-8 is default 977 978 # standard XML-RPC wrappings 979 if methodname: 980 # a method call 981 data = ( 982 xmlheader, 983 "<methodCall>\n" 984 "<methodName>", methodname, "</methodName>\n", 985 data, 986 "</methodCall>\n" 987 ) 988 elif methodresponse: 989 # a method response, or a fault structure 990 data = ( 991 xmlheader, 992 "<methodResponse>\n", 993 data, 994 "</methodResponse>\n" 995 ) 996 else: 997 return data # return as is 998 return "".join(data) 999 1000 ## 1001 # Convert an XML-RPC packet to a Python object. If the XML-RPC packet 1002 # represents a fault condition, this function raises a Fault exception. 1003 # 1004 # @param data An XML-RPC packet, given as an 8-bit string. 1005 # @return A tuple containing the unpacked data, and the method name 1006 # (None if not present). 1007 # @see Fault 1008 1009 def loads(data, use_datetime=False, use_builtin_types=False): 1010 """data -> unmarshalled data, method name 1011 1012 Convert an XML-RPC packet to unmarshalled data plus a method 1013 name (None if not present). 1014 1015 If the XML-RPC packet represents a fault condition, this function 1016 raises a Fault exception. 1017 """ 1018 p, u = getparser(use_datetime=use_datetime, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types) 1019 p.feed(data) 1020 p.close() 1021 return u.close(), u.getmethodname() 1022 1023 ## 1024 # Encode a string using the gzip content encoding such as specified by the 1025 # Content-Encoding: gzip 1026 # in the HTTP header, as described in RFC 1952 1027 # 1028 # @param data the unencoded data 1029 # @return the encoded data 1030 1031 def gzip_encode(data): 1032 """data -> gzip encoded data 1033 1034 Encode data using the gzip content encoding as described in RFC 1952 1035 """ 1036 if not gzip: 1037 raise NotImplementedError 1038 f = BytesIO() 1039 with gzip.GzipFile(mode="wb", fileobj=f, compresslevel=1) as gzf: 1040 gzf.write(data) 1041 return f.getvalue() 1042 1043 ## 1044 # Decode a string using the gzip content encoding such as specified by the 1045 # Content-Encoding: gzip 1046 # in the HTTP header, as described in RFC 1952 1047 # 1048 # @param data The encoded data 1049 # @keyparam max_decode Maximum bytes to decode (20MB default), use negative 1050 # values for unlimited decoding 1051 # @return the unencoded data 1052 # @raises ValueError if data is not correctly coded. 1053 # @raises ValueError if max gzipped payload length exceeded 1054 1055 def gzip_decode(data, max_decode=20971520): 1056 """gzip encoded data -> unencoded data 1057 1058 Decode data using the gzip content encoding as described in RFC 1952 1059 """ 1060 if not gzip: 1061 raise NotImplementedError 1062 with gzip.GzipFile(mode="rb", fileobj=BytesIO(data)) as gzf: 1063 try: 1064 if max_decode < 0: # no limit 1065 decoded = gzf.read() 1066 else: 1067 decoded = gzf.read(max_decode + 1) 1068 except OSError: 1069 raise ValueError("invalid data") 1070 if max_decode >= 0 and len(decoded) > max_decode: 1071 raise ValueError("max gzipped payload length exceeded") 1072 return decoded 1073 1074 ## 1075 # Return a decoded file-like object for the gzip encoding 1076 # as described in RFC 1952. 1077 # 1078 # @param response A stream supporting a read() method 1079 # @return a file-like object that the decoded data can be read() from 1080 1081 class GzipDecodedResponse(gzip.GzipFile if gzip else object): 1082 """a file-like object to decode a response encoded with the gzip 1083 method, as described in RFC 1952. 1084 """ 1085 def __init__(self, response): 1086 #response doesn't support tell() and read(), required by 1087 #GzipFile 1088 if not gzip: 1089 raise NotImplementedError 1090 self.io = BytesIO(response.read()) 1091 gzip.GzipFile.__init__(self, mode="rb", fileobj=self.io) 1092 1093 def close(self): 1094 try: 1095 gzip.GzipFile.close(self) 1096 finally: 1097 self.io.close() 1098 1099 1100 # -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1101 # request dispatcher 1102 1103 class _Method: 1104 # some magic to bind an XML-RPC method to an RPC server. 1105 # supports "nested" methods (e.g. examples.getStateName) 1106 def __init__(self, send, name): 1107 self.__send = send 1108 self.__name = name 1109 def __getattr__(self, name): 1110 return _Method(self.__send, "%s.