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      1 /*	$OpenBSD: tree.c,v 1.21 2015/09/01 13:12:31 tedu Exp $	*/
      2 
      3 /*-
      4  * Copyright (c) 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,
      5  *		 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017
      6  *	mirabilos <m (at) mirbsd.org>
      7  *
      8  * Provided that these terms and disclaimer and all copyright notices
      9  * are retained or reproduced in an accompanying document, permission
     10  * is granted to deal in this work without restriction, including un-
     11  * limited rights to use, publicly perform, distribute, sell, modify,
     12  * merge, give away, or sublicence.
     13  *
     14  * This work is provided "AS IS" and WITHOUT WARRANTY of any kind, to
     15  * the utmost extent permitted by applicable law, neither express nor
     16  * implied; without malicious intent or gross negligence. In no event
     17  * may a licensor, author or contributor be held liable for indirect,
     18  * direct, other damage, loss, or other issues arising in any way out
     19  * of dealing in the work, even if advised of the possibility of such
     20  * damage or existence of a defect, except proven that it results out
     21  * of said person's immediate fault when using the work as intended.
     22  */
     23 
     24 #include "sh.h"
     25 
     26 __RCSID("$MirOS: src/bin/mksh/tree.c,v 1.95 2018/01/14 00:03:05 tg Exp $");
     27 
     28 #define INDENT	8
     29 
     30 static void ptree(struct op *, int, struct shf *);
     31 static void pioact(struct shf *, struct ioword *);
     32 static const char *wdvarput(struct shf *, const char *, int, int);
     33 static void vfptreef(struct shf *, int, const char *, va_list);
     34 static struct ioword **iocopy(struct ioword **, Area *);
     35 static void iofree(struct ioword **, Area *);
     36 
     37 /* "foo& ; bar" and "foo |& ; bar" are invalid */
     38 static bool prevent_semicolon;
     39 
     40 static const char Telif_pT[] = "elif %T";
     41 
     42 /*
     43  * print a command tree
     44  */
     45 static void
     46 ptree(struct op *t, int indent, struct shf *shf)
     47 {
     48 	const char **w;
     49 	struct ioword **ioact;
     50 	struct op *t1;
     51 	int i;
     52 	const char *ccp;
     53 
     54  Chain:
     55 	if (t == NULL)
     56 		return;
     57 	switch (t->type) {
     58 	case TCOM:
     59 		prevent_semicolon = false;
     60 		/* special-case 'var=<<EOF' (cf. exec.c:execute) */
     61 		if (t->args &&
     62 		    /* we have zero arguments, i.e. no program to run */
     63 		    t->args[0] == NULL &&
     64 		    /* we have exactly one variable assignment */
     65 		    t->vars[0] != NULL && t->vars[1] == NULL &&
     66 		    /* we have exactly one I/O redirection */
     67 		    t->ioact != NULL && t->ioact[0] != NULL &&
     68 		    t->ioact[1] == NULL &&
     69 		    /* of type "here document" (or "here string") */
     70 		    (t->ioact[0]->ioflag & IOTYPE) == IOHERE &&
     71 		    /* the variable assignment begins with a valid varname */
     72 		    (ccp = skip_wdvarname(t->vars[0], true)) != t->vars[0] &&
     73 		    /* and has no right-hand side (i.e. "varname=") */
     74 		    ccp[0] == CHAR && ((ccp[1] == '=' && ccp[2] == EOS) ||
     75 		    /* or "varname+=" */ (ccp[1] == '+' && ccp[2] == CHAR &&
     76 		    ccp[3] == '=' && ccp[4] == EOS))) {
     77 			fptreef(shf, indent, Tf_S, t->vars[0]);
     78 			break;
     79 		}
     80 
     81 		if (t->vars) {
     82 			w = (const char **)t->vars;
     83 			while (*w)
     84 				fptreef(shf, indent, Tf_S_, *w++);
     85 		} else
     86 			shf_puts("#no-vars# ", shf);
     87 		if (t->args) {
     88 			w = t->args;
     89 			if (*w && **w == CHAR) {
     90 				char *cp = wdstrip(*w++, WDS_TPUTS);
     91 
     92 				if (valid_alias_name(cp))
     93 					shf_putc('\\', shf);
     94 				shf_puts(cp, shf);
     95 				shf_putc(' ', shf);
     96 				afree(cp, ATEMP);
     97 			}
     98 			while (*w)
     99 				fptreef(shf, indent, Tf_S_, *w++);
    100 		} else
    101 			shf_puts("#no-args# ", shf);
    102 		break;
    103 	case TEXEC:
    104 		t = t->left;
    105 		goto Chain;
    106 	case TPAREN:
    107 		fptreef(shf, indent + 2, "( %T) ", t->left);
    108 		break;
    109 	case TPIPE:
    110 		fptreef(shf, indent, "%T| ", t->left);
    111 		t = t->right;
    112 		goto Chain;
    113 	case TLIST:
    114 		fptreef(shf, indent, "%T%;", t->left);
    115 		t = t->right;
    116 		goto Chain;
    117 	case TOR:
    118 	case TAND:
    119 		fptreef(shf, indent, "%T%s %T",
    120 		    t->left, (t->type == TOR) ? "||" : "&&", t->right);
    121 		break;
    122 	case TBANG:
