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      1 // Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
      2 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
      3 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
      4 
      5 // Linux system calls.
      6 // This file is compiled as ordinary Go code,
      7 // but it is also input to mksyscall,
      8 // which parses the //sys lines and generates system call stubs.
      9 // Note that sometimes we use a lowercase //sys name and
     10 // wrap it in our own nicer implementation.
     11 
     12 package syscall
     13 
     14 import "unsafe"
     15 
     16 /*
     17  * Wrapped
     18  */
     19 
     20 func Access(path string, mode uint32) (err error) {
     21 	return Faccessat(_AT_FDCWD, path, mode, 0)
     22 }
     23 
     24 func Chmod(path string, mode uint32) (err error) {
     25 	return Fchmodat(_AT_FDCWD, path, mode, 0)
     26 }
     27 
     28 func Chown(path string, uid int, gid int) (err error) {
     29 	return Fchownat(_AT_FDCWD, path, uid, gid, 0)
     30 }
     31 
     32 func Creat(path string, mode uint32) (fd int, err error) {
     33 	return Open(path, O_CREAT|O_WRONLY|O_TRUNC, mode)
     34 }
     35 
     36 //sys	linkat(olddirfd int, oldpath string, newdirfd int, newpath string, flags int) (err error)
     37 
     38 func Link(oldpath string, newpath string) (err error) {
     39 	return linkat(_AT_FDCWD, oldpath, _AT_FDCWD, newpath, 0)
     40 }
     41 
     42 func Mkdir(path string, mode uint32) (err error) {
     43 	return Mkdirat(_AT_FDCWD, path, mode)
     44 }
     45 
     46 func Mknod(path string, mode uint32, dev int) (err error) {
     47 	return Mknodat(_AT_FDCWD, path, mode, dev)
     48 }
     49 
     50 func Open(path string, mode int, perm uint32) (fd int, err error) {
     51 	return openat(_AT_FDCWD, path, mode|O_LARGEFILE, perm)
     52 }
     53 
     54 //sys	openat(dirfd int, path string, flags int, mode uint32) (fd int, err error)
     55 
     56 func Openat(dirfd int, path string, flags int, mode uint32) (fd int, err error) {
     57 	return openat(dirfd, path, flags|O_LARGEFILE, mode)
     58 }
     59 
     60 //sys	readlinkat(dirfd int, path string, buf []byte) (n int, err error)
     61 
     62 func Readlink(path string, buf []byte) (n int, err error) {
     63 	return readlinkat(_AT_FDCWD, path, buf)
     64 }
     65 
     66 func Rename(oldpath string, newpath string) (err error) {
     67 	return Renameat(_AT_FDCWD, oldpath, _AT_FDCWD, newpath)
     68 }
     69 
     70 func Rmdir(path string) error {
     71 	return unlinkat(_AT_FDCWD, path, _AT_REMOVEDIR)
     72 }
     73 
     74 //sys	symlinkat(oldpath string, newdirfd int, newpath string) (err error)
     75 
     76 func Symlink(oldpath string, newpath string) (err error) {
     77 	return symlinkat(oldpath, _AT_FDCWD, newpath)
     78 }
     79 
     80 func Unlink(path string) error {
     81 	return unlinkat(_AT_FDCWD, path, 0)
     82 }
     83 
     84 //sys	unlinkat(dirfd int, path string, flags int) (err error)
     85 
     86 func Unlinkat(dirfd int, path string) error {
     87 	return unlinkat(dirfd, path, 0)
     88 }
     89 
     90 //sys	utimes(path string, times *[2]Timeval) (err error)
     91 
     92 func Utimes(path string, tv []Timeval) (err error) {
     93 	if len(tv) != 2 {
     94 		return EINVAL
     95 	}
     96 	return utimes(path, (*[2]Timeval)(unsafe.Pointer(&tv[0])))
     97 }
     98 
     99 //sys	utimensat(dirfd int, path string, times *[2]Timespec, flag int) (err error)
    100 
    101 func UtimesNano(path string, ts []Timespec) (err error) {
    102 	if len(ts) != 2 {
    103 		return EINVAL
    104 	}
    105 	err = utimensat(_AT_FDCWD, path, (*[2]Timespec)(unsafe.Pointer(&ts[0])), 0)
    106 	if err != ENOSYS {
    107 		return err
    108 	}
    109 	// If the utimensat syscall isn't available (utimensat was added to Linux
    110 	// in 2.6.22, Released, 8 July 2007) then fall back to utimes
    111 	var tv [2]Timeval
    112 	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
    113 		tv[i].Sec = ts[i].Sec
    114 		tv[i].Usec = ts[i].Nsec / 1000
    115 	}
    116 	return utimes(path, (*[2]Timeval)(unsafe.Pointer(&tv[0])))
    117 }
    118 
    119 //sys	futimesat(dirfd int, path *byte, times *[2]Timeval) (err error)
    120 
    121 func Futimesat(dirfd int, path string, tv []Timeval) (err error) {
    122 	if len(tv) != 2 {
    123 		return EINVAL
    124 	}
    125 	pathp, err := BytePtrFromString(path)
    126 	if err != nil {
    127 		return err
    128 	}
    129 	return futimesat(dirfd, pathp, (*[2]Timeval)(unsafe.Pointer(&tv[0])))
    130 }
    131 
    132 func Futimes(fd int, tv []Timeval) (err error) {
    133 	// Believe it or not, this is the best we can do on Linux
    134 	// (and is what glibc does).