%s" % (self.__name, name)) 1111 def __call__(self, *args): 1112 return self.__send(self.__name, args) 1113 1114 ## 1115 # Standard transport class for XML-RPC over HTTP. 1116 # <p> 1117 # You can create custom transports by subclassing this method, and 1118 # overriding selected methods. 1119 1120 class Transport: 1121 """Handles an HTTP transaction to an XML-RPC server.""" 1122 1123 # client identifier (may be overridden) 1124 user_agent = "Python-xmlrpc/%s" % __version__ 1125 1126 #if true, we'll request gzip encoding 1127 accept_gzip_encoding = True 1128 1129 # if positive, encode request using gzip if it exceeds this threshold 1130 # note that many server will get confused, so only use it if you know 1131 # that they can decode such a request 1132 encode_threshold = None #None = don't encode 1133 1134 def __init__(self, use_datetime=False, use_builtin_types=False): 1135 self._use_datetime = use_datetime 1136 self._use_builtin_types = use_builtin_types 1137 self._connection = (None, None) 1138 self._extra_headers = [] 1139 1140 ## 1141 # Send a complete request, and parse the response. 1142 # Retry request if a cached connection has disconnected. 1143 # 1144 # @param host Target host. 1145 # @param handler Target PRC handler. 1146 # @param request_body XML-RPC request body. 1147 # @param verbose Debugging flag. 1148 # @return Parsed response. 1149 1150 def request(self, host, handler, request_body, verbose=False): 1151 #retry request once if cached connection has gone cold 1152 for i in (0, 1): 1153 try: 1154 return self.single_request(host, handler, request_body, verbose) 1155 except http.client.RemoteDisconnected: 1156 if i: 1157 raise 1158 except OSError as e: 1159 if i or e.errno not in (errno.ECONNRESET, errno.ECONNABORTED, 1160 errno.EPIPE): 1161 raise 1162 1163 def single_request(self, host, handler, request_body, verbose=False): 1164 # issue XML-RPC request 1165 try: 1166 http_conn = self.send_request(host, handler, request_body, verbose) 1167 resp = http_conn.getresponse() 1168 if resp.status == 200: 1169 self.verbose = verbose 1170 return self.parse_response(resp) 1171 1172 except Fault: 1173 raise 1174 except Exception: 1175 #All unexpected errors leave connection in 1176 # a strange state, so we clear it. 1177 self.close() 1178 raise 1179 1180 #We got an error response. 1181 #Discard any response data and raise exception 1182 if resp.getheader("content-length", ""): 1183 resp.read() 1184 raise ProtocolError( 1185 host + handler, 1186 resp.status, resp.reason, 1187 dict(resp.getheaders()) 1188 ) 1189 1190 1191 ## 1192 # Create parser. 1193 # 1194 # @return A 2-tuple containing a parser and an unmarshaller. 1195 1196 def getparser(self): 1197 # get parser and unmarshaller 1198 return getparser(use_datetime=self._use_datetime, 1199 use_builtin_types=self._use_builtin_types) 1200 1201 ## 1202 # Get authorization info from host parameter 1203 # Host may be a string, or a (host, x509-dict) tuple; if a string, 1204 # it is checked for a "user:pw@host" format, and a "Basic 1205 # Authentication" header is added if appropriate. 1206 # 1207 # @param host Host descriptor (URL or (URL, x509 info) tuple). 1208 # @return A 3-tuple containing (actual host, extra headers, 1209 # x509 info). The header and x509 fields may be None. 1210 1211 def get_host_info(self, host): 1212 1213 x509 = {} 1214 if isinstance(host, tuple): 1215 host, x509 = host 1216 1217 auth, host = urllib.parse.splituser(host) 1218 1219 if auth: 1220 auth = urllib.parse.unquote_to_bytes(auth) 1221 auth = base64.encodebytes(auth).decode("utf-8") 1222 auth = "".join(auth.split()) # get rid of whitespace 1223 extra_headers = [ 1224 ("Authorization", "Basic " + auth) 1225 ] 1226 else: 1227 extra_headers = [] 1228 1229 return host, extra_headers, x509 1230 1231 ## 1232 # Connect to server. 1233 # 1234 # @param host Target host. 1235 # @return An HTTPConnection object 1236 1237 def make_connection(self, host): 1238 #return an existing connection if possible. This allows 1239 #HTTP/1.1 keep-alive. 1240 if self._connection and host == self._connection[0]: 1241 return self._connection[1] 1242 # create a HTTP connection object from a host descriptor 1243 chost, self._extra_headers, x509 = self.get_host_info(host) 1244 self._connection = host, http.client.HTTPConnection(chost) 1245 return self._connection[1] 1246 1247 ## 1248 # Clear any cached connection object. 