    123 		shf_puts("! ", shf);
    124 		prevent_semicolon = false;
    125 		t = t->right;
    126 		goto Chain;
    127 	case TDBRACKET:
    128 		w = t->args;
    129 		shf_puts("[[", shf);
    130 		while (*w)
    131 			fptreef(shf, indent, Tf__S, *w++);
    132 		shf_puts(" ]] ", shf);
    133 		break;
    134 	case TSELECT:
    135 	case TFOR:
    136 		fptreef(shf, indent, "%s %s ",
    137 		    (t->type == TFOR) ? "for" : Tselect, t->str);
    138 		if (t->vars != NULL) {
    139 			shf_puts("in ", shf);
    140 			w = (const char **)t->vars;
    141 			while (*w)
    142 				fptreef(shf, indent, Tf_S_, *w++);
    143 			fptreef(shf, indent, Tft_end);
    144 		}
    145 		fptreef(shf, indent + INDENT, "do%N%T", t->left);
    146 		fptreef(shf, indent, "%;done ");
    147 		break;
    148 	case TCASE:
    149 		fptreef(shf, indent, "case %S in", t->str);
    150 		for (t1 = t->left; t1 != NULL; t1 = t1->right) {
    151 			fptreef(shf, indent, "%N(");
    152 			w = (const char **)t1->vars;
    153 			while (*w) {
    154 				fptreef(shf, indent, "%S%c", *w,
    155 				    (w[1] != NULL) ? '|' : ')');
    156 				++w;
    157 			}
    158 			fptreef(shf, indent + INDENT, "%N%T%N;%c", t1->left,
    159 			    t1->u.charflag);
    160 		}
    161 		fptreef(shf, indent, "%Nesac ");
    162 		break;
    163 	case TELIF:
    164 		internal_errorf(TELIF_unexpected);
    165 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
    166 	case TIF:
    167 		i = 2;
    168 		t1 = t;
    169 		goto process_TIF;
    170 		do {
    171 			t1 = t1->right;
    172 			i = 0;
    173 			fptreef(shf, indent, Tft_end);
    174  process_TIF:
    175 			/* 5 == strlen("elif ") */
    176 			fptreef(shf, indent + 5 - i, Telif_pT + i, t1->left);
    177 			t1 = t1->right;
    178 			if (t1->left != NULL) {
    179 				fptreef(shf, indent, Tft_end);
    180 				fptreef(shf, indent + INDENT, "%s%N%T",
    181 				    "then", t1->left);
    182 			}
    183 		} while (t1->right && t1->right->type == TELIF);
    184 		if (t1->right != NULL) {
    185 			fptreef(shf, indent, Tft_end);
    186 			fptreef(shf, indent + INDENT, "%s%N%T",
    187 			    "else", t1->right);
    188 		}
    189 		fptreef(shf, indent, "%;fi ");
    190 		break;
    191 	case TWHILE:
    192 	case TUNTIL:
    193 		/* 6 == strlen("while "/"until ") */
    194 		fptreef(shf, indent + 6, Tf_s_T,
    195 		    (t->type == TWHILE) ? "while" : "until",
    196 		    t->left);
    197 		fptreef(shf, indent, Tft_end);
    198 		fptreef(shf, indent + INDENT, "do%N%T", t->right);
    199 		fptreef(shf, indent, "%;done ");
    200 		break;
    201 	case TBRACE:
    202 		fptreef(shf, indent + INDENT, "{%N%T", t->left);
    203 		fptreef(shf, indent, "%;} ");
    204 		break;
    205 	case TCOPROC:
    206 		fptreef(shf, indent, "%T|& ", t->left);
    207 		prevent_semicolon = true;
    208 		break;
    209 	case TASYNC:
    210 		fptreef(shf, indent, "%T& ", t->left);
    211 		prevent_semicolon = true;
    212 		break;
    213 	case TFUNCT:
    214 		fpFUNCTf(shf, indent, tobool(t->u.ksh_func), t->str, t->left);
    215 		break;
    216 	case TTIME:
    217 		fptreef(shf, indent, Tf_s_T, Ttime, t->left);
    218 		break;
    219 	default:
    220 		shf_puts("<botch>", shf);
    221 		prevent_semicolon = false;
    222 		break;
    223 	}
    224 	if ((ioact = t->ioact) != NULL) {
    225 		bool need_nl = false;
    226 
    227 		while (*ioact != NULL)
    228 			pioact(shf, *ioact++);
    229 		/* Print here documents after everything else... */
    230 		ioact = t->ioact;
    231 		while (*ioact != NULL) {
    232 			struct ioword *iop = *ioact++;
    233 
    234 			/* heredoc is NULL when tracing (set -x) */
    235 			if ((iop->ioflag & (IOTYPE | IOHERESTR)) == IOHERE &&
    236 			    iop->heredoc) {
    237 				shf_putc('\n', shf);
    238 				shf_puts(iop->heredoc, shf);
    239 				fptreef(shf, indent, Tf_s,
    240 				    evalstr(iop->delim, 0));
    241 				need_nl = true;
    242 			}
    243 		}
    244 		/*
    245 		 * Last delimiter must be followed by a newline (this
    246 		 * often leads to an extra blank line, but it's not
    247 		 * worth worrying about)
    248 		 */
    249 		if (need_nl) {
    250 			shf_putc('\n', shf);
    251 			prevent_semicolon = true;
    252 		}
    253 	}
    254 }
    255 
    256 static void
    257 pioact(struct shf *shf, struct ioword *iop)
    258 {
    259 	unsigned short flag = iop->ioflag;
    260 	unsigned short type = flag & IOTYPE;
    261 	short expected;
    262 
    263 	expected = (type == IOREAD || type == IORDWR || type == IOHERE) ? 0 :
    264 	    (type == IOCAT || type == IOWRITE) ? 1 :
    265 	    (type == IODUP && (iop->unit == !(flag & IORDUP))) ? iop->unit :
    266 	    iop->unit + 1;