    135 	return Utimes("/proc/self/fd/"+itoa(fd), tv)
    136 }
    137 
    138 const ImplementsGetwd = true
    139 
    140 //sys	Getcwd(buf []byte) (n int, err error)
    141 
    142 func Getwd() (wd string, err error) {
    143 	var buf [PathMax]byte
    144 	n, err := Getcwd(buf[0:])
    145 	if err != nil {
    146 		return "", err
    147 	}
    148 	// Getcwd returns the number of bytes written to buf, including the NUL.
    149 	if n < 1 || n > len(buf) || buf[n-1] != 0 {
    150 		return "", EINVAL
    151 	}
    152 	return string(buf[0 : n-1]), nil
    153 }
    154 
    155 func Getgroups() (gids []int, err error) {
    156 	n, err := getgroups(0, nil)
    157 	if err != nil {
    158 		return nil, err
    159 	}
    160 	if n == 0 {
    161 		return nil, nil
    162 	}
    163 
    164 	// Sanity check group count. Max is 1<<16 on Linux.
    165 	if n < 0 || n > 1<<20 {
    166 		return nil, EINVAL
    167 	}
    168 
    169 	a := make([]_Gid_t, n)
    170 	n, err = getgroups(n, &a[0])
    171 	if err != nil {
    172 		return nil, err
    173 	}
    174 	gids = make([]int, n)
    175 	for i, v := range a[0:n] {
    176 		gids[i] = int(v)
    177 	}
    178 	return
    179 }
    180 
    181 func Setgroups(gids []int) (err error) {
    182 	if len(gids) == 0 {
    183 		return setgroups(0, nil)
    184 	}
    185 
    186 	a := make([]_Gid_t, len(gids))
    187 	for i, v := range gids {
    188 		a[i] = _Gid_t(v)
    189 	}
    190 	return setgroups(len(a), &a[0])
    191 }
    192 
    193 type WaitStatus uint32
    194 
    195 // Wait status is 7 bits at bottom, either 0 (exited),
    196 // 0x7F (stopped), or a signal number that caused an exit.
    197 // The 0x80 bit is whether there was a core dump.
    198 // An extra number (exit code, signal causing a stop)
    199 // is in the high bits. At least that's the idea.
    200 // There are various irregularities. For example, the
    201 // "continued" status is 0xFFFF, distinguishing itself
    202 // from stopped via the core dump bit.
    203 
    204 const (
    205 	mask    = 0x7F
    206 	core    = 0x80
    207 	exited  = 0x00
    208 	stopped = 0x7F
    209 	shift   = 8
    210 )
    211 
    212 func (w WaitStatus) Exited() bool { return w&mask == exited }
    213 
    214 func (w WaitStatus) Signaled() bool { return w&mask != stopped && w&mask != exited }
    215 
    216 func (w WaitStatus) Stopped() bool { return w&0xFF == stopped }
    217 
    218 func (w WaitStatus) Continued() bool { return w == 0xFFFF }
    219 
    220 func (w WaitStatus) CoreDump() bool { return w.Signaled() && w&core != 0 }
    221 
    222 func (w WaitStatus) ExitStatus() int {
    223 	if !w.Exited() {
    224 		return -1
    225 	}
    226 	return int(w>>shift) & 0xFF
    227 }
    228 
    229 func (w WaitStatus) Signal() Signal {
    230 	if !w.Signaled() {
    231 		return -1
    232 	}
    233 	return Signal(w & mask)
    234 }
    235 
    236 func (w WaitStatus) StopSignal() Signal {
    237 	if !w.Stopped() {
    238 		return -1
    239 	}
    240 	return Signal(w>>shift) & 0xFF
    241 }
    242 
    243 func (w WaitStatus) TrapCause() int {
    244 	if w.StopSignal() != SIGTRAP {
    245 		return -1
    246 	}
    247 	return int(w>>shift) >> 8
    248 }
    249 
    250 //sys	wait4(pid int, wstatus *_C_int, options int, rusage *Rusage) (wpid int, err error)
    251 
    252 func Wait4(pid int, wstatus *WaitStatus, options int, rusage *Rusage) (wpid int, err error) {
    253 	var status _C_int
    254 	wpid, err = wait4(pid, &status, options, rusage)
    255 	if wstatus != nil {
    256 		*wstatus = WaitStatus(status)
    257 	}
    258 	return
    259 }
    260 
    261 func Mkfifo(path string, mode uint32) (err error) {
    262 	return Mknod(path, mode|S_IFIFO, 0)
    263 }
    264 
    265 func (sa *SockaddrInet4) sockaddr() (unsafe.Pointer, _Socklen, error) {
    266 	if sa.Port < 0 || sa.Port > 0xFFFF {
    267 		return nil, 0, EINVAL
    268 	}
    269 	sa.raw.Family = AF_INET
    270 	p := (*[2]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&sa.raw.Port))
    271 	p[0] = byte(sa.Port >> 8)
    272 	p[1] = byte(sa.Port)
    273 	for i := 0; i < len(sa.Addr); i++ {
    274 		sa.raw.Addr[i] = sa.Addr[i]
    275 	}
    276 	return unsafe.Pointer(&sa.raw), SizeofSockaddrInet4, nil
    277 }
    278 
    279 func (sa *SockaddrInet6) sockaddr() (unsafe.Pointer, _Socklen, error) {
    280 	if sa.Port < 0 || sa.Port > 0xFFFF {
    281 		return nil, 0, EINVAL
    282 	}
    283 	sa.raw.Family = AF_INET6
    284 	p := (*[2]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&sa.raw.Port))
    285 	p[0] = byte(sa.Port >> 8)
    286 	p[1] = byte(sa.Port)
    287 	sa.raw.Scope_id = sa.ZoneId
    288 	for i := 0; i < len(sa.Addr); i++ {
    289 		sa.raw.Addr[i] = sa.Addr[i]
    290 	}
    291 	return unsafe.Pointer(&sa.raw), SizeofSockaddrInet6, nil
    292 }
    293 
    294 func (sa *SockaddrUnix) sockaddr() (unsafe.Pointer, _Socklen, error) {
    295 	name := sa.Name
    296 	n := len(name)
    297 	if n > len(sa.raw.Path) {
    298 		return nil, 0, EINVAL
    299 	}
    300 	if n == len(sa.raw.Path) && name[0] != '@' {
    301 		return nil, 0, EINVAL
    302 	}
    303 	sa.raw.Family = AF_UNIX
    304 	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
    305 		sa.raw.Path[i] = int8(name[i])
    306 	}
    307 	// length is family (uint16), name, NUL.