1249 # Used in the event of socket errors. 1250 # 1251 def close(self): 1252 host, connection = self._connection 1253 if connection: 1254 self._connection = (None, None) 1255 connection.close() 1256 1257 ## 1258 # Send HTTP request. 1259 # 1260 # @param host Host descriptor (URL or (URL, x509 info) tuple). 1261 # @param handler Targer RPC handler (a path relative to host) 1262 # @param request_body The XML-RPC request body 1263 # @param debug Enable debugging if debug is true. 1264 # @return An HTTPConnection. 1265 1266 def send_request(self, host, handler, request_body, debug): 1267 connection = self.make_connection(host) 1268 headers = self._extra_headers[:] 1269 if debug: 1270 connection.set_debuglevel(1) 1271 if self.accept_gzip_encoding and gzip: 1272 connection.putrequest("POST", handler, skip_accept_encoding=True) 1273 headers.append(("Accept-Encoding", "gzip")) 1274 else: 1275 connection.putrequest("POST", handler) 1276 headers.append(("Content-Type", "text/xml")) 1277 headers.append(("User-Agent", self.user_agent)) 1278 self.send_headers(connection, headers) 1279 self.send_content(connection, request_body) 1280 return connection 1281 1282 ## 1283 # Send request headers. 1284 # This function provides a useful hook for subclassing 1285 # 1286 # @param connection httpConnection. 1287 # @param headers list of key,value pairs for HTTP headers 1288 1289 def send_headers(self, connection, headers): 1290 for key, val in headers: 1291 connection.putheader(key, val) 1292 1293 ## 1294 # Send request body. 1295 # This function provides a useful hook for subclassing 1296 # 1297 # @param connection httpConnection. 1298 # @param request_body XML-RPC request body. 1299 1300 def send_content(self, connection, request_body): 1301 #optionally encode the request 1302 if (self.encode_threshold is not None and 1303 self.encode_threshold < len(request_body) and 1304 gzip): 1305 connection.putheader("Content-Encoding", "gzip") 1306 request_body = gzip_encode(request_body) 1307 1308 connection.putheader("Content-Length", str(len(request_body))) 1309 connection.endheaders(request_body) 1310 1311 ## 1312 # Parse response. 1313 # 1314 # @param file Stream. 1315 # @return Response tuple and target method. 1316 1317 def parse_response(self, response): 1318 # read response data from httpresponse, and parse it 1319 # Check for new http response object, otherwise it is a file object. 1320 if hasattr(response, 'getheader'): 1321 if response.getheader("Content-Encoding", "") == "gzip": 1322 stream = GzipDecodedResponse(response) 1323 else: 1324 stream = response 1325 else: 1326 stream = response 1327 1328 p, u = self.getparser() 1329 1330 while 1: 1331 data = stream.read(1024) 1332 if not data: 1333 break 1334 if self.verbose: 1335 print("body:", repr(data)) 1336 p.feed(data) 1337 1338 if stream is not response: 1339 stream.close() 1340 p.close() 1341 1342 return u.close() 1343 1344 ## 1345 # Standard transport class for XML-RPC over HTTPS. 1346 1347 class SafeTransport(Transport): 1348 """Handles an HTTPS transaction to an XML-RPC server.""" 1349 1350 def __init__(self, use_datetime=False, use_builtin_types=False, *, 1351 context=None): 1352 super().__init__(use_datetime=use_datetime, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types) 1353 self.context = context 1354 1355 # FIXME: mostly untested 1356 1357 def make_connection(self, host): 1358 if self._connection and host == self._connection[0]: 1359 return self._connection[1] 1360 1361 if not hasattr(http.client, "HTTPSConnection"): 1362 raise NotImplementedError( 1363 "your version of http.client doesn't support HTTPS") 1364 # create a HTTPS connection object from a host descriptor 1365 # host may be a string, or a (host, x509-dict) tuple 1366 chost, self._extra_headers, x509 = self.get_host_info(host) 1367 self._connection = host, http.client.HTTPSConnection(chost, 1368 None, context=self.context, **(x509 or {})) 1369 return self._connection[1] 1370 1371 ## 1372 # Standard server proxy. This class establishes a virtual connection 1373 # to an XML-RPC server. 