    267 	if (iop->unit != expected)
    268 		shf_fprintf(shf, Tf_d, (int)iop->unit);
    269 
    270 	switch (type) {
    271 	case IOREAD:
    272 		shf_putc('<', shf);
    273 		break;
    274 	case IOHERE:
    275 		shf_puts("<<", shf);
    276 		if (flag & IOSKIP)
    277 			shf_putc('-', shf);
    278 		else if (flag & IOHERESTR)
    279 			shf_putc('<', shf);
    280 		break;
    281 	case IOCAT:
    282 		shf_puts(">>", shf);
    283 		break;
    284 	case IOWRITE:
    285 		shf_putc('>', shf);
    286 		if (flag & IOCLOB)
    287 			shf_putc('|', shf);
    288 		break;
    289 	case IORDWR:
    290 		shf_puts("<>", shf);
    291 		break;
    292 	case IODUP:
    293 		shf_puts(flag & IORDUP ? "<&" : ">&", shf);
    294 		break;
    295 	}
    296 	/* name/delim are NULL when printing syntax errors */
    297 	if (type == IOHERE) {
    298 		if (iop->delim && !(iop->ioflag & IONDELIM))
    299 			wdvarput(shf, iop->delim, 0, WDS_TPUTS);
    300 	} else if (iop->ioname) {
    301 		if (flag & IONAMEXP)
    302 			print_value_quoted(shf, iop->ioname);
    303 		else
    304 			wdvarput(shf, iop->ioname, 0, WDS_TPUTS);
    305 	}
    306 	shf_putc(' ', shf);
    307 	prevent_semicolon = false;
    308 }
    309 
    310 /* variant of fputs for ptreef and wdstrip */
    311 static const char *
    312 wdvarput(struct shf *shf, const char *wp, int quotelevel, int opmode)
    313 {
    314 	int c;
    315 	const char *cs;
    316 
    317 	/*-
    318 	 * problems:
    319 	 *	`...` -> $(...)
    320 	 *	'foo' -> "foo"
    321 	 *	x${foo:-"hi"} -> x${foo:-hi} unless WDS_TPUTS
    322 	 *	x${foo:-'hi'} -> x${foo:-hi}
    323 	 * could change encoding to:
    324 	 *	OQUOTE ["'] ... CQUOTE ["']
    325 	 *	COMSUB [(`] ...\0	(handle $ ` \ and maybe " in `...` case)
    326 	 */
    327 	while (/* CONSTCOND */ 1)
    328 		switch (*wp++) {
    329 		case EOS:
    330 			return (--wp);
    331 		case ADELIM:
    332 			if (ord(*wp) == ORD(/*{*/ '}')) {
    333 				++wp;
    334 				goto wdvarput_csubst;
    335 			}
    336 			/* FALLTHROUGH */
    337 		case CHAR:
    338 			c = ord(*wp++);
    339 			shf_putc(c, shf);
    340 			break;
    341 		case QCHAR:
    342 			c = ord(*wp++);
    343 			if (opmode & WDS_TPUTS)
    344 				switch (c) {
    345 				case ORD('\n'):
    346 					if (quotelevel == 0) {
    347 						c = ORD('\'');
    348 						shf_putc(c, shf);
    349 						shf_putc(ORD('\n'), shf);
    350 					}
    351 					break;
    352 				default:
    353 					if (quotelevel == 0)
    354 						/* FALLTHROUGH */
    355 				case ORD('"'):
    356 				case ORD('`'):
    357 				case ORD('$'):
    358 				case ORD('\\'):
    359 					  shf_putc(ORD('\\'), shf);
    360 					break;
    361 				}
    362 			shf_putc(c, shf);
    363 			break;
    364 		case COMASUB:
    365 		case COMSUB:
    366 			shf_puts("$(", shf);
    367 			cs = ")";
    368 			if (ord(*wp) == ORD('(' /*)*/))
    369 				shf_putc(' ', shf);
    370  pSUB:
    371 			while ((c = *wp++) != 0)
    372 				shf_putc(c, shf);
    373 			shf_puts(cs, shf);
    374 			break;
    375 		case FUNASUB:
    376 		case FUNSUB:
    377 			c = ORD(' ');
    378 			if (0)
    379 				/* FALLTHROUGH */
    380 		case VALSUB:
    381 			  c = ORD('|');
    382 			shf_putc('$', shf);
    383 			shf_putc('{', shf);
    384 			shf_putc(c, shf);
    385 			cs = ";}";
    386 			goto pSUB;
    387 		case EXPRSUB:
    388 			shf_puts("$((", shf);
    389 			cs = "))";
    390 			goto pSUB;
    391 		case OQUOTE:
    392 			if (opmode & WDS_TPUTS) {
    393 				quotelevel++;
    394 				shf_putc('"', shf);
    395 			}
    396 			break;
    397 		case CQUOTE:
    398 			if (opmode & WDS_TPUTS) {
    399 				if (quotelevel)
    400 					quotelevel--;
    401 				shf_putc('"', shf);
    402 			}
    403 			break;
    404 		case OSUBST:
    405 			shf_putc('$', shf);
    406 			if (ord(*wp++) == ORD('{'))
    407 				shf_putc('{', shf);
    408 			while ((c = *wp++) != 0)
    409 				shf_putc(c, shf);
    410 			wp = wdvarput(shf, wp, 0, opmode);
    411 			break;
    412 		case CSUBST:
    413 			if (ord(*wp++) == ORD('}')) {
    414  wdvarput_csubst:
    415 				shf_putc('}', shf);
    416 			}
    417 			return (wp);
    418 		case OPAT:
    419 			shf_putchar(*wp++, shf);
    420 			shf_putc('(', shf);
    421 			break;
    422 		case SPAT:
    423 			c = ORD('|');
    424 			if (0)
    425 				/* FALLTHROUGH */
    426 		case CPAT:
    427 			  c = ORD(/*(*/ ')');
    428 			shf_putc(c, shf);
    429 			break;
    430 		}
    431 }
    432 
    433 /*
    434  * this is the _only_ way to reliably handle
    435  * variable args with an ANSI compiler
    436  */
    437 /* VARARGS */
    438 void
    439 fptreef(struct shf *shf, int indent, const char *fmt, ...)