    308 	sl := _Socklen(2)
    309 	if n > 0 {
    310 		sl += _Socklen(n) + 1
    311 	}
    312 	if sa.raw.Path[0] == '@' {
    313 		sa.raw.Path[0] = 0
    314 		// Don't count trailing NUL for abstract address.
    315 		sl--
    316 	}
    317 
    318 	return unsafe.Pointer(&sa.raw), sl, nil
    319 }
    320 
    321 type SockaddrLinklayer struct {
    322 	Protocol uint16
    323 	Ifindex  int
    324 	Hatype   uint16
    325 	Pkttype  uint8
    326 	Halen    uint8
    327 	Addr     [8]byte
    328 	raw      RawSockaddrLinklayer
    329 }
    330 
    331 func (sa *SockaddrLinklayer) sockaddr() (unsafe.Pointer, _Socklen, error) {
    332 	if sa.Ifindex < 0 || sa.Ifindex > 0x7fffffff {
    333 		return nil, 0, EINVAL
    334 	}
    335 	sa.raw.Family = AF_PACKET
    336 	sa.raw.Protocol = sa.Protocol
    337 	sa.raw.Ifindex = int32(sa.Ifindex)
    338 	sa.raw.Hatype = sa.Hatype
    339 	sa.raw.Pkttype = sa.Pkttype
    340 	sa.raw.Halen = sa.Halen
    341 	for i := 0; i < len(sa.Addr); i++ {
    342 		sa.raw.Addr[i] = sa.Addr[i]
    343 	}
    344 	return unsafe.Pointer(&sa.raw), SizeofSockaddrLinklayer, nil
    345 }
    346 
    347 type SockaddrNetlink struct {
    348 	Family uint16
    349 	Pad    uint16
    350 	Pid    uint32
    351 	Groups uint32
    352 	raw    RawSockaddrNetlink
    353 }
    354 
    355 func (sa *SockaddrNetlink) sockaddr() (unsafe.Pointer, _Socklen, error) {
    356 	sa.raw.Family = AF_NETLINK
    357 	sa.raw.Pad = sa.Pad
    358 	sa.raw.Pid = sa.Pid
    359 	sa.raw.Groups = sa.Groups
    360 	return unsafe.Pointer(&sa.raw), SizeofSockaddrNetlink, nil
    361 }
    362 
    363 func anyToSockaddr(rsa *RawSockaddrAny) (Sockaddr, error) {
    364 	switch rsa.Addr.Family {
    365 	case AF_NETLINK:
    366 		pp := (*RawSockaddrNetlink)(unsafe.Pointer(rsa))
    367 		sa := new(SockaddrNetlink)
    368 		sa.Family = pp.Family
    369 		sa.Pad = pp.Pad
    370 		sa.Pid = pp.Pid
    371 		sa.Groups = pp.Groups
    372 		return sa, nil
    373 
    374 	case AF_PACKET:
    375 		pp := (*RawSockaddrLinklayer)(unsafe.Pointer(rsa))
    376 		sa := new(SockaddrLinklayer)
    377 		sa.Protocol = pp.Protocol
    378 		sa.Ifindex = int(pp.Ifindex)
    379 		sa.Hatype = pp.Hatype
    380 		sa.Pkttype = pp.Pkttype
    381 		sa.Halen = pp.Halen
    382 		for i := 0; i < len(sa.Addr); i++ {
    383 			sa.Addr[i] = pp.Addr[i]
    384 		}
    385 		return sa, nil
    386 
    387 	case AF_UNIX:
    388 		pp := (*RawSockaddrUnix)(unsafe.Pointer(rsa))
    389 		sa := new(SockaddrUnix)
    390 		if pp.Path[0] == 0 {
    391 			// "Abstract" Unix domain socket.
    392 			// Rewrite leading NUL as @ for textual display.
    393 			// (This is the standard convention.)
    394 			// Not friendly to overwrite in place,
    395 			// but the callers below don't care.
    396 			pp.Path[0] = '@'
    397 		}
    398 
    399 		// Assume path ends at NUL.