1374 # <p> 1375 # This class is available as ServerProxy and Server. New code should 1376 # use ServerProxy, to avoid confusion. 1377 # 1378 # @def ServerProxy(uri, **options) 1379 # @param uri The connection point on the server. 1380 # @keyparam transport A transport factory, compatible with the 1381 # standard transport class. 1382 # @keyparam encoding The default encoding used for 8-bit strings 1383 # (default is UTF-8). 1384 # @keyparam verbose Use a true value to enable debugging output. 1385 # (printed to standard output). 1386 # @see Transport 1387 1388 class ServerProxy: 1389 """uri [,options] -> a logical connection to an XML-RPC server 1390 1391 uri is the connection point on the server, given as 1392 scheme://host/target. 1393 1394 The standard implementation always supports the "http" scheme. If 1395 SSL socket support is available (Python 2.0), it also supports 1396 "https". 1397 1398 If the target part and the slash preceding it are both omitted, 1399 "/RPC2" is assumed. 1400 1401 The following options can be given as keyword arguments: 1402 1403 transport: a transport factory 1404 encoding: the request encoding (default is UTF-8) 1405 1406 All 8-bit strings passed to the server proxy are assumed to use 1407 the given encoding. 1408 """ 1409 1410 def __init__(self, uri, transport=None, encoding=None, verbose=False, 1411 allow_none=False, use_datetime=False, use_builtin_types=False, 1412 *, context=None): 1413 # establish a "logical" server connection 1414 1415 # get the url 1416 type, uri = urllib.parse.splittype(uri) 1417 if type not in ("http", "https"): 1418 raise OSError("unsupported XML-RPC protocol") 1419 self.__host, self.__handler = urllib.parse.splithost(uri) 1420 if not self.__handler: 1421 self.__handler = "/RPC2" 1422 1423 if transport is None: 1424 if type == "https": 1425 handler = SafeTransport 1426 extra_kwargs = {"context": context} 1427 else: 1428 handler = Transport 1429 extra_kwargs = {} 1430 transport = handler(use_datetime=use_datetime, 1431 use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types, 1432 **extra_kwargs) 1433 self.__transport = transport 1434 1435 self.__encoding = encoding or 'utf-8' 1436 self.__verbose = verbose 1437 self.__allow_none = allow_none 1438 1439 def __close(self): 1440 self.__transport.close() 1441 1442 def __request(self, methodname, params): 1443 # call a method on the remote server 1444 1445 request = dumps(params, methodname, encoding=self.__encoding, 1446 allow_none=self.__allow_none).encode(self.__encoding, 'xmlcharrefreplace') 1447 1448 response = self.__transport.request( 1449 self.__host, 1450 self.__handler, 1451 request, 1452 verbose=self.__verbose 1453 ) 1454 1455 if len(response) == 1: 1456 response = response[0] 1457 1458 return response 1459 1460 def __repr__(self): 1461 return ( 1462 "<%s for %s%s>" % 1463 (self.__class__.__name__, self.__host, self.__handler) 1464 ) 1465 1466 __str__ = __repr__ 1467 1468 def __getattr__(self, name): 1469 # magic method dispatcher 1470 return _Method(self.__request, name) 1471 1472 # note: to call a remote object with a non-standard name, use 1473 # result getattr(server, "strange-python-name")(args) 1474 1475 def __call__(self, attr): 1476 """A workaround to get special attributes on the ServerProxy 1477 without interfering with the magic __getattr__ 1478 """ 1479 if attr == "close": 1480 return self.__close 1481 elif attr == "transport": 1482 return self.__transport 1483 raise AttributeError("Attribute %r not found" % (attr,)) 1484 1485 def __enter__(self): 1486 return self 1487 1488 def __exit__(self, *args): 1489 self.__close() 1490 1491 # compatibility 1492 1493 Server = ServerProxy 1494 1495 # -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1496 # test code 1497 1498 if __name__ == "__main__": 1499 1500 # simple test program (from the XML-RPC specification) 1501 1502 # local server, available from Lib/xmlrpc/server.py 1503 server = ServerProxy("http://localhost:8000") 1504 1505 try: 1506 print(server.currentTime.getCurrentTime()) 1507 except Error as v: 1508 print("ERROR", v) 1509 1510 multi = MultiCall(server) 1511 multi.getData() 1512 multi.pow(2,9) 1513 multi.add(1,2) 1514 try: 1515 for response in multi(): 1516 print(response) 1517 except Error as v: 1518 print("ERROR", v) 1519