    440 {
    441 	va_list va;
    442 
    443 	va_start(va, fmt);
    444 	vfptreef(shf, indent, fmt, va);
    445 	va_end(va);
    446 }
    447 
    448 /* VARARGS */
    449 char *
    450 snptreef(char *s, ssize_t n, const char *fmt, ...)
    451 {
    452 	va_list va;
    453 	struct shf shf;
    454 
    455 	shf_sopen(s, n, SHF_WR | (s ? 0 : SHF_DYNAMIC), &shf);
    456 
    457 	va_start(va, fmt);
    458 	vfptreef(&shf, 0, fmt, va);
    459 	va_end(va);
    460 
    461 	/* shf_sclose NUL terminates */
    462 	return (shf_sclose(&shf));
    463 }
    464 
    465 static void
    466 vfptreef(struct shf *shf, int indent, const char *fmt, va_list va)
    467 {
    468 	int c;
    469 
    470 	while ((c = ord(*fmt++))) {
    471 		if (c == '%') {
    472 			switch ((c = ord(*fmt++))) {
    473 			case ORD('c'):
    474 				/* character (octet, probably) */
    475 				shf_putchar(va_arg(va, int), shf);
    476 				break;
    477 			case ORD('s'):
    478 				/* string */
    479 				shf_puts(va_arg(va, char *), shf);
    480 				break;
    481 			case ORD('S'):
    482 				/* word */
    483 				wdvarput(shf, va_arg(va, char *), 0, WDS_TPUTS);
    484 				break;
    485 			case ORD('d'):
    486 				/* signed decimal */
    487 				shf_fprintf(shf, Tf_d, va_arg(va, int));
    488 				break;
    489 			case ORD('u'):
    490 				/* unsigned decimal */
    491 				shf_fprintf(shf, "%u", va_arg(va, unsigned int));
    492 				break;
    493 			case ORD('T'):
    494 				/* format tree */
    495 				ptree(va_arg(va, struct op *), indent, shf);
    496 				goto dont_trash_prevent_semicolon;
    497 			case ORD(';'):
    498 				/* newline or ; */
    499 			case ORD('N'):
    500 				/* newline or space */
    501 				if (shf->flags & SHF_STRING) {
    502 					if ((unsigned int)c == ORD(';') &&
    503 					    !prevent_semicolon)
    504 						shf_putc(';', shf);
    505 					shf_putc(' ', shf);
    506 				} else {
    507 					int i;
    508 
    509 					shf_putc('\n', shf);
    510 					i = indent;
    511 					while (i >= 8) {
    512 						shf_putc('\t', shf);
    513 						i -= 8;
    514 					}
    515 					while (i--)
    516 						shf_putc(' ', shf);
    517 				}
    518 				break;
    519 			case ORD('R'):
    520 				/* I/O redirection */
    521 				pioact(shf, va_arg(va, struct ioword *));
    522 				break;
    523 			default:
    524 				shf_putc(c, shf);
    525 				break;
    526 			}
    527 		} else
    528 			shf_putc(c, shf);
    529 		prevent_semicolon = false;
    530  dont_trash_prevent_semicolon:
    531 		;
    532 	}
    533 }
    534 
    535 /*
    536  * copy tree (for function definition)
    537  */
    538 struct op *
    539 tcopy(struct op *t, Area *ap)
    540 {
    541 	struct op *r;
    542 	const char **tw;
    543 	char **rw;
    544 
    545 	if (t == NULL)
    546 		return (NULL);
    547 
    548 	r = alloc(sizeof(struct op), ap);
    549 
    550 	r->type = t->type;
    551 	r->u.evalflags = t->u.evalflags;
    552 
    553 	if (t->type == TCASE)
    554 		r->str = wdcopy(t->str, ap);
    555 	else
    556 		strdupx(r->str, t->str, ap);
    557 
    558 	if (t->vars == NULL)
    559 		r->vars = NULL;
    560 	else {
    561 		tw = (const char **)t->vars;
    562 		while (*tw)
    563 			++tw;
    564 		rw = r->vars = alloc2(tw - (const char **)t->vars + 1,
    565 		    sizeof(*tw), ap);
    566 		tw = (const char **)t->vars;
    567 		while (*tw)
    568 			*rw++ = wdcopy(*tw++, ap);
    569 		*rw = NULL;
    570 	}
    571 
    572 	if (t->args == NULL)
    573 		r->args = NULL;
    574 	else {
    575 		tw = t->args;
    576 		while (*tw)
    577 			++tw;
    578 		r->args = (const char **)(rw = alloc2(tw - t->args + 1,
    579 		    sizeof(*tw), ap));
    580 		tw = t->args;
    581 		while (*tw)
    582 			*rw++ = wdcopy(*tw++, ap);
    583 		*rw = NULL;
    584 	}
    585 
    586 	r->ioact = (t->ioact == NULL) ? NULL : iocopy(t->ioact, ap);
    587 
    588 	r->left = tcopy(t->left, ap);