    400 		// This is not technically the Linux semantics for
    401 		// abstract Unix domain sockets--they are supposed
    402 		// to be uninterpreted fixed-size binary blobs--but
    403 		// everyone uses this convention.
    404 		n := 0
    405 		for n < len(pp.Path) && pp.Path[n] != 0 {
    406 			n++
    407 		}
    408 		bytes := (*[10000]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&pp.Path[0]))[0:n]
    409 		sa.Name = string(bytes)
    410 		return sa, nil
    411 
    412 	case AF_INET:
    413 		pp := (*RawSockaddrInet4)(unsafe.Pointer(rsa))
    414 		sa := new(SockaddrInet4)
    415 		p := (*[2]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&pp.Port))
    416 		sa.Port = int(p[0])<<8 + int(p[1])
    417 		for i := 0; i < len(sa.Addr); i++ {
    418 			sa.Addr[i] = pp.Addr[i]
    419 		}
    420 		return sa, nil
    421 
    422 	case AF_INET6:
    423 		pp := (*RawSockaddrInet6)(unsafe.Pointer(rsa))
    424 		sa := new(SockaddrInet6)
    425 		p := (*[2]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&pp.Port))
    426 		sa.Port = int(p[0])<<8 + int(p[1])
    427 		sa.ZoneId = pp.Scope_id
    428 		for i := 0; i < len(sa.Addr); i++ {
    429 			sa.Addr[i] = pp.Addr[i]
    430 		}
    431 		return sa, nil
    432 	}
    433 	return nil, EAFNOSUPPORT
    434 }
    435 
    436 func Accept(fd int) (nfd int, sa Sockaddr, err error) {
    437 	var rsa RawSockaddrAny
    438 	var len _Socklen = SizeofSockaddrAny
    439 	nfd, err = accept(fd, &rsa, &len)
    440 	if err != nil {
    441 		return
    442 	}
    443 	sa, err = anyToSockaddr(&rsa)
    444 	if err != nil {
    445 		Close(nfd)
    446 		nfd = 0
    447 	}
    448 	return
    449 }
    450 
    451 func Accept4(fd int, flags int) (nfd int, sa Sockaddr, err error) {
    452 	var rsa RawSockaddrAny
    453 	var len _Socklen = SizeofSockaddrAny
    454 	nfd, err = accept4(fd, &rsa, &len, flags)
    455 	if err != nil {
    456 		return
    457 	}
    458 	if len > SizeofSockaddrAny {
    459 		panic("RawSockaddrAny too small")
    460 	}
    461 	sa, err = anyToSockaddr(&rsa)
    462 	if err != nil {
    463 		Close(nfd)
    464 		nfd = 0
    465 	}
    466 	return
    467 }
    468 
    469 func Getsockname(fd int) (sa Sockaddr, err error) {
    470 	var rsa RawSockaddrAny
    471 	var len _Socklen = SizeofSockaddrAny
    472 	if err = getsockname(fd, &rsa, &len); err != nil {
    473 		return
    474 	}
    475 	return anyToSockaddr(&rsa)
    476 }
    477 
    478 func GetsockoptInet4Addr(fd, level, opt int) (value [4]byte, err error) {
    479 	vallen := _Socklen(4)
    480 	err = getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.Pointer(&value[0]), &vallen)
    481 	return value, err
    482 }
    483 
    484 func GetsockoptIPMreq(fd, level, opt int) (*IPMreq, error) {
    485 	var value IPMreq
    486 	vallen := _Socklen(SizeofIPMreq)
    487 	err := getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.Pointer(&value), &vallen)
    488 	return &value, err
    489 }
    490 
    491 func GetsockoptIPMreqn(fd, level, opt int) (*IPMreqn, error) {
    492 	var value IPMreqn
    493 	vallen := _Socklen(SizeofIPMreqn)
    494 	err := getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.Pointer(&value), &vallen)
    495 	return &value, err
    496 }
    497 
    498 func GetsockoptIPv6Mreq(fd, level, opt int) (*IPv6Mreq, error) {
    499 	var value IPv6Mreq
    500 	vallen := _Socklen(SizeofIPv6Mreq)
    501 	err := getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.Pointer(&value), &vallen)
    502 	return &value, err
    503 }
    504 
    505 func GetsockoptIPv6MTUInfo(fd, level, opt int) (*IPv6MTUInfo, error) {
    506 	var value IPv6MTUInfo
    507 	vallen := _Socklen(SizeofIPv6MTUInfo)
    508 	err := getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.Pointer(&value), &vallen)
    509 	return &value, err
    510 }
    511 
    512 func GetsockoptICMPv6Filter(fd, level, opt int) (*ICMPv6Filter, error) {
    513 	var value ICMPv6Filter
    514 	vallen := _Socklen(SizeofICMPv6Filter)
    515 	err := getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.Pointer(&value), &vallen)
    516 	return &value, err
    517 }
    518 
    519 func GetsockoptUcred(fd, level, opt int) (*Ucred, error) {
    520 	var value Ucred
    521 	vallen := _Socklen(SizeofUcred)
    522 	err := getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.Pointer(&value), &vallen)
    523 	return &value, err
    524 }
    525 
    526 func SetsockoptIPMreqn(fd, level, opt int, mreq *IPMreqn) (err error) {
    527 	return setsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.Pointer(mreq), unsafe.Sizeof(*mreq))
    528 }
    529 
    530 func Recvmsg(fd int, p, oob []byte, flags int) (n, oobn int, recvflags int, from Sockaddr, err error) {
    531 	var msg Msghdr
    532 	var rsa RawSockaddrAny
    533 	msg.Name = (*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&rsa))
    534 	msg.Namelen = uint32(SizeofSockaddrAny)
    535 	var iov Iovec
    536 	if len(p) > 0 {
    537 		iov.Base = &p[0]
    538 		iov.SetLen(len(p))
    539 	}
    540 	var dummy byte
    541 	if len(oob) > 0 {
    542 		var sockType int
    543 		sockType, err = GetsockoptInt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_TYPE)
    544 		if err != nil {
    545 			return
    546 		}
    547 		// receive at least one normal byte
    548 		if sockType != SOCK_DGRAM && len(p) == 0 {
    549 			iov.Base = &dummy
    550 			iov.SetLen(1)
    551 		}
    552 		msg.Control = &oob[0]
    553 		msg.SetControllen(len(oob))
    554 	}
    555 	msg.Iov = &iov
    556 	msg.Iovlen = 1
    557 	if n, err = recvmsg(fd, &msg, flags); err != nil {
    558 		return
    559 	}
    560 	oobn = int(msg.Controllen)
    561 	recvflags = int(msg.Flags)
    562 	// source address is only specified if the socket is unconnected
    563 	if rsa.Addr.Family != AF_UNSPEC {
    564 		from, err = anyToSockaddr(&rsa)
    565 	}
    566 	return
    567 }
    568 
    569 func Sendmsg(fd int, p, oob []byte, to Sockaddr, flags int) (err error) {
    570 	_, err = SendmsgN(fd, p, oob, to, flags)
    571 	return
    572 }
    573 
    574 func SendmsgN(fd int, p, oob []byte, to Sockaddr, flags int) (n int, err error) {
    575 	var ptr unsafe.Pointer
    576 	var salen _Socklen
    577 	if to != nil {
    578 		var err error
    579 		ptr, salen, err = to.sockaddr()
    580 		if err != nil {
    581 			return 0, err
    582 		}
    583 	}
    584 	var msg Msghdr
    585 	msg.Name = (*byte)(ptr)
    586 	msg.Namelen = uint32(salen)
    587 	var iov Iovec
    588 	if len(p) > 0 {
    589 		iov.Base = &p[0]
    590 		iov.SetLen(len(p))
    591 	}
    592 	var dummy byte
    593 	if len(oob) > 0 {
    594 		var sockType int
    595 		sockType, err = GetsockoptInt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_TYPE)
    596 		if err != nil {
    597 			return 0, err
    598 		}
    599 		// send at least one normal byte
    600 		if sockType != SOCK_DGRAM && len(p) == 0 {
    601 			iov.Base = &dummy
    602 			iov.SetLen(1)
    603 		}
    604 		msg.Control = &oob[0]
    605 		msg.SetControllen(len(oob))
    606 	}
    607 	msg.Iov = &iov
    608 	msg.Iovlen = 1
    609 	if n, err = sendmsg(fd, &msg, flags); err != nil {
    610 		return 0, err
    611 	}
    612 	if len(oob) > 0 && len(p) == 0 {
    613 		n = 0
    614 	}
    615 	return n, nil
    616 }
    617 
    618 // BindToDevice binds the socket associated with fd to device.
    619 func BindToDevice(fd int, device string) (err error) {
    620 	return SetsockoptString(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BINDTODEVICE, device)
    621 }
    622 
    623 //sys	ptrace(request int, pid int, addr uintptr, data uintptr) (err error)
    624 
    625 func ptracePeek(req int, pid int, addr uintptr, out []byte) (count int, err error) {
    626 	// The peek requests are machine-size oriented, so we wrap it
    627 	// to retrieve arbitrary-length data.
    628 
    629 	// The ptrace syscall differs from glibc's ptrace.
    630 	// Peeks returns the word in *data, not as the return value.
    631 
    632 	var buf [sizeofPtr]byte
    633 
    634 	// Leading edge. PEEKTEXT/PEEKDATA don't require aligned
    635 	// access (PEEKUSER warns that it might), but if we don't
    636 	// align our reads, we might straddle an unmapped page
    637 	// boundary and not get the bytes leading up to the page
    638 	// boundary.
    639 	n := 0
    640 	if addr%sizeofPtr != 0 {
    641 		err = ptrace(req, pid, addr-addr%sizeofPtr, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0])))
    642 		if err != nil {
    643 			return 0, err
    644 		}
    645 		n += copy(out, buf[addr%sizeofPtr:])
    646 		out = out[n:]
    647 	}
    648 
    649 	// Remainder.
    650 	for len(out) > 0 {
    651 		// We use an internal buffer to guarantee alignment.
    652 		// It's not documented if this is necessary, but we're paranoid.
    653 		err = ptrace(req, pid, addr+uintptr(n), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0])))
    654 		if err != nil {
    655 			return n, err
    656 		}
    657 		copied := copy(out, buf[0:])
    658 		n += copied
    659 		out = out[copied:]
    660 	}
    661 
    662 	return n, nil
    663 }
    664 
    665 func PtracePeekText(pid int, addr uintptr, out []byte) (count int, err error) {
    666 	return ptracePeek(PTRACE_PEEKTEXT, pid, addr, out)
    667 }
    668 
    669 func PtracePeekData(pid int, addr uintptr, out []byte) (count int, err error) {
    670 	return ptracePeek(PTRACE_PEEKDATA, pid, addr, out)
    671 }
    672 
    673 func ptracePoke(pokeReq int, peekReq int, pid int, addr uintptr, data []byte) (count int, err error) {
    674 	// As for ptracePeek, we need to align our accesses to deal
    675 	// with the possibility of straddling an invalid page.