    589 	r->right = tcopy(t->right, ap);
    590 	r->lineno = t->lineno;
    591 
    592 	return (r);
    593 }
    594 
    595 char *
    596 wdcopy(const char *wp, Area *ap)
    597 {
    598 	size_t len;
    599 
    600 	len = wdscan(wp, EOS) - wp;
    601 	return (memcpy(alloc(len, ap), wp, len));
    602 }
    603 
    604 /* return the position of prefix c in wp plus 1 */
    605 const char *
    606 wdscan(const char *wp, int c)
    607 {
    608 	int nest = 0;
    609 
    610 	while (/* CONSTCOND */ 1)
    611 		switch (*wp++) {
    612 		case EOS:
    613 			return (wp);
    614 		case ADELIM:
    615 			if (c == ADELIM && nest == 0)
    616 				return (wp + 1);
    617 			if (ord(*wp) == ORD(/*{*/ '}'))
    618 				goto wdscan_csubst;
    619 			/* FALLTHROUGH */
    620 		case CHAR:
    621 		case QCHAR:
    622 			wp++;
    623 			break;
    624 		case COMASUB:
    625 		case COMSUB:
    626 		case FUNASUB:
    627 		case FUNSUB:
    628 		case VALSUB:
    629 		case EXPRSUB:
    630 			while (*wp++ != 0)
    631 				;
    632 			break;
    633 		case OQUOTE:
    634 		case CQUOTE:
    635 			break;
    636 		case OSUBST:
    637 			nest++;
    638 			while (*wp++ != '\0')
    639 				;
    640 			break;
    641 		case CSUBST:
    642  wdscan_csubst:
    643 			wp++;
    644 			if (c == CSUBST && nest == 0)
    645 				return (wp);
    646 			nest--;
    647 			break;
    648 		case OPAT:
    649 			nest++;
    650 			wp++;
    651 			break;
    652 		case SPAT:
    653 		case CPAT:
    654 			if (c == wp[-1] && nest == 0)
    655 				return (wp);
    656 			if (wp[-1] == CPAT)
    657 				nest--;
    658 			break;
    659 		default:
    660 			internal_warningf(
    661 			    "wdscan: unknown char 0x%X (carrying on)",
    662 			    (unsigned char)wp[-1]);
    663 		}
    664 }
    665 
    666 /*
    667  * return a copy of wp without any of the mark up characters and with
    668  * quote characters (" ' \) stripped. (string is allocated from ATEMP)
    669  */
    670 char *
    671 wdstrip(const char *wp, int opmode)
    672 {
    673 	struct shf shf;
    674 
    675 	shf_sopen(NULL, 32, SHF_WR | SHF_DYNAMIC, &shf);
    676 	wdvarput(&shf, wp, 0, opmode);
    677 	/* shf_sclose NUL terminates */
    678 	return (shf_sclose(&shf));
    679 }
    680 
    681 static struct ioword **
    682 iocopy(struct ioword **iow, Area *ap)
    683 {
    684 	struct ioword **ior;
    685 	int i;
    686 
    687 	ior = iow;
    688 	while (*ior)
    689 		++ior;
    690 	ior = alloc2(ior - iow + 1, sizeof(struct ioword *), ap);
    691 
    692 	for (i = 0; iow[i] != NULL; i++) {
    693 		struct ioword *p, *q;
    694 
    695 		p = iow[i];
    696 		q = alloc(sizeof(struct ioword), ap);
    697 		ior[i] = q;
    698 		*q = *p;
    699 		if (p->ioname != NULL)
    700 			q->ioname = wdcopy(p->ioname, ap);
    701 		if (p->delim != NULL)
    702 			q->delim = wdcopy(p->delim, ap);
    703 		if (p->heredoc != NULL)
    704 			strdupx(q->heredoc, p->heredoc, ap);
    705 	}
    706 	ior[i] = NULL;
    707 
    708 	return (ior);
    709 }
    710 
    711 /*
    712  * free tree (for function definition)
    713  */
    714 void
    715 tfree(struct op *t, Area *ap)
    716 {
    717 	char **w;
    718 
    719 	if (t == NULL)
    720 		return;
    721 
    722 	afree(t->str, ap);
    723 
    724 	if (t->vars != NULL) {
    725 		for (w = t->vars; *w != NULL; w++)
    726 			afree(*w, ap);
    727 		afree(t->vars, ap);
    728 	}
    729 
    730 	if (t->args != NULL) {
    731 		/*XXX we assume the caller is right */
    732 		union mksh_ccphack cw;
    733 
    734 		cw.ro = t->args;
    735 		for (w = cw.rw; *w != NULL; w++)
    736 			afree(*w, ap);
    737 		afree(t->args, ap);
    738 	}
    739 
    740 	if (t->ioact != NULL)
    741 		iofree(t->ioact, ap);
    742 
    743 	tfree(t->left, ap);
    744 	tfree(t->right, ap);
    745 
    746 	afree(t, ap);
    747 }
    748 
    749 static void
    750 iofree(struct ioword **iow, Area *ap)