    676 
    677 	// Leading edge.
    678 	n := 0
    679 	if addr%sizeofPtr != 0 {
    680 		var buf [sizeofPtr]byte
    681 		err = ptrace(peekReq, pid, addr-addr%sizeofPtr, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0])))
    682 		if err != nil {
    683 			return 0, err
    684 		}
    685 		n += copy(buf[addr%sizeofPtr:], data)
    686 		word := *((*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0])))
    687 		err = ptrace(pokeReq, pid, addr-addr%sizeofPtr, word)
    688 		if err != nil {
    689 			return 0, err
    690 		}
    691 		data = data[n:]
    692 	}
    693 
    694 	// Interior.
    695 	for len(data) > sizeofPtr {
    696 		word := *((*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&data[0])))
    697 		err = ptrace(pokeReq, pid, addr+uintptr(n), word)
    698 		if err != nil {
    699 			return n, err
    700 		}
    701 		n += sizeofPtr
    702 		data = data[sizeofPtr:]
    703 	}
    704 
    705 	// Trailing edge.
    706 	if len(data) > 0 {
    707 		var buf [sizeofPtr]byte
    708 		err = ptrace(peekReq, pid, addr+uintptr(n), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0])))
    709 		if err != nil {
    710 			return n, err
    711 		}
    712 		copy(buf[0:], data)
    713 		word := *((*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0])))
    714 		err = ptrace(pokeReq, pid, addr+uintptr(n), word)
    715 		if err != nil {
    716 			return n, err
    717 		}
    718 		n += len(data)
    719 	}
    720 
    721 	return n, nil
    722 }
    723 
    724 func PtracePokeText(pid int, addr uintptr, data []byte) (count int, err error) {
    725 	return ptracePoke(PTRACE_POKETEXT, PTRACE_PEEKTEXT, pid, addr, data)
    726 }
    727 
    728 func PtracePokeData(pid int, addr uintptr, data []byte) (count int, err error) {
    729 	return ptracePoke(PTRACE_POKEDATA, PTRACE_PEEKDATA, pid, addr, data)
    730 }
    731 
    732 func PtraceGetRegs(pid int, regsout *PtraceRegs) (err error) {
    733 	return ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGS, pid, 0, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(regsout)))
    734 }
    735 
    736 func PtraceSetRegs(pid int, regs *PtraceRegs) (err error) {
    737 	return ptrace(PTRACE_SETREGS, pid, 0, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(regs)))
    738 }
    739 
    740 func PtraceSetOptions(pid int, options int) (err error) {
    741 	return ptrace(PTRACE_SETOPTIONS, pid, 0, uintptr(options))
    742 }
    743 
    744 func PtraceGetEventMsg(pid int) (msg uint, err error) {
    745 	var data _C_long
    746 	err = ptrace(PTRACE_GETEVENTMSG, pid, 0, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&data)))
    747 	msg = uint(data)
    748 	return
    749 }
    750 
    751 func PtraceCont(pid int, signal int) (err error) {
    752 	return ptrace(PTRACE_CONT, pid, 0, uintptr(signal))
    753 }
    754 
    755 func PtraceSyscall(pid int, signal int) (err error) {
    756 	return ptrace(PTRACE_SYSCALL, pid, 0, uintptr(signal))
    757 }
    758 
    759 func PtraceSingleStep(pid int) (err error) { return ptrace(PTRACE_SINGLESTEP, pid, 0, 0) }
    760 
    761 func PtraceAttach(pid int) (err error) { return ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, pid, 0, 0) }
    762 
    763 func PtraceDetach(pid int) (err error) { return ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, pid, 0, 0) }
    764 
    765 //sys	reboot(magic1 uint, magic2 uint, cmd int, arg string) (err error)
    766 
    767 func Reboot(cmd int) (err error) {
    768 	return reboot(LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC1, LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC2, cmd, "")
    769 }
    770 
    771 func ReadDirent(fd int, buf []byte) (n int, err error) {
    772 	return Getdents(fd, buf)
    773 }
    774 
    775 func direntIno(buf []byte) (uint64, bool) {
    776 	return readInt(buf, unsafe.Offsetof(Dirent{}.Ino), unsafe.Sizeof(Dirent{}.Ino))
    777 }
    778 
    779 func direntReclen(buf []byte) (uint64, bool) {
    780 	return readInt(buf, unsafe.Offsetof(Dirent{}.Reclen), unsafe.Sizeof(Dirent{}.Reclen))
    781 }
    782 
    783 func direntNamlen(buf []byte) (uint64, bool) {
    784 	reclen, ok := direntReclen(buf)
    785 	if !ok {
    786 		return 0, false
    787 	}
    788 	return reclen - uint64(unsafe.Offsetof(Dirent{}.Name)), true
    789 }
    790 
    791 //sys	mount(source string, target string, fstype string, flags uintptr, data *byte) (err error)
    792 
    793 func Mount(source string, target string, fstype string, flags uintptr, data string) (err error) {
    794 	// Certain file systems get rather angry and EINVAL if you give
    795 	// them an empty string of data, rather than NULL.
    796 	if data == "" {
    797 		return mount(source, target, fstype, flags, nil)
    798 	}
    799 	datap, err := BytePtrFromString(data)
    800 	if err != nil {
    801 		return err
    802 	}
    803 	return mount(source, target, fstype, flags, datap)
    804 }
    805 
    806 // Sendto
    807 // Recvfrom
    808 // Socketpair
    809 
    810 /*
    811  * Direct access
    812  */
    813 //sys	Acct(path string) (err error)
    814 //sys	Adjtimex(buf *Timex) (state int, err error)
    815 //sys	Chdir(path string) (err error)
    816 //sys	Chroot(path string) (err error)
    817 //sys	Close(fd int) (err error)
    818 //sys	Dup(oldfd int) (fd int, err error)
    819 //sys	Dup3(oldfd int, newfd int, flags int) (err error)
    820 //sysnb	EpollCreate(size int) (fd int, err error)
    821 //sysnb	EpollCreate1(flag int) (fd int, err error)
    822 //sysnb	EpollCtl(epfd int, op int, fd int, event *EpollEvent) (err error)
    823 //sys	EpollWait(epfd int, events []EpollEvent, msec int) (n int, err error)
    824 //sys	Faccessat(dirfd int, path string, mode uint32, flags int) (err error)
    825 //sys	Fallocate(fd int, mode uint32, off int64, len int64) (err error)
    826 //sys	Fchdir(fd int) (err error)
    827 //sys	Fchmod(fd int, mode uint32) (err error)
    828 //sys	Fchmodat(dirfd int, path string, mode uint32, flags int) (err error)
    829 //sys	Fchownat(dirfd int, path string, uid int, gid int, flags int) (err error)
    830 //sys	fcntl(fd int, cmd int, arg int) (val int, err error)
    831 //sys	Fdatasync(fd int) (err error)
    832 //sys	Flock(fd int, how int) (err error)
    833 //sys	Fsync(fd int) (err error)
    834 //sys	Getdents(fd int, buf []byte) (n int, err error) = SYS_GETDENTS64
    835 //sysnb	Getpgid(pid int) (pgid int, err error)
    836 
    837 func Getpgrp() (pid int) {
    838 	pid, _ = Getpgid(0)
    839 	return
    840 }
    841 
    842 //sysnb	Getpid() (pid int)
    843 //sysnb	Getppid() (ppid int)
    844 //sys	Getpriority(which int, who int) (prio int, err error)
    845 //sysnb	Getrusage(who int, rusage *Rusage) (err error)
    846 //sysnb	Gettid() (tid int)
    847 //sys	Getxattr(path string, attr string, dest []byte) (sz int, err error)
    848 //sys	InotifyAddWatch(fd int, pathname string, mask uint32) (watchdesc int, err error)
    849 //sysnb	InotifyInit1(flags int) (fd int, err error)
    850 //sysnb	InotifyRmWatch(fd int, watchdesc uint32) (success int, err error)
    851 //sysnb	Kill(pid int, sig Signal) (err error)
    852 //sys	Klogctl(typ int, buf []byte) (n int, err error) = SYS_SYSLOG
    853 //sys	Listxattr(path string, dest []byte) (sz int, err error)
    854 //sys	Mkdirat(dirfd int, path string, mode uint32) (err error)
    855 //sys	Mknodat(dirfd int, path string, mode uint32, dev int) (err error)
    856 //sys	Nanosleep(time *Timespec, leftover *Timespec) (err error)
    857 //sys	Pause() (err error)
    858 //sys	PivotRoot(newroot string, putold string) (err error) = SYS_PIVOT_ROOT
    859 //sysnb prlimit(pid int, resource int, newlimit *Rlimit, old *Rlimit) (err error) = SYS_PRLIMIT64
    860 //sys	read(fd int, p []byte) (n int, err error)
    861 //sys	Removexattr(path string, attr string) (err error)
    862 //sys	Renameat(olddirfd int, oldpath string, newdirfd int, newpath string) (err error)
    863 //sys	Setdomainname(p []byte) (err error)
    864 //sys	Sethostname(p []byte) (err error)
    865 //sysnb	Setpgid(pid int, pgid int) (err error)
    866 //sysnb	Setsid() (pid int, err error)
    867 //sysnb	Settimeofday(tv *Timeval) (err error)
    868 
    869 // issue 1435.
    870 // On linux Setuid and Setgid only affects the current thread, not the process.
    871 // This does not match what most callers expect so we must return an error
    872 // here rather than letting the caller think that the call succeeded.
    873 
    874 func Setuid(uid int) (err error) {
    875 	return EOPNOTSUPP
    876 }
    877 
    878 func Setgid(gid int) (err error) {
    879 	return EOPNOTSUPP
    880 }
    881 
    882 //sys	Setpriority(which int, who int, prio int) (err error)
    883 //sys	Setxattr(path string, attr string, data []byte, flags int) (err error)
    884 //sys	Sync()
    885 //sysnb	Sysinfo(info *Sysinfo_t) (err error)
    886 //sys	Tee(rfd int, wfd int, len int, flags int) (n int64, err error)
    887 //sysnb	Tgkill(tgid int, tid int, sig Signal) (err error)
    888 //sysnb	Times(tms *Tms) (ticks uintptr, err error)
    889 //sysnb	Umask(mask int) (oldmask int)
    890 //sysnb	Uname(buf *Utsname) (err error)
    891 //sys	Unmount(target string, flags int) (err error) = SYS_UMOUNT2
    892 //sys	Unshare(flags int) (err error)
    893 //sys	Ustat(dev int, ubuf *Ustat_t) (err error)
    894 //sys	Utime(path string, buf *Utimbuf) (err error)
    895 //sys	write(fd int, p []byte) (n int, err error)
    896 //sys	exitThread(code int) (err error) = SYS_EXIT
    897 //sys	readlen(fd int, p *byte, np int) (n int, err error) = SYS_READ
    898 //sys	writelen(fd int, p *byte, np int) (n int, err error) = SYS_WRITE
    899 
    900 // mmap varies by architecture; see syscall_linux_*.go.