    751 {
    752 	struct ioword **iop;
    753 	struct ioword *p;
    754 
    755 	iop = iow;
    756 	while ((p = *iop++) != NULL) {
    757 		afree(p->ioname, ap);
    758 		afree(p->delim, ap);
    759 		afree(p->heredoc, ap);
    760 		afree(p, ap);
    761 	}
    762 	afree(iow, ap);
    763 }
    764 
    765 void
    766 fpFUNCTf(struct shf *shf, int i, bool isksh, const char *k, struct op *v)
    767 {
    768 	if (isksh)
    769 		fptreef(shf, i, "%s %s %T", Tfunction, k, v);
    770 	else if (ktsearch(&keywords, k, hash(k)))
    771 		fptreef(shf, i, "%s %s() %T", Tfunction, k, v);
    772 	else
    773 		fptreef(shf, i, "%s() %T", k, v);
    774 }
    775 
    776 
    777 /* for jobs.c */
    778 void
    779 vistree(char *dst, size_t sz, struct op *t)
    780 {
    781 	unsigned int c;
    782 	char *cp, *buf;
    783 	size_t n;
    784 
    785 	buf = alloc(sz + 16, ATEMP);
    786 	snptreef(buf, sz + 16, Tf_T, t);
    787 	cp = buf;
    788  vist_loop:
    789 	if (UTFMODE && (n = utf_mbtowc(&c, cp)) != (size_t)-1) {
    790 		if (c == 0 || n >= sz)
    791 			/* NUL or not enough free space */
    792 			goto vist_out;
    793 		/* copy multibyte char */
    794 		sz -= n;
    795 		while (n--)
    796 			*dst++ = *cp++;
    797 		goto vist_loop;
    798 	}
    799 	if (--sz == 0 || (c = ord(*cp++)) == 0)
    800 		/* NUL or not enough free space */
    801 		goto vist_out;
    802 	if (ksh_isctrl(c)) {
    803 		/* C0 or C1 control character or DEL */
    804 		if (--sz == 0)
    805 			/* not enough free space for two chars */
    806 			goto vist_out;
    807 		*dst++ = '^';
    808 		c = ksh_unctrl(c);
    809 	} else if (UTFMODE && rtt2asc(c) > 0x7F) {
    810 		/* better not try to display broken multibyte chars */
    811 		/* also go easy on the Unicode: no U+FFFD here */
    812 		c = ORD('?');
    813 	}
    814 	*dst++ = c;
    815 	goto vist_loop;
    816 
    817  vist_out:
    818 	*dst = '\0';
    819 	afree(buf, ATEMP);
    820 }
    821 
    822 #ifdef DEBUG
    823 void
    824 dumpchar(struct shf *shf, int c)
    825 {
    826 	if (ksh_isctrl(c)) {
    827 		/* C0 or C1 control character or DEL */
    828 		shf_putc('^', shf);
    829 		c = ksh_unctrl(c);
    830 	}
    831 	shf_putc(c, shf);
    832 }
    833 
    834 /* see: wdvarput */
    835 static const char *
    836 dumpwdvar_i(struct shf *shf, const char *wp, int quotelevel)
    837 {
    838 	int c;
    839 
    840 	while (/* CONSTCOND */ 1) {
    841 		switch(*wp++) {
    842 		case EOS:
    843 			shf_puts("EOS", shf);
    844 			return (--wp);
    845 		case ADELIM:
    846 			if (ord(*wp) == ORD(/*{*/ '}')) {
    847 				shf_puts(/*{*/ "]ADELIM(})", shf);
    848 				return (wp + 1);
    849 			}
    850 			shf_puts("ADELIM=", shf);
    851 			if (0)
    852 				/* FALLTHROUGH */
    853 		case CHAR:
    854 			  shf_puts("CHAR=", shf);
    855 			dumpchar(shf, *wp++);
    856 			break;
    857 		case QCHAR:
    858 			shf_puts("QCHAR<", shf);
    859 			c = ord(*wp++);
    860 			if (quotelevel == 0 || c == ORD('"') ||
    861 			    c == ORD('\\') || ctype(c, C_DOLAR | C_GRAVE))
    862 				shf_putc('\\', shf);
    863 			dumpchar(shf, c);
    864 			goto closeandout;
    865 		case COMASUB:
    866 			shf_puts("COMASUB<", shf);
    867 			goto dumpsub;
    868 		case COMSUB:
    869 			shf_puts("COMSUB<", shf);
    870  dumpsub:
    871 			while ((c = *wp++) != 0)
    872 				dumpchar(shf, c);
    873  closeandout:
    874 			shf_putc('>', shf);
    875 			break;
    876 		case FUNASUB:
    877 			shf_puts("FUNASUB<", shf);
    878 			goto dumpsub;
    879 		case FUNSUB:
    880 			shf_puts("FUNSUB<", shf);
    881 			goto dumpsub;
    882 		case VALSUB:
    883 			shf_puts("VALSUB<", shf);
    884 			goto dumpsub;
    885 		case EXPRSUB:
    886 			shf_puts("EXPRSUB<", shf);
    887 			goto dumpsub;
    888 		case OQUOTE:
    889 			shf_fprintf(shf, "OQUOTE{%d" /*}*/, ++quotelevel);
    890 			break;
    891 		case CQUOTE:
    892 			shf_fprintf(shf, /*{*/ "%d}CQUOTE", quotelevel);
    893 			if (quotelevel)
    894 				quotelevel--;
    895 			else
    896 				shf_puts("(err)", shf);
    897 			break;
    898 		case OSUBST:
    899 			shf_puts("OSUBST(", shf);
    900 			dumpchar(shf, *wp++);
    901 			shf_puts(")[", shf);
    902 			while ((c = *wp++) != 0)
    903 				dumpchar(shf, c);
    904 			shf_putc('|', shf);
    905 			wp = dumpwdvar_i(shf, wp, 0);
    906 			break;
    907 		case CSUBST:
    908 			shf_puts("]CSUBST(", shf);
    909 			dumpchar(shf, *wp++);
    910 			shf_putc(')', shf);
    911 			return (wp);
    912 		case OPAT:
    913 			shf_puts("OPAT=", shf);
    914 			dumpchar(shf, *wp++);
    915 			break;
    916 		case SPAT:
    917 			shf_puts("SPAT", shf);
    918 			break;
    919 		case CPAT:
    920 			shf_puts("CPAT", shf);
    921 			break;
    922 		default:
    923 			shf_fprintf(shf, "INVAL<%u>", (uint8_t)wp[-1]);
    924 			break;
    925 		}
    926 		shf_putc(' ', shf);
    927 	}
    928 }
    929 void
    930 dumpwdvar(struct shf *shf, const char *wp)
    931 {
    932 	dumpwdvar_i(shf, wp, 0);
    933 }
    934 
    935 void
    936 dumpioact(struct shf *shf, struct op *t)
    937 {
    938 	struct ioword **ioact, *iop;
    939 
    940 	if ((ioact = t->ioact) == NULL)
    941 		return;
    942 
    943 	shf_puts("{IOACT", shf);
    944 	while ((iop = *ioact++) != NULL) {
    945 		unsigned short type = iop->ioflag & IOTYPE;
    946 #define DT(x) case x: shf_puts(#x, shf); break;
    947 #define DB(x) if (iop->ioflag & x) shf_puts("|" #x, shf);
    948 
    949 		shf_putc(';', shf);
    950 		switch (type) {
    951 		DT(IOREAD)
    952 		DT(IOWRITE)
    953 		DT(IORDWR)
    954 		DT(IOHERE)
    955 		DT(IOCAT)
    956 		DT(IODUP)
    957 		default:
    958 			shf_fprintf(shf, "unk%d", type);
    959 		}
    960 		DB(IOEVAL)
    961 		DB(IOSKIP)
    962 		DB(IOCLOB)
    963 		DB(IORDUP)
    964 		DB(IONAMEXP)
    965 		DB(IOBASH)
    966 		DB(IOHERESTR)
    967 		DB(IONDELIM)
    968 		shf_fprintf(shf, ",unit=%d", (int)iop->unit);
    969 		if (iop->delim && !(iop->ioflag & IONDELIM)) {
    970 			shf_puts(",delim<", shf);
    971 			dumpwdvar(shf, iop->delim);
    972 			shf_putc('>', shf);
    973 		}
    974 		if (iop->ioname) {
    975 			if (iop->ioflag & IONAMEXP) {
    976 				shf_puts(",name=", shf);
    977 				print_value_quoted(shf, iop->ioname);
    978 			} else {
    979 				shf_puts(",name<", shf);
    980 				dumpwdvar(shf, iop->ioname);
    981 				shf_putc('>', shf);
    982 			}
    983 		}
    984 		if (iop->heredoc) {
    985 			shf_puts(",heredoc=", shf);
    986 			print_value_quoted(shf, iop->heredoc);
    987 		}
    988 #undef DT
    989 #undef DB
    990 	}
    991 	shf_putc('}', shf);
    992 }
    993 
    994 void
    995 dumptree(struct shf *shf, struct op *t)
    996 {
    997 	int i, j;
    998 	const char **w, *name;
    999 	struct op *t1;
   1000 	static int nesting;
   1001 
   1002 	for (i = 0; i < nesting; ++i)
   1003 		shf_putc('\t', shf);
   1004 	++nesting;
   1005 	shf_puts("{tree:" /*}*/, shf);
   1006 	if (t == NULL) {
   1007 		name = "(null)";
   1008 		goto out;
   1009 	}
   1010 	dumpioact(shf, t);
   1011 	switch (t->type) {
   1012 #define OPEN(x) case x: name = #x; shf_puts(" {" #x ":", shf); /*}*/
   1013 
   1014 	OPEN(TCOM)
   1015 		if (t->vars) {
   1016 			i = 0;
   1017 			w = (const char **)t->vars;
   1018 			while (*w) {
   1019 				shf_putc('\n', shf);
   1020 				for (j = 0; j < nesting; ++j)
   1021 					shf_putc('\t', shf);
   1022 				shf_fprintf(shf, " var%d<", i++);
   1023 				dumpwdvar(shf, *w++);
   1024 				shf_putc('>', shf);
   1025 			}
   1026 		} else
   1027 			shf_puts(" #no-vars#", shf);
   1028 		if (t->args) {
   1029 			i = 0;
   1030 			w = t->args;
   1031 			while (*w) {
   1032 				shf_putc('\n', shf);
   1033 				for (j = 0; j < nesting; ++j)
   1034 					shf_putc('\t', shf);
   1035 				shf_fprintf(shf, " arg%d<", i++);