    901 //sys	munmap(addr uintptr, length uintptr) (err error)
    902 
    903 var mapper = &mmapper{
    904 	active: make(map[*byte][]byte),
    905 	mmap:   mmap,
    906 	munmap: munmap,
    907 }
    908 
    909 func Mmap(fd int, offset int64, length int, prot int, flags int) (data []byte, err error) {
    910 	return mapper.Mmap(fd, offset, length, prot, flags)
    911 }
    912 
    913 func Munmap(b []byte) (err error) {
    914 	return mapper.Munmap(b)
    915 }
    916 
    917 //sys	Madvise(b []byte, advice int) (err error)
    918 //sys	Mprotect(b []byte, prot int) (err error)
    919 //sys	Mlock(b []byte) (err error)
    920 //sys	Munlock(b []byte) (err error)
    921 //sys	Mlockall(flags int) (err error)
    922 //sys	Munlockall() (err error)
    923 
    924 /*
    925  * Unimplemented
    926  */
    927 // AddKey
    928 // AfsSyscall
    929 // Alarm
    930 // ArchPrctl
    931 // Brk
    932 // Capget
    933 // Capset
    934 // ClockGetres
    935 // ClockGettime
    936 // ClockNanosleep
    937 // ClockSettime
    938 // Clone
    939 // CreateModule
    940 // DeleteModule
    941 // EpollCtlOld
    942 // EpollPwait
    943 // EpollWaitOld
    944 // Eventfd
    945 // Execve
    946 // Fadvise64
    947 // Fgetxattr
    948 // Flistxattr
    949 // Fork
    950 // Fremovexattr
    951 // Fsetxattr
    952 // Futex
    953 // GetKernelSyms
    954 // GetMempolicy
    955 // GetRobustList
    956 // GetThreadArea
    957 // Getitimer
    958 // Getpmsg
    959 // IoCancel
    960 // IoDestroy
    961 // IoGetevents
    962 // IoSetup
    963 // IoSubmit
    964 // Ioctl
    965 // IoprioGet
    966 // IoprioSet
    967 // KexecLoad
    968 // Keyctl
    969 // Lgetxattr
    970 // Llistxattr
    971 // LookupDcookie
    972 // Lremovexattr
    973 // Lsetxattr
    974 // Mbind
    975 // MigratePages
    976 // Mincore
    977 // ModifyLdt
    978 // Mount
    979 // MovePages
    980 // Mprotect
    981 // MqGetsetattr
    982 // MqNotify
    983 // MqOpen
    984 // MqTimedreceive
    985 // MqTimedsend
    986 // MqUnlink
    987 // Mremap
    988 // Msgctl
    989 // Msgget
    990 // Msgrcv
    991 // Msgsnd
    992 // Msync
    993 // Newfstatat
    994 // Nfsservctl
    995 // Personality
    996 // Poll
    997 // Ppoll
    998 // Prctl
    999 // Pselect6
   1000 // Ptrace
   1001 // Putpmsg
   1002 // QueryModule
   1003 // Quotactl
   1004 // Readahead
   1005 // Readv
   1006 // RemapFilePages
   1007 // RequestKey
   1008 // RestartSyscall
   1009 // RtSigaction
   1010 // RtSigpending
   1011 // RtSigprocmask
   1012 // RtSigqueueinfo
   1013 // RtSigreturn
   1014 // RtSigsuspend
   1015 // RtSigtimedwait
   1016 // SchedGetPriorityMax
   1017 // SchedGetPriorityMin
   1018 // SchedGetaffinity
   1019 // SchedGetparam
   1020 // SchedGetscheduler
   1021 // SchedRrGetInterval
   1022 // SchedSetaffinity
   1023 // SchedSetparam
   1024 // SchedYield
   1025 // Security
   1026 // Semctl
   1027 // Semget
   1028 // Semop
   1029 // Semtimedop
   1030 // SetMempolicy
   1031 // SetRobustList
   1032 // SetThreadArea
   1033 // SetTidAddress
   1034 // Shmat
   1035 // Shmctl
   1036 // Shmdt
   1037 // Shmget
   1038 // Sigaltstack
   1039 // Signalfd
   1040 // Swapoff
   1041 // Swapon
   1042 // Sysfs
   1043 // TimerCreate
   1044 // TimerDelete
   1045 // TimerGetoverrun
   1046 // TimerGettime
   1047 // TimerSettime
   1048 // Timerfd
   1049 // Tkill (obsolete)
   1050 // Tuxcall
   1051 // Umount2
   1052 // Uselib
   1053 // Utimensat
   1054 // Vfork
   1055 // Vhangup
   1056 // Vmsplice
   1057 // Vserver
   1058 // Waitid
   1059 // _Sysctl
   1060