   1036 				dumpwdvar(shf, *w++);
   1037 				shf_putc('>', shf);
   1038 			}
   1039 		} else
   1040 			shf_puts(" #no-args#", shf);
   1041 		break;
   1042 	OPEN(TEXEC)
   1043  dumpleftandout:
   1044 		t = t->left;
   1045  dumpandout:
   1046 		shf_putc('\n', shf);
   1047 		dumptree(shf, t);
   1048 		break;
   1049 	OPEN(TPAREN)
   1050 		goto dumpleftandout;
   1051 	OPEN(TPIPE)
   1052  dumpleftmidrightandout:
   1053 		shf_putc('\n', shf);
   1054 		dumptree(shf, t->left);
   1055 /* middumprightandout: (unused) */
   1056 		shf_fprintf(shf, "/%s:", name);
   1057  dumprightandout:
   1058 		t = t->right;
   1059 		goto dumpandout;
   1060 	OPEN(TLIST)
   1061 		goto dumpleftmidrightandout;
   1062 	OPEN(TOR)
   1063 		goto dumpleftmidrightandout;
   1064 	OPEN(TAND)
   1065 		goto dumpleftmidrightandout;
   1066 	OPEN(TBANG)
   1067 		goto dumprightandout;
   1068 	OPEN(TDBRACKET)
   1069 		i = 0;
   1070 		w = t->args;
   1071 		while (*w) {
   1072 			shf_putc('\n', shf);
   1073 			for (j = 0; j < nesting; ++j)
   1074 				shf_putc('\t', shf);
   1075 			shf_fprintf(shf, " arg%d<", i++);
   1076 			dumpwdvar(shf, *w++);
   1077 			shf_putc('>', shf);
   1078 		}
   1079 		break;
   1080 	OPEN(TFOR)
   1081  dumpfor:
   1082 		shf_fprintf(shf, " str<%s>", t->str);
   1083 		if (t->vars != NULL) {
   1084 			i = 0;
   1085 			w = (const char **)t->vars;
   1086 			while (*w) {
   1087 				shf_putc('\n', shf);
   1088 				for (j = 0; j < nesting; ++j)
   1089 					shf_putc('\t', shf);
   1090 				shf_fprintf(shf, " var%d<", i++);
   1091 				dumpwdvar(shf, *w++);
   1092 				shf_putc('>', shf);
   1093 			}
   1094 		}
   1095 		goto dumpleftandout;
   1096 	OPEN(TSELECT)
   1097 		goto dumpfor;
   1098 	OPEN(TCASE)
   1099 		shf_fprintf(shf, " str<%s>", t->str);
   1100 		i = 0;
   1101 		for (t1 = t->left; t1 != NULL; t1 = t1->right) {
   1102 			shf_putc('\n', shf);
   1103 			for (j = 0; j < nesting; ++j)
   1104 				shf_putc('\t', shf);
   1105 			shf_fprintf(shf, " sub%d[(", i);
   1106 			w = (const char **)t1->vars;
   1107 			while (*w) {
   1108 				dumpwdvar(shf, *w);
   1109 				if (w[1] != NULL)
   1110 					shf_putc('|', shf);
   1111 				++w;
   1112 			}
   1113 			shf_putc(')', shf);
   1114 			dumpioact(shf, t);
   1115 			shf_putc('\n', shf);
   1116 			dumptree(shf, t1->left);
   1117 			shf_fprintf(shf, " ;%c/%d]", t1->u.charflag, i++);
   1118 		}
   1119 		break;
   1120 	OPEN(TWHILE)
   1121 		goto dumpleftmidrightandout;
   1122 	OPEN(TUNTIL)
   1123 		goto dumpleftmidrightandout;
   1124 	OPEN(TBRACE)
   1125 		goto dumpleftandout;
   1126 	OPEN(TCOPROC)
   1127 		goto dumpleftandout;
   1128 	OPEN(TASYNC)
   1129 		goto dumpleftandout;
   1130 	OPEN(TFUNCT)
   1131 		shf_fprintf(shf, " str<%s> ksh<%s>", t->str,
   1132 		    t->u.ksh_func ? Ttrue : Tfalse);
   1133 		goto dumpleftandout;
   1134 	OPEN(TTIME)
   1135 		goto dumpleftandout;
   1136 	OPEN(TIF)
   1137  dumpif:
   1138 		shf_putc('\n', shf);
   1139 		dumptree(shf, t->left);
   1140 		t = t->right;
   1141 		dumpioact(shf, t);
   1142 		if (t->left != NULL) {
   1143 			shf_puts(" /TTHEN:\n", shf);
   1144 			dumptree(shf, t->left);
   1145 		}
   1146 		if (t->right && t->right->type == TELIF) {
   1147 			shf_puts(" /TELIF:", shf);
   1148 			t = t->right;
   1149 			dumpioact(shf, t);
   1150 			goto dumpif;
   1151 		}
   1152 		if (t->right != NULL) {
   1153 			shf_puts(" /TELSE:\n", shf);
   1154 			dumptree(shf, t->right);
   1155 		}
   1156 		break;
   1157 	OPEN(TEOF)
   1158  dumpunexpected:
   1159 		shf_puts(Tunexpected, shf);
   1160 		break;
   1161 	OPEN(TELIF)
   1162 		goto dumpunexpected;
   1163 	OPEN(TPAT)
   1164 		goto dumpunexpected;
   1165 	default:
   1166 		name = "TINVALID";
   1167 		shf_fprintf(shf, "{T<%d>:" /*}*/, t->type);
   1168 		goto dumpunexpected;
   1169 
   1170 #undef OPEN
   1171 	}
   1172  out:
   1173 	shf_fprintf(shf, /*{*/ " /%s}\n", name);
   1174 	--nesting;
   1175 }
   1176 #endif
   1177